RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT

Introduction

� Ramanathapuram district is one of thedeveloping districts in Tamil Nadu. The districtoccupies a share of 3.16 percent area with a1.88 percent population of the State.

� The district has been divided into twodivisions for Administrative purposes, viz.,Ramanathapuram and Paramakudi.

� The district has seven Taluks ofRamanathapuram, Tiruvadanai, Rameswaram,Paramakudi, Mudukulathur, Kamuthi andKadaladi and consists of eleven blocks,namely, Tiruvadanai, R. S. Mangalam,Paramakudi, Bogalur, Nainarkoil, Kamuthi,Mudukulathur, Kadaladi, Ramanathapuram,Tirupullani and Mandapam.

� The district has 400 revenue villages, 429village Panchayats, 2362 hamlets, 4municipalities (Paramakudi, Ramanathapuram,Keelakarai and Rameshwaram) and 7 townPanchayats (Abiramam, Kamuthi, Thondi,Mandapam, Mudukulathur, R. S. Mangalamand Sayalkudi).

Geography

� Ramanathapuram District is an administrativedistrict of Tamil Nadu State in southern India.

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The city of Ramanathapuram is the districtheadquarters.

� The geographical position of the district liesbetween Northern Latitude 9.050 and 9.500;Eastern Longitude between 78.100 and79.270.

� The District has an area of 4123 sq km,occupies 3.16 percent of area in the State. Itis bounded on the north by SivagangaiDistrict, on the northeast by PudukkottaiDistrict, on the east by the Palk Strait, on thesouth by the Gulf of Mannar, on the west byThoothukkudi District, and on the northwestby Virudhunagar District.

� The geographical terrain of the district createsdrought, lower agricultural productivity andlower urbanization than the State.

Topography

� The district has the Pamban Bridge, an east-west chain of low islands and shallow reefsthat extend between India and the islandnation of Sri Lanka, and separate the PalkStrait from the Gulf of Mannar. The Palk Straitis navigable only by shallow-draft vessels.

Soil Condition

� Soil type in the district is mostly Clay, red andAlluvium with high Zinc content which isNature’s gift to the district. This kind of soiltype is favorable for the creation of waterstorage structures.

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� Coastal sandy plains are underlined by heavyclay soils at a depth of 2 to 3 m. Rain waterpercolating in surface can be potentiallyharvested by farm ponds or tanks forirrigation.

� Nearly 50 percent of the surface area hasdeep red soil. Kamuthi and Paramakudiblocks have very deep red, black andmoderately deep black soil. These blocks aresuitable for pulses and horticultural crops.

� The characteristics of black soil are shrinkingand swelling, they are very hard when dry andvery sticky when wet. Alluvial soil is highlysuitable for agriculture, especially crops suchas paddy, sugarcane and plantain. Red soilhas high iron content and is fit for pulses andgroundnut.

� Black soil is rich source of calcium, potassiumand magnesium, but has poor nitrogencontent, Cotton, Tobacco, Chilly, Gingelly,Sorghum, Ragi and Maize grow well in it.

Climate

� The district has a hot tropical climate,temperature ranging from 22.30 C as aminimum to 37.80 C as a maximum.

� The relative humidity is high as 79 percenton an average, it ranges between 80 to 90percent in coastal areas.

� High humidity and temperature leads to anuncomfortable situation for human beings in

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the coastal and inland areas. High humiditycauses plant diseases, especially fungi andmoulds to spread rapidly. It is directly linkedwith post-harvest storage of crop products.

Status of Human Development

� The difference between the higher HDI valueand lower HDI value was 0.60.Ramanathapuram (0.92) to Bogalur (0.32). InRamanathapuram district, Ramanathapuram(0.92), Paramakudi (0.78) and Mandapam(0.76) blocks occupies first three ranks.Mudukulathur (0.45), Kadaladi (0.40) andBogalur (0.32) falls in last three ranks.

� The range was lower in case of GII (0.10),gender equality in district was better than thatof HDI. The performance in Health,Empowerment and labour market is good inbest performing blocks viz., R. S. Mangalam(0.01), Paramakudi (0.02) andRamanathapuram (0.03) blocks. Mandapam(0.09), Bogalur (0.09) and Mudukulathur(0.11) blocks are last three rank in GII.

