execuve summary & analysis · 2018. 10. 24. · 2 28th annual pennsylvania economic survey...

pachamber.org28TH Annual Pennsylvania Economic Survey2

Execu�ve Summary & Analysis 28th Annual Pennsylvania Economic SurveyConducted by Susquehanna Polling and Research, Inc., the 28th Annual Pennsylvania Economic Survey includesinterviews with 650 Pennsylvania employers and managementlevel employees, including 325 interviews withmembers of the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry.

As employer op�mism with the business climate hits record highs, employers shi� theirfocus to a lack of qualified labor/workers in an environment with near full employment

This year’s annual economic climate survey shows employers remaining very op�mis�c about the con�nuedgrowth and stability of the economy, including record high marks given for the overall condi�on of the businessclimate. As a result, employers not only report new highs in sales growth and hiring during the last 12 months,but express unprecedented levels of op�mism about the prospects for con�nued sales growth and hiring incoming months. However, undermining this confidence is a poten�al labor shortage of qualified and skilledworkers – now cited by most as the single most important issue affec�ng employers’ ability to remain compe��vein today’s economy:

• The percentage of employers who say the economy is the “most important issue” affec�ng their business con�nues to trend downward, now 4% and officially a record low. This is a further drop from 10% last year, and down markedly from a peak high of 34% during the last recession in 200809.

• A record high 40% of employers now say the economy has go�en be�er during the last 12 months, up sharply from 25% last year and officially a new high. This upward trajectory is a stark reversal from three years ago, when by a nega�ve 29:16 margin more employers thought the economy was ge�ng worse. Moreover, 26% of employers rate Pennsylvania as “very” businessfriendly, up from 15% last year and a record high. This is a sta�s�cally significant finding since employers are asked to score the intensity of their answer as either “very” or “somewhat” business friendly, thus showing that in a 1year period 11% of employers felt confident enough to recategorize their responses from “somewhat” businessfriendly to“very” businessfriendly.

• Employers report new highs in sales growth, hiring and investments in new technology and equipment during the last 12 months, all at levels not seen in more than ten years. In sales growth, 41% of employers report higher sales, up from 35% last year and an 11year high. In hiring, 24% report hiring new workers, an increase from 20% last year and the highest since 2008. On the issue of investments in capital, machinery and equipment, 1 in 4 or 25% report making “major” investments, the second highest figure in ten years.

• Prospects for future sales growth, hiring and new investments all show record levels of op�mism. Fortyfour (44) percent of employers expect stronger sales growth in the next 12 months, up slightly from 42% last year but officially the second highest figure in ten years. Perhaps the most cri�cal finding is that on new hiring, 28% of employers expect to hire more workers in the next 12 months, a record high not seen since 2006.

• In terms of new investments in technology, equipment and machinery, 25% report “major” investments, down slightly from 27% last year but s�ll the second highest figure in nearly ten years. More importantly, seventeen (17) percent of employers expect to make “major” investments in the next 12 months, tying a record from 2011.


Key findings showing other historical trends or newlyemerging issues include:

• Fourteen (14) percent of employers cite difficul�es finding skilled and qualified employees to fill open posi�ons as the biggest issue facing their companies, surpassing all other top of mind issues. This represents a further increase from 11% last year and officially a record high. Perhaps most importantly, concern about finding qualified applicants now trumps other tradi�onal pocketbook issues usually “top of mind” to employers, such as concern about taxes (down to 8%), health care insurance (down to 7%) and excessive mandates and regula�ons (at 6%). Accordingly, the percentage of employers who rate the quality of the available workforce as “poor” has increased to 17%, a record high.

• Sixtytwo (62) percent of employers say they provide health care coverage for employees, a slight increase from 61% last year, but s�ll a sharp decline from a high of 74% in 2013. Moreover, 76% say premiums have increased, while 66% say “controlling the costs of healthcare” should be the top priority for the Pennsylvania Chamber to concentrate on in its dealings with lawmakers. No single legisla�ve issuerates higher.

• Twentyfive (25) percent of employers say they would consider leaving Pennsylvania if they could, a slight drop from 26% two years ago and down sharply from a high of 40% in 2003.

