UnitedStatesCivil ServiceCommission

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY& PUBLIC POLICY

% AR % 26, im

EXECUTIVESEMINAR CENTER

(Ultima,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Berkeley Executive Seminar Center Staffsincerely appreciates the assistance continuouslyprovided by participating governmentdepartmentsand agencies, their Directors of Personnel andTraining Officers.

We also particularly acknowledge the advice andsupport given by officials, faculty, and studentsof the University of California as an importantelement in assisting the Center in meeting itsobjectives.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY

A SEMINAR FOR GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVES

Executive Seminar Center2440 Bancroft Way

Berkeley, California

May 14 - 26, 1978

PROGRAM

An Interagency Training ProgramU. S. Civil Service Commission

1

FOREWORD

The seminar on Science, Technology and Public Policy is one olnine dlHerent seminars given at the Executive Seminar CenteAS at Berkeley,Calllornla, Kings Point, New Vork, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Wilmington,Velaivare. The Centers are supported by ovck lilty Federal, State, andlocal government agencies and are sponsored by the Bureau ol Training,U. S. Civil Service Commission, Washington, V. C.

The objectives ol the seminars at the lour Centers is to providegovernment managers with an understanding ol the larger systems withinwhich their day-to-day activity exists; an oppoKluniiy to stay on theleading edge ol changing conditions; and an updating In managerial andadministrative thought and behavior.

This seminar is designed to study the ellects ol science andtechnology on government policy, oKganlzatlon, and management and toexamine the Kelatlonshlps between technological advances and social andeconomic Issues. The participants will analyze the processes throughwhich national science policies are lormulated and Implemented.

Lectures and discussions with eminent scientists , academicians,and olliclals Irom government and Industry lorm the basic stAucture lorthe two-week meeting. In addition there will be a lleld trip to a largeresearch lacillty and coHoquia In which paKtlclpants discuss contempoKOKyliterature dealing with science and technology.

-AA,-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Tint Executive. SemlnaK CenteA stnceAelyappKeciates tk<i time, and e^oKt o^ thefiollowtng people toko have, contAtbutedto this semtnaK.

RESIDENT PROGRAM STAFF

CKadoc L. Bags haw

Al BeJUieA

PKogKam ViAectoK

Assistant VKogKam ViAectoK

VKogKam AssistantBess Babin

Hon. William M. Bennett State ol Calllornla, Sacramento

Vr. William E. Cooper Michigan State UntveASity , East Lansing

Vr. Russell C. Vrew Systems Control, Inc., AKllngton, Virginia

Vr. Edward A. Feigenbaum Stanlord University, Stanlord, CalllornlaVr. Ida R. Hoos UntveASity ol CaltloKnta, BeAkeley

Vr. Richard L. Meier UntveASity ol CaliloKnla, Berkeley

Vr. Arthur Pearl University ol Calllornla, Santa Cruz

ProlessoK Sir George PoKteA The Royal Institution, London, England

Mk. M. H. Schwartz Consultant, Washington, V. C.

Vr. Michael Scriven University ol San Francisco , CaliloKnlaVr. Chalmers W. Sherwln Gull Atomic Company, San Vlego , CaliloKnlaVr. Maneck S. Wadia Consultant, Vel MaK, CallloKniaMr. Robert J. White ChevKon Research Company, Richmond,

Calllornla

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CONTENTS

Foreword I

Acknowledgements 11

Registration 1

The Program

Science and the Human Purpose ... Lecture by ProlessorSir George PoKteA 2

Implications ol the BehavloKal Sciences lok the Managementol Technical PKogKams ... LectuKe by Vk. Maneck S. Wadia 2

Rebottling the Nuclear Genii ... Lecture by Mr. Amory Lovlns 2

The Time o I Man . . . Film 3

The Ethical Vimenslons ol Science Policy ... Group Exercisewith Vr. Maneck S. Wadia 3

Public Responsibilities ol the Scientist in Government. . . Group Vlscussions 3

A Close Look at the Merit System ... A Colloquium 4

The Mythology ol Methodology ... Lecture by Vr. Ida Hoos 4

Science Policy in the White House ... Lecture byVr. Russell C. Vrew 4

Nature, Man, and Technology ... A Colloquium 5

Technological and Non-Technological Causes and Cures lokEnviAonmental VegKadatlon .. LectuKe by Mk. M. H. Schwartz 5