� Similarly, the CDI range starts from Bogalur(0.26) to Ramanathapuram (0.82). Here therange is very high Health and educationdimensions have been taken to analyze thechild development, these dimensions are wellperforming in top three blocks, viz.,Ramanathapuram, Mandapam and Tirupullaniblocks. Kadaladi, Kamuthi and Bogalur blocksoccupies the last three blocks in CDI.

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� MPI is computed based on health, educationand standard of living dimensions, thesedimensions’ performance is better in top threeblocks, such as, Ramanathapuram,Paramakudi and Tirupullani blocks.Mudukulathur, Tiruvadanai and Kadaladi arein the bottom three.

� Human development is better in urban basedblocks than that of rural context. The urbancontext blocks, viz., Ramanathapuram,Paramakudi, Tirupullani and Mandapam havebetter human development than rural basedblocks, such as, Bogalur, Kadaladi, Kamuthi,Mudukulathur, Nainarkoil and R. S. Mangalam.

Employment, Income and Poverty

� Kadaladi (0.81 percent), Mandapam (1.79percent), Mudukulathur (0.25 percent),Paramakudi (1.82 percent), Ramanathapuram(1.82 percent), Tirupullani (3.56 percent) andTiruvadanai (0.56percent) blocks showedincreasing trend in WPR growth.

� Urban blocks showed a higher range ofgrowth in workforce and agricultural beltshowed a decreasing trend in work force. Thetotal worker are classified into 4.86 Lakh ofmain workers and 1.16 Lakh of marginalworkers.

� The Per capita income of Ramanathapuramdistrict was Rs. 44707 at constant prices in2011-12 was lower when compared to the

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State’s per capita income of Rs. 63996. Thedistrict occupied the 24th place out of 32districts in per capita income during 2011 -12.

� 7.55 percent of an annual average growth rateof PCI was observed from 2004 - 05 to 2011-12, and lower than the State. In 2007 - 08,the Per capita income of the district showsnegative growth of 4.51 percent due to areduction of income in the primary andsecondary sector.

� The share of primary sector in GDDP of thedistrict is 17.46 percent lesser than thesecondary and tertiary share of 19.91 percentand 62.63 percent respectively in 2011 – 12.

� The growth rate of primary sector in GDDPhad increased to 16.29 percent in 2011 -12from 15.40 percent in 2007 - 08 at constantprices. The annual average growth rate of theprimary sector in the district was 2.91 percent.

� The growth rate of secondary sector showedfluctuation from 65.87 percent in 2006-07 to19.38 percent in 2007-08 at constant prices.The share of the secondary sector reducedto 19.91 percent in 2011-12 from 20.14percent in 2004-05.

� Ramanathapuram district has 31.27 percentof below poverty line families as of 2013-14.Bogalur (36 percent), Kadaladi (34.39percent), Nainarkoil (45.63 percent), R. S.Mangalam (41.67 percent) and Tiruvadanai

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(41.44 percent) blocks had higher percentageof BPL families than that of district povertystatus. Mandapam (22.52 percent),Ramanathapuram (20.78 percent) andTirupullani (19.88 percent) blocks shows lessthan 25 percent of BPL families.

� An average of 23000 candidates wasregistered in District employment office everyyear. But the placement was limited up to anaverage of 220 candidates per year. Placementagainst Registration was too low.

� Ramanathapuram district had the highest fishproduction in the State. Fish production shareto GDDP primary sector was on par withagricultural production of the district.

� Total PDS shops in the district were 679 in400 revenue villages, households with familycards are 376840.

Demography, Health and Nutrition

� The overall population growth rate of thedistrict is 13.96 percent, but in an urbancontext this illustrates about 35.82 percent,which is 5.5 fold higher than the ruralpopulation growth rate of 6.50 percent. Urbanbased blocks, viz., Mandapam, Paramakudi,Ramanathapuram and Tirupullanihad higherpopulation density than that of rural blocksbecause of the growth rate of secondary andtertiary sectors.

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� The population distribution in rural and urbanareas is 69.66 percent and 30.34 percent,respectively.

� LEB of the district was improved as 68.9years, 71.2 years and 70.1 years for male,female and combined respectively in 2013 -14. However, the district performance waslower than the State average of 71.8 years,75.2 years and 73.4 years for male, femaleand combined respectively in the sameperiod. Both the cases, the female LEB werehigher than the male LEB.

� Ramanathapuram district shows improvementin health indicators, viz., decline trend of infantmortality, maternal mortality, stillbirth rate andan ensured hundred percent institutionaldelivery.