• Nine (9) percent of employers have faced problems with the state’s unemployment compensa�on system, while 35% have faced workers’ compensa�on claims. Both figures are down slightly from last year.


The Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry

28th Annual Economic Survey Sample Size: 650 Pennsylvania Employers

Conducted July - August 2018

Q1. Generally speaking, how would you rate the overall business climate in Pennsylvaniathat is, how is it to do business in this state. Would you say it is excellent, good, fair or poor? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Excellent 60 09% 07% 11% 2. Good 354 54% 58% 51% 3. Fair 185 28% 28% 29% 4. Poor 42 07% 05% 09% 5. Undecided 6 01% 01% 01% 6. Decline to answer 1 00% 00% 00%

Q2. Do you think the business climate in Pennsylvania has go en be er, go en worse or stayed about the same during the past 12 months? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Be er 258 40% 41% 39% 2. Worse 84 13% 08% 18% 3. Stayed same 293 45% 50% 40% 4. Undecided 11 02% 01% 03% 5. Decline to answer 2 00% 01% 00%

[N=325 PA Chamber Members][N=325 Non-Members]


Q3. What is the single most important issue ec ng your company or business today? That is, the one that most seriously ects your ability to be compe ve in todays marketplace?

PCBI Non-PCBI (1) Credit availability/loan/ nancing 10 01% 00% 02% (2) Economy/lack of consumer con dence 29 04% 04% 05% (3) Electronic commerce/internet 17 03% 01% 04% (4) Energy/fuel/delivery costs 10 01% 01% 02% (5) Environmental/EPA/OSHA/red tape 4 01% 01% 01% (6) Foreign/out of state compe on 17 03% 03% 02% (7) Goods/services (cost going up) 34 05% 03% 07% (8) Health care insurance costs (speci c) 49 07% 11% 04% (9) Human resources/personnel issues 9 01% 01% 01% (10) Insurance (other) workers comp, UC, etc. 15 02% 01% 03% (11) Mandates/regula ons 42 06% 07% 05% (12) Staying compe ve in marketplace 47 07% 05% 09% (13) Taxes (property, business, sales/use, etc.) 54 08% 08% 09% (14) Transporta on/infrastructure 10 01% 01% 02% (15) Workforce development/unable to nd quali ed emp. 93 14% 14% 14% (16) Non-pro ts/lack of donors/sponsors 13 02% 02% 01% (17) Government overreach/interference 11 01% 01% 02% (18) Technology/automa on 6 01% 01% 01% (19) Other 91 14% 13% 15% (20) Undecided 76 12% 11% 06% (21) Decline to answer 23 03% 04% 03%

Q4. How business-friendly would you rate Pennsylvania - very friendly, somewhat friendly or not at all business-friendly? PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Very 167 26% SKIP TO Q6 24% 28% 2. Somewhat 383 59% PROCEED TO Q5 61% 57% 3. Not at all 72 11% PROCEED TO Q5 11% 11% 4. Undecided 19 03% 02% 04% 5. Decline 6 01% 02% 00%

Q5. You indicated Pennsylvania is only somewhat or not at all business friendly. In your own words, why or what can be done to make it very business friendly?

Q6. If you could, would you consider leaving Pennsylvania? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 163 25% PROCEED 17% 33% 2. No 464 71% SKIP TO Q7 79% 64% 3. Undecided 14 02% SKIP TO Q7 02% 02% 4. Decline 7 01% SKIP TO Q7 02% 01%


Q6b. If yes, where would you go? [N=163] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Delaware 12 07% 05% 09% 2. New Jersey 4 02% 01% 03% 3. Maryland 6 04% 05% 03% 4. Virginia 7 04% 02% 05% 5. New York 4 02% 02% 03% 6. Ohio 4 02% 05% 01% 7. North Carolina 24 15% 19% 12% 8. South Carolina 23 14% 21% 11% 9. West (General) 9 06% 07% 04% 10. Mid Atlan c (general) 6 04% 07% 02% 11. Southwest (general) 23 14% 17% 12% 12. Other 50 31% 23% 34% 13. Undecided 25 15% 18% 14%

