EXERCISE 3FORMULATING RATIONS FOR LACTATING COWS

OBJECTIVE

To acquaint the students with the principles and techniques of formulating rations for dairy animals.

NUTRIENTS

Substances that, when taken into the digestive system, are digested, absorbed and utilized to sustain animal body processes.

MAJOR NUTRIENTS

Water

Carbohydrates

Fats/Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

FUNCTION OF NUTRIENTS

Maintenance

Growth

Reproduction

Lactation

EXAMPLE

Maintenance 20 kg grass

Growth 20 kg grass

Reproduction 20 kg grass

Lactation 20 kg grass

TOTAL 100 KG GRASS

TOOLS NEEDED

Table of Nutrient Requirements

Based on the needs of animals at specific stages of their life cycles.

Requirements for maintenance, growth, reproduction, milk production, milk fat level, work and other production aspects differ considerably.

TOOLS NEEDED

Feeding Standard/ Nutrient Content of Feedstuffs

Provides a list of nutrients together with corresponding values for various species of animals.

The values are results of a number of experiments conducted to determine the optimum requirements of the animals.

Basic Formula

amount offeeds, kg

% nutrient content

nutrient supplied, kg

x =

Sample Problem

Formulate a ration to satisfy the nutrient requirements of a 550 kg mature lactating cow producing 10 kg milk with 5% butterfat. Use napier grass (56 days), yellow corn and poultry manure having molasses on a fixed amount of 5% and salt at 1%.

FEED FORMULATION

Determine the daily requirements of the cow.

Nutrient Requirement

TDN, kg CP, kg Ca, kg P, kg

Maintenance 4.00 0.461 0.020 0.016

Milk Production 3.65 0.980 0.029 0.019

TOTAL NUTRIENT

REQT, KG7.65 1.441 0.049 0.035

Multiply with the kg milk produced and the values found on Table 1. Milk Production

FEED FORMULATION

List down the nutrients from available forage.

DM, % TDN, % CP, % Ca, % P, %

Napier Grass 56

Days21.25 56.3 8.65 0.42 0.39

FEED FORMULATION

Determine the amount of forage intake.

Total DM Intake: 1.5 to 2.5% (DM basis)

Forage Intake = 550 kg x 1.5%

= 8.25 kg Napier Grass

FEED FORMULATION

Determine the amount of nutrients to be supplied by the concentrate.

DM, kg TDN, kg CP, kg Ca, kg P, kg

NUT REQT'S 7.65 1.441 0.049 0.035

NAPIER GRASS 56 D 8.25 4.64 0.714 0.035 0.032

TO BE SUPPLIED BY

CONCENTRATE3.01 0.727 0.014 0.003

DM, % TDN, % CP, % Ca, % P, %

Napier Grass 56

Days21.25 56.3 8.65 0.42 0.39

FEED FORMULATION

Determine the amount of concentrate needed to supply the nutrients not provided by the forage.

TDN of the concentrate is the average TDN of the feedstuff to be used.

FEED FORMULATION

Yellow Corn 81% TDN

Poultry Manure 66.3% TDN

TDN of Concentrate = (81%+66.3%)/2

= 73.65%

4.09 kg concentrate

3.01__ 0.7365

FEED FORMULATION

CP needed for concentrate

_ CP from concentrate, kg__ Amount of concentrate, kg

X 100

FEED FORMULATION

17.78%

0.727 kg_ 4.09 kg

X 100

INGREDIENT CP, % AMT., %

Yellow Corn 9.8

Poultry Manure 24.6

Molasses 4.3 5

Salt 1

TOTAL 6

REQUIRED 100

DIFFERENCE 94

18.91% CP of YC and PM only

_17.78_ 94

X 100

FEED FORMULATION

Formulate the desired concentrate mixture based on locally available ingredients.