� The district is moving towards populationstability by reducing trend of crude birth anddeath rate. The crude birth rate of the districtwas 13.9 in 2013-14.

� The CDR has declined to 4.9 in 2011 from5.6 in 2009 but, during 2013 – 14, it hasincreased again to 5.6.

� Kadaladi and Kamuthi are rural based blocksand human development in these blocksillustrates the 10th and 7th rank among 11blocks. The high order birth rate of Kadaladiblock is higher than that of the district. Beingthe backward blocks, the high population

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growth rate adds pressure on the povertylevel and has a bearing on the low level ofhuman development and implementation offamily planning methods is the need of thehour in these two blocks.

� IMR is a crucial factor to analyze humandevelopment. IMR of the district had reducedto13 in 2013-14 from 21 in 2009 and lowerthan the State IMR of 21, except,Ramanathapuram and Tiruvadanai, otherblocks have high range of IMR than thedistrict.

� The maternal mortality ratio of the districtreduced to 49 in 2013-14 from 104 in 2009,lower than the State MMR of 68 The MMR atdistrict showed variation from 2007 to 2013 -14. The MMR status of Bogalur, Nainarkoil,R. S. Mangalam and Ramanathapuram blockshowed zero in 2009 and R. S. Mangalamblock was maintaining the same status in2013-14 too, the MMR range starts from 0 inR. S. Mangalam to 341 in Bogalur whichshows that inter block disparity was huge.

� In 2013-14, SBR of the district is 10.4,Mandapam, Mudukulathur, Nainarkoil, R.S.Mangalam and Tirupullani blocks recordedhigher than the district SBR.

� The district institutional delivery status wasslightly reduced as 99.99 percent in 2013-14from 100 percent in 2012-13.

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� on an average 96 percent of the children aregetting immunization in time, which is one ofthe reasons for low IMR.

� Ramanathapuram district has 67.92 percentof the children in normal nutrition stage and32.08 percent of malnourished children in2013 -14. The malnourishment child’s statusin the district ranged between 12.63 percentin Ramanathapuram block to 39.9 percent inKamuthi, which explained the existence ofwide inter-block disparity.

� Malnutrition in backward blocks likeTirupullani, Mandapam, R. S. Mangalam,Kamuthi and Kadaladi were occurring due tomany reasons like food habits, poverty, lackof education, ignorance, poor sanitation,carelessness, contaminated food, infectionsand other diseases.

� The higher order birth rate was also positivelycorrelated with undernourishment issue. Dueto all these factors the children takeinadequate food which did not cater to theiractual requirement or if they take enough foodwhich was not absorbed properly due toinfestations, leading to micronutrientdeficiencies which caused increased rate ofmorbidity among children.

� The water supply coverage of the district is94.98 percent in 2013-14.

� Out of 3.36 Lakh households, 1.38 Lakh HHonly had sanitation facilities. Open defecation

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was the common problem observed in ruralareas. In the rural context, only 28.05 percentof the HH had a toilet facility, whereas in urbancontext, sanitation facility was better than thatof rural context, 79.79 percent. 56.46 percentof the households accessed IndividualHousehold Latrine in Ramanathapuramdistrict in 2013 – 14. The range starts from32.83 percent in Nainarkoil block to 79.39percent in Ramanathapuram block. Urbancontext blocks, such as Mandapam,Paramakudi, Ramanathapuram and Tirupullaniblocks have a higher percentage of IHHLcoverage than the district average and otherrural context blocks.

� Ramanathapuram district showed anincreasing trend in the case of HIV positive.The range of spread was higher among 30-39 years age group followed by 40-49 years.

� The leprosy status in Ramanathapuramdistrict was in a declining trend in 2013-14.Kamuthi,Paramakudi, R. S. Mangalam andTirupullani blocks showed an increase inleprosy occurrence, these blocks needconstant follow up to minimize the issue.

� Kadaladi, Mandapam, R. S. Mangalam,Ramanathapuram, Tirupullani and Tiruvadanaiblocks coastal regions are reporting Malariacases, which are indigenous in transmission,as Mosquito breeding is higher in these areas.

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Literacy and Education

� The literacy rate of Ramanathapuram hasincreased to 80.72 percent in 2011 from 72.96percent in 2001, slightly higher than that ofthe State, 80.09 percent in 2011. Total literatesin Ramanathapuram District are 978,946.