Q7. How would you rate the quality of the workforce in Pennsylvania in terms of being able to meet the business communitys demand for skilled or trained workers would you say it is excellent, good, fair or poor? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Excellent 49 08% 05% 10% 2. Good 245 38% 43% 32% 3. Fair 214 33% 35% 31% 4. Poor 113 17% 12% 23% 5. Undecided 22 04% 03% 04% 6. Decline 5 01% 01% 00%

Q8. What are the most common problems you [and/or your company] experience when interviewing and considering job applicants? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Applicants are overquali ed 9 01% 01% 02% 2. Applicants lack hard skills (e.g., training, 230 35% 37% 34% educa on, ons, etc.) 3. Applicants lack skills (e.g., work ethic, comm. skills, 278 43% 43% 42% punctuality, dependability, team work, etc.) 4. Eligibility issues (e.g., criminal record, 33 05% 05% 05% proper documenta on, etc.) 5. Drug test refusal or failure 41 06% 05% 07% 6. Hard me matching salary requests to quali ons 44 07% 08% 06% 7. Other (verba m) 158 24% 21% 27% 8. None of the above 57 09% 10% 08%


This next sec on deals with state and federal business issues. Q9. Which TWO of the following ve issues should be the top legisla ve prio es for the Pennsylvania Chamber [or the states elected leaders] to focus on in Harrisburg?

PCBI Non-PCBI 140 (22%) 1. Reforming the workers compensa on insurance system 22% 21% 429 (66%) 2. Controlling the costs of healthcare 71% 61% 325 (50%) 3. Lowering business taxes including tax reform 50% 50% 219 (34%) 4. Cu ng down on regula ons, mandates, and environmental issues 34% 33% 751 (12%) 5. Further reform of the legal system 11% 12% 27 (04%) 6. Undecided (DO NOT READ) 02% 06% 29 (04%) 7. None/other (DO NOT READ) 04% 04%

Q10. Has your company experienced any problems or concerns with the states unemployment comp on system? PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Yes 57 09% PROCEED 08% 09% 2. No 563 86% SKIP TO Q17 86% 87% 3. Not sure 20 03% SKIP TO Q17 03% 03% 4. Decline 8 01% SKIP TO Q17 02% 01%

Please id fy any of the following that describe your experience with the unemployment comp on system Q11. Employee red for good cause awarded ben ? [N=57] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 37 65% 59% 72% 2. No 16 28% 33% 24% 3. Not sure 0 00% 00% 00% 4. Decline answer 3 05% 07% 03%

Q12. Employee quit for personal reasons s ll awarded [N=57] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 30 53% 56% 56% 2. No 24 42% 37% 45% 3. Not sure 1 02% 00% 03% 4. Decline answer 2 04% 07% 00%


Q13. Relief from charges petition denied? [N=57] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 25 44% 59% 31% 2. No 25 44% 30% 59% 3. Not sure 4 07% 07% 07% 4. Decline 3 05% 04% 07%

Q14. Department of Labor & Industry failed to respond to inquiry or technical problems? [N=57] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 11 19% 22% 17% 2. No 41 72% 67% 76% 3. Not sure 2 03% 04% 03% 4. Decline 3 05% 07% 03%

Q15. Request for telephone hearing denied by unemployment compensation referee? [N=57] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 3 05% 07% 03% 2. No 46 81% 78% 90% 3. Not sure 4 07% 11% 03% 4. Decline 3 05% 04% 07%

Q16. Seasonal employee denied benefits during off-season? [N=57] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 3 05% 04% 03% 2. No 49 86% 89% 86% 3. Not sure 0 00% 00% 00% 4. Decline 5 09% 07% 10%

Q17. Do you believe that the views, challenges and opportunities of your business and industry are appropriately considered when new regulations are being developed at the state and federal level? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 209 32% 34% 30% 2. No 317 49% 45% 53% 3. Undecided 110 17% 19% 15% 4. Decline 13 02% 02% 02%