The Computer: PKogKams ol Consultation Between Man andComputeA; New Vevelopments; and Issues ol SocialConsequence ... Lecture by Vr. Edward A. Feigenbaum 5

Material Needs lor a Technological Society and theEnvironmental Costs ... Lecture by Vr. William E. Cooper 6

-A,V-

Economic Consequences ol Resource Vevelopment and EnvironmentalControls . . . Lecture by Vr. William E. Cooper 6

A Viscusslon ol the Concept ol Intermediate Technology. . . A CoHoc\ulum sToward A Post-Technical Society . . . LectuAe by

Vr. AKihuK Pearl &

Evaluation as a Science Query .. Lecture by Vr. Mlclvael Scriven S

Soli Energy Paths lor Calilornla ... Lecture byMr. Amory Lovlns s

Are Economic Growth and the Quality ol Lile on a CollisionCourse? ... A Colloquium 9

The Political Vimenslons ol Energy Policies ... Lecture byThe Honorable William M. Bennett 9

And Who Sliall Feed the WoKld? . . . Film 9

Toward a Technology o{ Behavior? ... A Colloquium 10

Energy: The Outlook lor Synthetic Fuel Options ... Lectureby Mr. Robert J. Wliite 10

Fusion Research and LaseA Applications ... A Visit to theLawKence Llvermore Laboratory 10

Vlssent In the Public Interest ... A Colloquium 11

Science and Economic Vevelopment: The Veslgn ol Resource-Conserving Cities ... Lecture by Vr. Richard L. Meier 11

A Plan lor Energy Sulllclency lor the United States ...Lecture by Vk. Chalmers W. Shervjln 11

Why Man Creates . . . Film 1 1

A Review ol the Program by Participants and Stall 11

Readings 13

1

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY

FIRST WEEK

From 2:00 p.m. on REGISTRATION

Hotel Durant2600 Durant AvenueBerkeley, California

Please register for room assignments atthe Hotel Durant. Orientation informationwill be given to you at the desk.

5:00 - 7:00 p.m. DINNER

For those who arrive before 7-00 p.m.,dinner will be available in the ExecutiveSeminar Center Dining Room in the HotelDurant, Please wear your name tag foridentification and gett i ng-acqua i ntedpurposes .The remainder of the day and evening isyour personal time to unpack, get settled,etc .

Sunday, May 14, 1978

2

Monday, May 15, 1978

Breakfast, Main Dining Room, Hotel Durant

Morning Session

INTRODUCTION TO "SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY ANDPUBLIC POLICY"

Cradoc L. BagshawProgram Di rectorExecutive Seminar Center2440 Bancroft WayBerkeley, California

SCIENCE AND THE HUMAN PURPOSE

Sir George Porter,

F„R,S

Director and Fuller ian Professorof Chemistry

The Royal InstitutionLondon, England

Lunch, Main Dining Room, Hotel Durant

Afternoon Session

IMPLICATIONS OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES FORTHE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNICAL PROGRAMS

Dr . Maneck S Wad laConsul tantDel Mar, Ca l i fornia

Evening Session

REBOTTLING THE NUCLEAR GENII

Amory LovinsBritish RepresentativeFriends of the EarthLondon, England

This lecture is sponsored by the Universityof California and is at Wheeler Auditorium.

3

Tuesday, May 16, 1978

NOTE: Breakfast, lunch and dinner are at the sametimes each weekday unless otherwise specified.

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. FILM: "TIME OF MAN"

9:30 a.m. THE ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF SCIENCE POLICY

Dr. Maneck S. Wadia

Afternoon Session

1 :45 p.m. Group Picture

2:00 p.m. Participants Introductions

3:30 p.m. PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SCIN GOVERNMENT

lENTIST

Evening Session

Study Assignments7:30 p.m.