� The district has gender inequality in literacyrate, but, the literacy gap is reduced to 14.29percent in 2011 from 19.65 percent in 2001,slightly higher than the State. However, thegrowth rate of female literacy, 16.04 percentis nearly threefold higher than that of maleliteracy of 5.78 percent, which shows that theexistence of literacy gap was sharply comingdown.

� Despite the significant achievements inliteracy rate and in gender, district has to focuson improving the literacy rate of 72.25 percentand enrollment in secondary education of69.36 percent in Nainarkoil.

� The gross enrollment ratio in primaryeducation for the district has increased to102.93 percent in 2013-14 to 100.08 percentin 2012-13.

� The completion ratio in primary education wasin increasing trend from 97. 2 percent in 2011-12 to 97.3 percent in 2012-13 respectively.

� The gross enrollment ratio in upper primaryeducation has increased to 100.55 percentin 2013-14 from 100.54 percent in 2012-13.

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� The completion rate in upper primaryeducation is in increasing trend. The growthshows from 96.5 percent in 2011-12 to 97percent in 2013-14, but, upper primarycompletion rate was slightly lesser than thatof the primary education completion rate. Thecompletion rate in upper primary educationranges from 93.6 percent in Mandapam to99.7 percent in Nainarkoil during 2013-14.Bogalur, Mudukulathur, Nainarkoil, R. S.Mangalam,Ramanathapuram and Tirupullaniblocks were performing better than the districtaverage.

� Kadaladi, Mandapam and Tiruvadanai blockhad lower completion rates in upper primaryeducation than that of the district, becauseof its coastal nature and inadequate schoolaccessibility.

� District level nearly, 1325 primary and 456upper primary schools were in 2376habitations during 2013-14. In 2011-12, 115high and 114 higher secondary schools wereexisting. While comparing the 2011-12 datawith 2013-14, 3 primary schools weresanctioned in Kadaladi (1 school) andKamuthi (2 schools) and one primary schoolupgraded to upper primary school inRamanathapuram block.

� The PTR of the district ranges from R. S.Mangalam (1:19) to Kamuthi (1:28) in primaryeducation and in upper primary education

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ranges from R. S. Mangalam (1:21) toTiruvadanai (1:31). Upper primary pupilteacher ratio is higher than the primaryeducation.

� In 2013 – 14, the pupil teacher ratio hadreduced from 2011-12 and the pupil schoolratio had increased simultaneously in thesame year. Bogalur and Nainarkoil blocksshowed less than 20 pupil teacher ratio inprimary school. Nainarkoil andRamanathapuram blocks showed less than20 pupil teacher ratio in upper primary school.

� The Pupil school ratio in Nainarkoil block is69 and 59 in primary and upper primaryschool respectively during 2013 – 14, whichis lower than the district ratio.

� The GER in secondary education hasincreased from 85.66 percent in 2012-13 to95.54 percent in 2013-14, which is from 56.92percent in Kadaladi to 105.22 percent inRamanathapuram. Bogalur, Kadaladi,Kamuthi, Mudukulathur and Nainarkoil blocksrecorded less than 90 percent GER insecondary education in 2013 - 14.

� The Dropout rate in secondary education hadincreased from 5.81 percent in 2012-13 and2011-12 to 8.14 percent in 2013-14, out ofeleven blocks, six blocks had the severity ofsecondary dropout rate, the secondarydropout was very high in Kadaladi and

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Bogalur blocks than district in 2013-14 dueto higher rates of BPL families, getting poorgrades, inadequate transport facilities andinsufficient school accessibility.

� The dropout rate in the secondary educationrange starts from 0 percent in Paramakudi to11.99 percent inKadaladi.

� The higher education in Ramanathapuramdistrict is lower. After completing secondaryeducation, most of the educated youth werenot going for higher education because ofvarious reasons, viz., economicalbackwardness, and accessibility to highereducation, lack of proper guidance or poorgrade in secondary.

Gender

� District level general sex ratio is 983, whichshowed decreasing trend over a decade from1036 and the child sex ratio was alsodecreasing to 961 in 2011 from 964 in 2001,which clearly exhibits the women’s status atdistrict level. Within a decade, the sex ratioof the district had fallen below the Stateaverage.

� In Ramanathapuram, In which,femaleagricultural labourers were nearly two foldhigher than that of male agricultural labourers,which showed female workers in the districtbelong to socially and economicallyvulnerable sections.