Q18. Thinking more cally about taxes, which TWO of the following six taxes most hinder job on and economic growth the corporate net income tax (and by this we mean either the tax rate

itself or the way net opera ng losses are treated), the personal income tax, the property tax, the sales tax, the gross receipts tax, or the business privilege tax? PCBI Non-PCBI 1.. Corp. net income rate itself 187 29% 36% 22% 2.. Corp. net income net op. losses 82 13% 14% 11% Total corporate net income: 269 41% 50% 33% 3. Personal income 198 30% 30% 31% 4. Property 253 39% 36% 42% 5. Sales 116 18% 14% 22% 6. Gross receipts 68 11% 14% 08% 7. Business privilege or mercan 116 18% 17% 19% 8. Undecided 82 13% 12% 13% 9. None/other 59 09% 06% 12% 10. Decline 14 02% 04% 01%

Q19. Do you support the state or federal government d ning through mandates what the energy po olio of businesses should look like, or should the free enterprise system determine which sources of energy are most viable? PCBI Non-CBI 1. Allow free enterprise system to determine the market 468 72% 74% 70% 2. State government should use mandates for energy 77 12% 09% 14% 3. Undecided 84 13% 12% 14% 4. None/other 5 01% 01% 01% 5. Decline 13 02% 03% 02%

Q20. Has the cost of your workers compensa on insurance premiums increased, decreased or remained about the same in recent years? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Increased 235 36% 37% 36% 2. Decreased 25 04% 05% 03% 3. Remained same 265 41% 44% 38% 4. Undecided 89 14% 10% 17% 5. Decline 34 05% 04% 07%

Q21. Has your company ever had a workers compens on claim? PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Yes 230 35% PROCEED 42% 29% 2. No 353 54% SKIP TO Q30 47% 62% 3. Not Sure 35 05% SKIP TO Q30 06% 05% 4. Decline 29 04% SKIP TO Q30 05% 04%


compensation Q22. Difficulty obtaining coverage? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 10 04% 04% 05% 2. No 205 89% 91% 85% 3. Not sure 13 06% 4% 10% 4. Decline 2 01% 01% 00%

Q23. Dispute regarding circumstances of an injury/eligibility for workers compensation? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 81 35% 37% 31% 2. No 136 59% 58% 60% 3. Not sure 12 05% 04% 08% 4. Decline 2 01% 01% 01%

Q24. Disagreement determining whether medical treatment is reasonable and necessary? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 61 27% 31% 20% 2. No 152 66% 64% 70% 3. Not sure 16 07% 05% 10% 4. Decline 2 00% 01% 01%

Q25. Excessive litigation and related costs? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 49 21% 23% 19% 2. No 159 69% 71% 67% 3. Not sure 19 08% 06% 12% 4. Decline 4 02% 00% 03%


Q26. Difficulty administering return-to-work/light duty program? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 56 24% 29% 17% 2. No 158 69% 66% 73% 3. Not sure 13 06% 04% 09% 4. Decline 4 01% 01% 02%

Q27. Problems following claimant seeking treatment outside the provider panel? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 29 13% 14% 11% 2. No 175 76% 75% 77% 3. Not sure 23 10% 10% 11% 4. Decline 3 01% 01% 02%

Q28. Potential or confirmed fraud? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 48 21% 24% 16% 2. No 163 71% 69% 74% 3. Not sure 17 07% 05% 11% 4. Decline 2 01% 01% 00%

Q29. Employees experiencing challenges with prescription drug overuse? [N=230] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 19 08% 06% 12% 2. No 190 83% 85% 79% 3. Not sure 19 08% 08% 09% 4. Decline 2 01% 01% 00%


This section of the poll deals with various economic indicators for your business over the last 12

Q30. During the last 12 months, did the sales for your company increase over the previous year, decrease or stay about the same? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Increase 265 41% 48% 34% 2. Decrease 92 14% 09% 19% 3. Stay same 231 36% 33% 38% 4. Undecided 21 03% 04% 03% 5. Decline 38 06% 06% 06%

Q31. For the next 12 months, do you expect sales for your company to increase, decrease or stay about the same? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Increase 285 44% 47% 41% 2. Decrease 36 05% 03% 08% 3. Stay same 256 39% 38% 40% 4. Undecided 34 05% 06% 04% 5. Decline 37 06% 06% 06%