4

Wednesday, May 17, 1978

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. A CLOSE LOOK AT THE MERIT SYSTEMCOLLOQUIUM

A

9:30 a.m. THE MYTHOLOGY OF METHODOLOGY

Dr. Ida R. HoosResearch SociologistSpace Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California

Afternoon Session

1 :30 p.m. SCIENCE POLICY IN THE WHITE HOUSE

Dr. Russell C. DrewVice PresidentSystems Control, inc.Arl i ngton, Virgi n ia

Evening Session

7:30 p.m. Study Assignments

5

Thursday, May 18, 1978

Morning Session

NATURE, MAN, AND TECHNOLOGY ... ACOLLOQUIUM

TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL CAUSESAND CURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Mr. M. H. SchwartzConsultant and Lecturer on

Environmental EconomicsWashington, D. C.

Afternoon Session

THE COMPUTER: PROGRAMS OF CONSULTATIONBETWEEN MAN AND COMPUTER; NEW DEVELOPMENTS;AND ISSUES OF SOCIAL CONSEQUENCE

Dr. Edward A. FeigenbaumCha i rmanDepartment of Computer ScienceStanford UniversityStanford, California

Evening Session

Study Assignments

6

Friday, May 19, 1978

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. MATERIAL NEEDS FOR A TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETYAND THE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS

Dr . Willi am E . CooperProfessor of Zoology and EcologyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

Afternoon Session

1 :30 p.m. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF RESOURCEDEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

Dr . Will i am E . Cooper

7

Saturday, May 20, 1978

and

Sunday, May 21, 1978

Field trips and other weekend activities willdiscussed and planned during the first week ofthe seminar. Weekend meal times are covered igeneral information provided each participantthe beginning of the session.

be

nat

8

SECOND WEEK

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. A DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPT OF INTERMEDIATETECHNOLOGY ... A COLLOQUIUMA COLLOQUIUM

9:30 a.m. TOWARD A POST-TECHNICAL SOCIETY

Dr. Arthur PearlProfessor of EducationUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, California

Afternoon Session

1 :30 p.m. EVALUATION AS A SCIENCE QUERY

Dr. Michael ScrivenDirector, Evaluation InstituteUniversity of San Francisco

on leave fromUniversity of California, Berkeley

Evening Session

8:00 p.m. SOFT ENERGY PATHS FOR CALIFORNIA

Mr. Amory LovinsBritish RepresentativeFriends of the EarthLondon, England

This lecture is sponsored by the Universityof California and will be at WheelerAud i tor ium.

Monday, May 22, 1978

9

Tuesday, May 23, 1978

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. ARE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE QUALITY OFLIFE ON A COLLISION COURSE? ... ACOLLOQUIUM

9:30 a.m. THE POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF ENERGY POLICIES

The Honorable William M. BennettChairman, State Board of EqualizationState of Cal i forn iaSacramento, Ca l i for g ia

Afternoon Session

1 :30 p.m. FILM: "AND WHO SHALL FEED THE WORLD?"

Evening Session

7:30 p.m. Study Ass ignments

10

Wednesday, May 24, 1978

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. TOWARD A TECHNOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR?COLLOQUIUM

A

9:30 a.m. ENERGY: THE OUTLOOK FOR SYNTHETIC FUELOPTIONS

Mr. Robert J. WhiteSenior Research AssociateChevron Research CompanyRichmond, California

Afternoon Session

1 :30 p.m. FUSION RESEARCH AND LASER APPLICATIONS

... Visit to the Lawrence LivermoreLaboratory

Evening Session

7:30 p.m. Study Assignments

11

Thursday, May 25, 1 978

Morning Session

8:15 a.m. DISSENT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST ... ACOLLOQUIUM

SCIENCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THEDESIGN OF RESOURCE-CONSERVING CITIES

Dr. Richard L. MeierProfessor of Environmental DesignUniversity of CaliforniaBerkel ey , Cal i fornia

Afternoon Session

1 :30 p.m. A PLAN FOR ENERGY SUFFICIENCY FOR THEUNITED STATES

Dr. Chalmers W. SherwinVice President and General Manager

Special ProductsGeneral Atomic CompanySan D iego, Cal i fornia

9=30 a.m.

12

Friday, May 26, 1978

Morning Session

8:30 a.m. FILM: "WHY MAN CREATES"

9:00 a.m. A REVIEW OF THE PROGRAM BY PARTICIPANTSAND STAFF

12:00 Noon CLOSING LUNCHEON

Hotel Durant

13

READINGS

These woKks aAe available In the CenteKLlbKOKy and aAe Kecommended lok geneKalbackgKound pKepoKation. Some have beenmailed to poKtlclpants In advance.