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� Except, Bogalur, Paramakudi andRamanathapuram blocks, other blocks haveto be covered as members under SHG fold.Total credit availed by the SHG’s wasRs.89.76 Crore during 2013-14, Bogalur,Mandapam, R. S. Mangalam and Tiruvadanaiblock groups availed privileged amount ofcredit than other blocks.

� Female literacy rate, 73.52 percent was lowerthan the male literacy rate of 87.81 percent,however slightly higher than the femaleliteracy of the State, 73.14 percent.

� The typical work of female agriculturallaborers or cultivator is limited to less skilledjobs, such as sowing, transplanting, weedingand harvesting. The percentage of women’sparticipation in the agricultural sector was69.84, higher than the male participation,46.04 percent. In which, female agriculturallabourers were nearly two fold higher thanthat of male agricultural labourers.

� All over the Ramanathapuram district, nearly3869 elected representatives in the Stateassembly and local bodies, of which, 2374males and 1495 are female. 38.64 percentof women were members in the Stateassembly and local bodies.

Social Security

� Around 39.22 percent of the elderly populationwere getting benefit under various schemesin the district

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� In Ramanathapuram district, 4320 differentlyabled persons were getting the variousgovernment scheme benefits, nearly 18.44percent of eligible persons. The left outeligible persons should be covered under thefold of government economic assistance fortheir prospects.

� The differently abled persons at district levelwas 23432 as of 2011, of which male andfemale population is 12842 and 10590respectively. Among the total population, 1.73percent of the persons were differently abledin Ramanathapuram district.

� Out of 23432, nearly 3024 differently abledpersons are aged 60+. These personsrequired additional support of health care andneed based institutional support.

� The percentage of differently abled personswas higher in Mudukulathur, Kamuthi andTiruvadanai blocks. The same status waslower in Tirupullani, Mandapam and Nainarkoil.

� Out of 23432 differently abled persons,physical disability (differently abled inmovement, 22 percent) occupies higherpercentage followed by disability in hearingand any others, 20 percent.

� The implementation of maternity assistancescheme by the government was the corereason to attain hundred percent institutionaldeliveries in Ramanathapuram district. Theshare of government hospitals in institutional

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delivery is higher and increasing trend thanthat of private hospitals because of thematernity assistance scheme.

� The number of crimes against women hadincreased to 260 in 2014 from 130 in 2013.Onan average, district shows an increasing trendof crime rate against women, which needs tobe focused for women empowerment. Amongthe different categories of crime againstwomen, eve teasing showed higher rate whencompared to other crimes followed by crueltyby husband.

Infrastructure

� The entry of East Coast Road (ECR) was abequest of the district in terms of industrialgrowth and connectivity with the nearer cities.

� The total number of streetlights ranges fromKadaladi 11533 to Bogalur 2697 during 2013- 14.

� Except Tirupullani, other urban based blockshad a higher number of commercial bankingservices than that of rural based blocks.

� The total road length in the district is 4774.8Kms, of which in rural areas, the roadlengthwas 4374.3 Kms and in case of urban it was400.5 Kms. Among the various types of roads,Bituminous Tar roads were higher (3059.3Kms, 64 percent) followed by mudroads(776.2 Kms, 16 percent). The status ofcement concrete and gravel road length was

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lower (202.7 Kms, 4 percent and 207.4 Kms,4 percent, respectively) followed by WBMroad (499.2 Kms, 10 percent).

� Across the blocks, road length shows vastdisparity. It ranged from Bogalur (46.3 Kms)to Kamuthi (621.2 Kms). Kamuthi block washaving good road facility, covering nearly 13percent of the total road length of the districtfollowed by Mandapam 12.7 percent.

� Nearly 16 percent of the roads inRamanathapuram district were of mud type,which get eroded by rain and wind. It shouldreplaced by other advanced road type toimprove the connectivity.

� The district had a 230/110 KV substation andfive 110/33 and 33/11 KV substations.Similarly, there were two 66/11 KV substations2 serving the electricity needs of the district.

� In Ramanathpuram district, 131 cooperativesocieties with 259125 members and 106commercial banks with 1200819 accountholders were financially included. The numberof cooperative societies ranges fromMandapam (4) to Kamuthi (24). Commercialbanks show ranges from Nainarkoil (2) toRamanathapuram (23).