Q32. During the last 12 months, did the size of your workforce increase over the previous year, decrease or stay about the same? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Increase 155 24% 29% 19% 2. Decrease 84 13% 10% 16% 3. Stay same 374 58% 57% 58% 4. Undecided 8 01% 01% 01% 5. Decline 26 04% 03% 05%

Q33. For the next 12 months, do you expect the size of your workforce to increase, decrease or stay about the same? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Increase 185 28% 34% 23% 2. Decrease 15 02% 03% 02% 3. Stay same 406 63% 58% 67% 4. Undecided 15 02% 03% 02% 5. Decline 26 04% 03% 05%


Q34. During the last 12 months, did your company make major investments, minor investments or no investments at all on such things as expansion or purchase of machinery or equipment, technology or other improvements in comparison to the previous year? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Major 164 25% 25% 25% 2. Minor 189 29% 32% 27% 3. No Improvements 265 41% 39% 43% 4. Undecided 11 02% 02% 02% 5. Decline 18 03% 02% 04%

Q35. For the next 12 months, do you expect your company to make major investments, minor investments or no investments at all on such things as expansion or purchase of machinery or equipment, technology or other improvements? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Major 110 17% 19% 14% 2. Minor 215 33% 35% 32% 3. No Improvements 270 42% 38% 45% 4. Undecided 32 05% 05% 05% 5. Decline 20 03% 02% 04%

Finally, following are several addi onal ques ons dealing with public policy. We appreciate your pa ence and coopera on Q36. A fair and equitable legal climate is vital to allowing employers to grow and prosper. Which TWO of the following ve proposals would have the biggest impact reducing both the number and cost of unnecessary lawsuits? PCBI Non-PCBI 175 (27%) 1. Limit the ling of a lawsuit to the county where the injury occurred, or 31% 23% 268 (41%) 2. Place a me limita on on how long a person can bring a lawsuit for 42% 41%

a defec ve product, or

249 (38%) 3. Protect the liability of retailers or other sellers of products who have no 38% 38% rel n to the cause of an injury, or

182 (28%) 4. Require a professional to a est to the validity of a claim when a complaint 28% 28% is led, or

87 (13%) 5. Change the way appellate judges are selected from the current method to 14% 13% an appointment system, or

------------- 90 (14%) 6. Undecided 12% 15% 29 (04%) 7. Other/none 04% 04% 52 (08%) 8. Decline to answer 07% 09%


Q37. What impact do regulations from environmental regulatory agencies including the federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection have on your business- a positive impact, a negative impact or no impact at all? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Positive 87 13% 12% 14% 2. Negative 142 22% 23% 20% 3. No Impact 350 54% 55% 53% 4. Undecided 32 05% 05% 05% 5. Decline 37 06% 04% 07%

Q38. Does your company benefit from drilling activity in the Marcellus Shale regions of Pennsylvania, either directly via increased contracts or work orders, or indirectly via supporting supply chain companies or lower energy or commodity prices? PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Yes 134 21% 25% 16% 2. No 450 69% 65% 73% 3. Not Sure 32 05% 06% 04% 4. Decline 33 05% 03% 07%

Q39. Do you currently provide a healthcare plan for your employees? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Yes 401 62% PROCEED 77% 47% 2. No 203 31% SKIP TO Q42 19% 44% 3. Undecided 06 01% SKIP TO Q42 01% 01% 4. Decline 38 06% SKIP TO Q42 03% 08%

Q40. In comparison to last year, have your health insurance premiums increased, decreased or remained about the same? [N=401] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Increased 305 76% PROCEED 81% 68% 2. Decreased 7 02% SKIP TO Q42 00% 04% 3. Stay same 73 18% SKIP TO Q42 15% 24% 4. Undecided 12 03% SKIP TO Q42 03% 03% 5. Decline 3 01 SKIP TO Q42 01% 01%


Q41. As a result of an increase in premiums, have you shi ed add onal costs to employees, reduced b ropped coverage or taken some other ac on? [N=305] PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Sh costs 132 43% 47% 37% 2. Reduced ben ts 45 15% 15% 14% 3. Dropped Coverage 14 05% 05% 04% 4. Undecided 7 02% 02% 03% 5. Other 35 11% 10% 14% 6. No changes made (absorbed costs) 132 43% 44% 42%