RobeAl J. Akl, The TFK Veclslon

Isaac Astmov , I, Robot

RobeAt 3. BoKbeA, The Politics ol ReseaAch

RlchaAd J. BaAnet and Ronald E. MulleK, Global Reach

PeteA Beckman, The Health HazaAds ol Not Going NucleoK

Vanlel Bell, The Coming ol the Post- Industrial Society

A. CoKnellus Benjamin, Science, Technology and Human Values

Guy Benvenlste,The Politics ol ExpeAtlse

HenAlk L. Blum, Expanding Health CaAe HoKlzons

Stanley A. BlumbeAg and Gulnn Owens, EneKgy and Conl-llct, The Lile andTimes ol Edwcutd TelleA

Philip BoHey, The BKaln Bank ol AmeKlca: An Inquiry Into the Pollla.csol Science

Ronald H. BKacewell, Intelligent Llle In Outer Space

J. BKonowsky, Science and Human Values

Harrison BKown, et al., The Next HundeKd yeaKS

MaKtin BAown, ed., The Social Responsibility ol the Scientist

VannevaA Bush, Science Is not Enough

HeAbeAt ButteKlleld, The Origins ol Modexn Science

Ritchie Colder, Science In our Lives

CallloKnla Institute ol Technology, The Next Ninety YeaKS

Rachel Carson, Silent SpKlng

14

Wilson Clark, Energy lor Survival: The Alternative lo Extinction

H.S..V. Cole, et al., Models ol Voom: A Critique ol the Limits to Growth

Committee lor Economic Vevelopment, Achieving Energy Independence

Committee lor Economic Vevelopment, More EHective Programs lor a CleanerEnvironment

Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle

James B. Conant, Science and Common Sense

Herman E. Valy, Toward a Steady-State Economy

Noel Ve Nevers, ed., Technology and Society

Verek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science

Peter Vrucker, The Age ol Visconllnuity

Vupre and LakoH, Science and the Nation

Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society

Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb

Paul Ehrlich and Richard Harriman, How to be a Survivor

John C. Esposito, Vanishing Air

Amital Etzloni and RichanA Remp, Technological Shortcuts to Social Change

Edward A. Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman, Computers and Thought

Victor C. Ferhiss, Technological Man: The Myth and the Reality

VictoK Fuels, Who Shall Live: Health, Economics and Social Change

BuckminsteK Fuller, AppKcaching the Benign Environment

John K. GalbKolth, The New Industrial State

Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy

Eli Glnzberg, ed. , Technology and Social Change

Melvln J. Grayson and Thomas R. Shepard, Jr., The V-iSaster Lobby

Vaniel S. Greenberg, The Politics ol Pure Science

CHHord M. Hardin, ed. , Overcoming World Hunger

15

Garrett Hardin, Exploring New Ethics ol Survival: The Voyage ol theSpaceship Beagle

, "The Tragedy ol the Commons," Science, Vecember 13, 196S

Caryl P. Haskings, The Scientilic Revolution and World PoliticsRobert L. Heilbroner, An Inquiry into the Human Condition

Werner Helsenberg, Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution ol Modern Science

Walter W. Heller, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Collisionor Co -Existence?

Lawrence G, Hmes , Environmental Issues: Population and Economics

Fred Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth

Joseph Hixon, The Patchwork Mouse

John HoldAen, EneKgy

Gerald Holton, ed. , Science and Culture

Ida R. Hoos, "Can Systems Analysis Solve Social Problems?" Vatamatlon,June 1974

, Systems Analysis in Public Policy

Herman Kahn, The Next Two Hunderd years

, Thinking About the Unthinkable

Fremont Kast and James Rosenzweig, Science, Technology and Management

Boyd R. Keenan, ed., Science and the University

Philip J. Klass, Secret Sentries in Space

Allen V. Kneese and Charles L. Schullze, Controlling Air and Water PollutionEconomic Incentives veAsus Regulation

James W. Kuhn, Scientilic and Managerial Manpower In Nuclear Industry

Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure ol Scientilic Revolutions