� In Mandapam, Ramanathapuram andTirupullani block, the cooperative societiesare less, 4, 5 and 6 respectively, but thecommercial banks are high in Mandapam andRamanathapuram 18 and 23 respectively.

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� Paramakudi block also had a considerablenumber of commercial banks 16. Urbanbased blocks had a higher number ofcommercial banking services than that of ruralbased blocks. Rural based blocks had highernumber of cooperative societies than urbanareas. Kadaladi (21), Kamuthi (24),Mudukulathur (16), R. S. Mangalam (14) andTiruvadanai (18) blocks had higher no. ofcooperative societies because of agrariandomain.

� The contribution of financial and insuranceinstitutions in human development wassignificant. Policies issued by insurancecompanies were 38152. It showed that 3percent of the population risk only wascovered by insurance companies. In any caseof risk, poor would suffer higher.

� The awareness about the crop insurance inRamanathapuram district is higher than thatof life insurance. Awareness creation anddesigning simple life insurance premiumwhich would be affordable by the poor couldensure cent percent insurance coverage, asit minimizes the risk.

Conclusion

� Ramanathapuram is a developing district, interms of human and economic development.The Human Development reports hasbrought the achievements and intra blockdisparities in human development attainments

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which demands to create basic infrastructureat the habitation level for addressing thespecific issues.

� Based on the indices computation and fieldreality, Human development in Nainarkoil,R. S. Mangalam and Tiruvadanai blocksneeds improvement.

� Institutional provisions for economicassistance to self-employment ventures needto be promoted with the support of DistrictIndustries Centre (DIC).

� The present situation illustrates that thedistrict is dynamic with a younger generation.Channelling the existing younger generationinto right way will induce the humandevelopment of the district. The district mayface a higher range of the older population infuture.

� People in rural areas have some barrier inlatrine usage like odor, waste disposal as wellas geographical barrier of water scarcity. Tobreak these barriers, technical services withproper orientation could facilitate the districtto reach the MDG target.

� Emphasis should be on supply of safedrinking water throughout the year. Sanitationand self hygiene is another core pillar forsustainable health care in Ramanathapuram.

� Ramanathapuram has saline water, sixblocks are of coastal nature. Installation of

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desalination plant like Naripaiyur, Kadaladi

block reveals permanent solution for the

drinking water problem.

� Despite the significant achievements in

literacy rate and in gender, district had to

focus on improving the literacy rate of 72.25

percent and enrollment in secondary

education of 69.36 percent in Nainarkoil.

� Toilets for girls were lacking in 340 schools,

which needs to be focused for enhancing the

girls’ upper primary and secondary education.

� District level general sex ratio is 983, which

shows decreasing trend over a decade from

1036 and the child sex ratio is also decreasing

trend of 961 in 2011 from 964 in 2001, which

clearly exhibits the women’s status at district

level. Within a decade, the sex ratio of the

district had fallen below the State average.

� Apart from economic assistance, the senior

citizens require health care services from

government. Strengthening of primary health

care services by geriatric care units for elderly,

and exploring the option of initiating Mobile

geriatric clinics, to lessen the problem of

accessibility for remote areas.

� Out of 65.74 percent of the working group

population, nearly 94 percent of the total work

force is employed in the unorganized sector

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as of 2011. In these cases, the government

program aimed at the aged alone cannot give

solution to the income and social securityproblems of the elderly, which can be

overcome by means of the Labor welfare

board, fishermen welfare board andagricultural labour welfare board savings

initiatives. A micro pension scheme by the

community institutions to the unorganizedlabors will provide sustainable solutions for

the issues.

� Creation of a farm pond structure withcommunity contribution enables the farmer’s

to get better income from farming activity.

Farm Pond is a small scale water harvestingstructure established in a farmland to collect

and store water during the monsoon, the

runoff water above the surface in thecatchment area is collected.

� The district administration and the State

developing a series of plans and schemes toreduce the poverty and promote livelihood. A

fast increasing technically skilled workforce

will enhance standard of living and quality oflife. Importance should be placed on self-

employment ventures in both agriculture and

allied activities, particularly chilly processing,as well as in small scale industries in coastal

livelihoods. Institutional provisions for

economic assistance to self employment

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ventures need to be promoted with thesupport of District Industries Centre (DIC).

� A fast increasing technically skilled workforcewill enhance standard of living and quality oflife.

a