Q42. Does your company provide paid leave of any kind to employees? (If yes, please specify) PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Yes, vaca on 400 62% 74% 49% 2. Yes, family/medical 284 44% 54% 33% 3. Yes, bereavement 287 44% 55% 33% 4. Yes, other 57 09% 09% 09% 5. No 182 28% 20% 37% 6. Decline to answer 41 06% 04% 09%

Q43. When it comes to the issue of paid leave, should the federal or state government play a role in deciding what kind of paid leave policy employers should provide, or should employers have the d on to decide this for themselves? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. State/federal government should play a role 71 11% PROCEED 10% 12% 2. Employers should have discre on 475 73% SKIP TO Q45 78% 68% 3. Both (Do Not Read) 32 05% PROCEED 04% 06% 4. Undecided 31 05% 03% 06% 5. Decline to answer 39 06% 04% 08%

Q44. Since you indicated the federal or state government should play a role, should paid leave be a federal mandate that all states follow, should it be a state mandate where employers absorb the costs, or should it be a state mandate with employees paying some of the costs? [N=103] PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Federal mandate 33 32% 30% 35% 2. State mandate, but employers should pay 20 19% 17% 21% 3. State mandate, but employees should help pay 29 28% 28% 28% 4. Other 7 07% 04% 07% 5. Undecided 12 12% 15% 09% 6. Decline to answer 2 02% 04% 00%


Q45. What is your current po on within the company? PCBI Non-PCBI 1. President/CEO/Owner/Chairman 299 46% 42% 50% 2. Vice President/COO 44 07% 09% 04% 3. CFO/Accountant/Financial-related /Controller 39 06% 08% 04% 4. Professional (e.g., HR, directors, a orneys, consultants, managers) 176 27% 30% 24% 5. Other 59 09% 07% 11% 6. Decline to answer 32 05% 03% 07%

Q46. Number of employees (from record): PCBI Non-PCBI

1. 1-4 employees 241 37% 27% 47% 2. 5-9 employees 144 22% 21% 23% 3. 10-19 employees 96 15% 13% 16% 4. 20-49 employees 71 11% 14% 08% 5. 50-99 employees 41 06% 08% 04% 6. 100-249 employees 18 03% 05% 01% 7. 250-499 employees 10 01% 03% 00% 8. 500-999 employees 11 02% 03% 00% 9. 1,000-4,999 employees 3 01% 01% 00% 10. 5,000+ employees 3 00% 01% 00% 11. No inform on provided 8 01% 02% 00%

Q47. Business descrip on (SIC Code):

PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Agriculture/forestry/ hing 22 03% 03% 04% 2. Mining 2 00% 00% 00% 3. Con on 46 07% 03% 11% 4. Manufacturing 75 12% 16% 07% 5. Transporta on/ i es 26 04% 03% 05% 6. Wholesale Trade 40 06% 05% 07% 7. Retail Trade 113 17% 08% 27% 8. Finance, insurance and real estate 37 06% 04% 08% 9. Service sector 242 37% 46% 29% 10. Non-classi ed/other 43% 07% 11% 02%


Q48. County in which business is currently located (from record) PCBI Non-PCBI

1. Northwest 22 03% 02% 05% 2. Southwest 51 08% 02% 14% 3. T/Central 157 24% 24% 24% 4. Northeast 75 11% 13% 10% 5. South Central 190 29% 42% 17% 6. Southeast 65 10% 05% 15% 7. Allegheny County 50 08% 05% 11% 8. Philadelphia 17 03% 01% 04% 9. Unknown 22 03% 07% 00%

Q49. Respondent Gender:

PCBI Non-PCBI 1. Male 373 57% 59% 56% 2. Female 275 42% 41% 44%

The margin of error for the sample size of 650 interviews is +/-3/8% at the 95% con dence level, or +/-5.6% for a sub sample of 325n.

execuve summary & analysis · 2018. 10. 24. · 2 28th annual pennsylvania economic survey...

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