- use the Pearson Square Method

18.91%

YC 9.8%

PM 24.6% 9.11

5.69

14.8

FEED FORMULATION

18.91%

YC 9.8%

9.11/14.8X100 = 61.55%

5.69/14.8 X100 = 38.45%

14.8

PM 24.6%

FEED FORMULATION

18.91%

YC 9.8%

9.11/14.8X100 = 61.55%

5.69/14.8 X100 = 38.45%

14.8

PM 24.6%

94 x 38.45% = 36.14% Yellow Corn94 x 61.55%= 57.86% Poultry Manure

INGREDIENT CP, % AMT., %

Yellow Corn 9.8 36.14

Poultry Manure 24.6 57.86

Molasses 4.3 5

Salt 1

TOTAL 100

REQUIRED 100

DIFFERENCE 0

4.09 x 36.14% = 1.48 kg yellow corn4.09 x 57.86% = 2.37 kg poultry manure4.09 x 5% = 0.20 kg molasses4.09 x 1% = 0.04 kg salt

TDN, kg CP, kg Ca, kg P, kg

Napier Grass 56

Days8.25 4.64 0.714 0.035 0.032

Yellow Corn 1.48 1.20 0.145 0.000 0.005

Poultry Manure 2.37 1.57 0.582 0.073 0.043

Molasses 0.20 0.15 0.009 0.002 0.000

Salt 0.04

TOTAL 12.34 7.56 1.45 0.11 0.08

REQUIREMENT 7.65 1.44 0.05 0.04

DIFFERENCE 0.09 -0.01 -0.06 -0.04

INGREDIENTS DM, kgCONTRIBUTION

FEED FORMULATION

_DM, kg_ DM, %

Fresh Basis =

8.25 kg 21.25 %

Napier Grass 56 D =

38.82 kg

FEED FORMULATION

Check if the animal could consume all of the formulated feeds

Total ration DM to the cows body weight

Proportion should be within 1.5 2.5%

FEED FORMULATION

2.24%

Total DM, kg_ Body Weight kg

X 100

12.34 kg_ 550 kg

X 100

FEED FORMULATION

Ratio of milk produced to the amount of concentrates fed.

2.44

1 kg of concentrate per 2.44 kg of milk produced.

__ milk production, kg___ amount of concentrate, kg

_10 kg_ 4.09 kg

FEED FORMULATION

Milk

Production

Concentrate

: Milk

Milk:

Concentrate

More than 10 Li 1:2 6kg:12 liters

7-10 1:2.5 4kg:10 liters

Less than 7 Li 1:3 2kg:6 liters

Calculate the cost of the ration.

Napier Grass 56

Days38.82 1.20 46.58

Yellow Corn 1.48 14.00 20.72

Poultry Manure 2.37 3.20 7.58

Molasses 0.20 9.00 1.80

Salt 0.04 6.00 0.25

TOTAL 42.91 76.93

INGREDIENTAMOUNT,

kgPHP/KG

TOT

PHP

FEED FORMULATION

Loose Salt Mineral Mixture

Salt 65%

Tricalcium Phosphate 33%

Mineral Mixture 2%

TOTAL 100%

EXERCISE

Use:

Yellow Corn and Soybean Meal

Lowest nutrient values (for those with ranges)

Total DM intake of 1.5%.

Indicate:

o Nutrient requirements

o Amount of roughage

o Amount of concentrate

o Fresh Basis

o Proportion of Total DM to body weight

o Ratio of milk produced to the amount of concentrate fed.

REFERENCES

Roxas, D.B. 2006. Animal Feeds and Feeding: With Emphasis on the Tropics. University Publications Office. University of the Philippines Los BaosCollege, Laguna

Pond, W.G., Church, D.C., Pond K.R. and Schoknecht, P.A. 2005. Basic Animal Nutrition abdFeeding 5th Edition. Matrix Publishing. USA.

Harris, B. Jr. 2003. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Retrieved on July 31, 2010 at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

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