. "Criteria icr 'Good' Futures Research," TechnologicalForecasting and Social Change, 1914

E. & E. Hutchmgs, Scientilic Progress and Human Values

Harry G. Johnson, Man and His Environment

16

Ralph Lapp, The Logarithmic Century

John Maddox, The Voomsday Syndrome

James L. McCamy, Science and Public AdministrationV. H. Meadows, et al., The Limits to Growth

Richard L. Meier, Science and Economic Vevelopment: New Patterns ol Llvlnt

___, Planning lor an Urban World: The Veslgn ol Resource-Conserving Cities

Seymour Melman, American Capitalism In Vecllne: The Cost ol a PermanentWar Economy

Mlhajlo Mesarovlc and Edward Pestel, Mankind at the Turning Point, [Studylor the Club ol Rome)

Rulus E. Miles, Jr., Awakening Irom the American Vream

Noel Mostert, SupeAslilp

Richard R. Nelson, Murton J. Peck, and Edward R. Kalachek, TechnologyEconomic Growth and Public Policy

H. L. Nleburg, In the Name ol Science

Robert Ornstein, The Psychology ol Consciousness

AKlhuA Pearl, Landslide

Vonald C. Pelz and Frank M. Andrews, Scientists In Organizations

J. L. Penlck, Jr., et al. , eds, The Politics ol American Science

Paul J. Plccard, Science and Policy Issues

William G. Pollard, Science and Faith: Twin Mysteries

Von K. Price, Government and Science

I. I. Rabl, Science: The Center ol Culture

Michael V. Regan, Science and the Federal Patron

P. C. Rltterbush, ed. , Technology as InstiMxtlonally Related to Human Values

Edward 8. Roberts , The Vynamics ol Research and Vevelopment

Vanlel V. Roman, Research and Vevelopment Management: The Economics andAdministration ol Technology

17

Jonas Salk, The Survival ol the Wisest

E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautilul: Economics as il People Mattered

Paul Shepard and Vanlel McKinley, The Subversive Science: Essays TowciKdEcology ol Man

an

James B. Shuman and Vavid Rosenau, The KondAatieU Wave

HeKbeKt Simon, The Shape ol Automation lor Men and Management

B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Vignlty

Eugene B. SkolnikoH, Science, Technology and American Foreign Policy

C. P. Snow, Science and Government

Alvm Toilier, Future Shock

The Eco -Spasm RepoKl

James S. TuAneA, The Chemical Feast

U. S. Vepartment ol Agriculture, The World Food Situation and Prospectsto 79R ~~

U. S. Vepartment ol Commerce, Technological Innovation: Its EnvironmentManagement

and

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final Report lok the NationalCoherence en Managing the Environment

U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Reactor Salety Study. An Assessmentol Accident Risk m U.S. Commerc 'uclear Plants, October 197

Alvm M. WeinbeKg, CnteAia lor Scientilic Choice

MoKlon While, Science and Sentiment m AmeAica

Jerome 8. WiesneA, Where Science and Politics Meet

HerbeAt york, The AdvisoKs: Oppenheimer, Teller and the Superbomb

Race to Oblivion

EXECUTIVE SEMINAR CENTER PROGRAMPARTICIPATING GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES

ACTION

Department of Agriculture

Department of the Air Force

Department of the Army

Civil Service Commission

Department of Commerce

Commission on Civil Rights

Community Services Administration

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Defense Communications Agency

Defense Investigative Service

Defense Logistics Agency

Defense Nuclear Agency

Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration

Environmental Protection Agency

Farm Credit Administration

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Federal Energy Administration

Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service

General Accounting Office

General Services Administration

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Departmentof Housing and Urban Development

Department of the Interior

Department of JusticeDepartment of Labor

National Advisory Council on Equality ofEducational Opportunity

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Credit Union Administration

National Labor Relations Board

National TransportationSafety Board

Department of the Navy

Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission

Office of Management and Budget

Securities and Exchange Commission

Small Business Administration

State of California

Tennessee Valley Authority

Department of Transportation

Department of the Treasury

Veterans Administration

AN INTERAGENCY TRAINING FACILITY OFTHE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

CAMPUS BANCROFT BUILDING2440 BANCROFT WAYBERKELEY. CALIFORNIA

94704