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May 13, 2011

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE INTELLECTUAL MIGRATION(BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY)

(FIRST PART FROM 1933 TO 1988)

This bibliography intends to be comprehensive including all the writings in whatsoeverform on the intellectual migration. Literally my purpose has been to list in this

bibliography every writing in English whose topic was the IM or any aspect or aspects ofit. Thus, it includes primary and secondary sources depicting the experience and the fateof the migrs and their impact on America. I have listed the writings of historians onthis topic regardless they are refugees or not. The literature on the refugees is foundon newspapers, magazines, journals and also on books dedicated to the subject in a broadsense. The goal is to include in this bibliography everything that has ever been writtenin English on the IM theme adding the necessary historical context which will provide anexplanatory frame of reference. I think that the context may sometimes explain andclarify the contents of these writings, in other words it may tell us why the writerchoose this or that point of view or this or that subtopic within the very extensivetheme which is the intellectual migration.

The majority and the best chroniclers of the IM were at the beginning the refugee

themselves. The older generation was the first in doing the auto-analysis of theirexperiences, and within them the writers and politicians were those prone to becomemilitant about the nature of their emigration. Being mature Europeans displaced fromtheir natural habitat, their criticisms (incomprehension) of American habits and moresare understandable.

This ends up being a history of the IM and therefore time and space limits must beestablished. It is the history of the IM from Europe to the U.S. Other host countries,important as they are for a more comprehensive history of the migration are not included.The main crisis began in 1933 in Germany but the interwar period is included whenappropriate and relevant. Even though the majority of the refugees where from German-speaking countries, the theme is not limited to those refugees (see, French, Spanish,Italians, Poles, Czechs, etc.). As to the closing of the IM there is a commenter who saysthat the history of the IM is not over until the last member of the migration passed

away. It has a beginning (imprecise perhaps) but not an end yet.

Last, a comment on the language. The historiography of the IM includes only works inEnglish, because the historians of the IM have been either Americans or foreignerswriting in English. If they were Germans the writings have been translated for theAmerican market. There is a large literature in German which is however excluded becauseour theme is the IM to America. With few exceptions, the Germans writing in German didnot focus on the migration but on their own German experience. The remigration eventhough relevant in certain areas of study, is mainly a topic outside the theme of the IM.

This historiography aims to present the intellectual migration, not as it seems in

retrospect, but rather as it appeared to the most revealing contemporary observers.

Malcolm Cowley, Fitzgerald and the Jazz Age, New York: Scribners, 1966, pg. .

The Nazi regime drove increasing numbers of its Jewish victims to the United States.Owing to economic conditions, and to the hostility of U.S. consuls empowered to grantvisas, total Jewish immigration to the United States most of it from Germany, did notexceed 33,000 from 1933 through 1937. With the extreme worsening of the situation 124,000arrived from 1938 through 1941, mostly from Germany and the lands it had taken. Refugeeimmigrants encountered great difficulty in adjustment owing mainly to depressed economicconditions, and most of them had to start and long remain at a level beneath that whichthey enjoyed in Europe. They concentrated in New York City, focusing on particularneighborhoods, and tended to establish their own congregations, welfare organizations,and social clubs. A coordinating body, the National Coordinating Committee for Aid to


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Refugees and Emigrants Coming From Germany, was established in 1934, and in 1939 itbecame the *National Refuge Service, a functional agency.

Several thousand of these refugees were scientists and academic intellectuals, whosesymbolic leader was Albert *Einstein. A few hundred of them wielded tremendousintellectual influence on research and teaching in the U.S. in such fields as music, arthistory, psychiatry and psychoanalysis, history, sociology, and incomparably in nuclearphysics. This intellectual migration, nearly all Jewish insured the transfer of theworld's intellectual leadership from Europe to the United States. (col. 1629)

In talking about the people Bernard Baylin studied in his book Voyagers to the West hesaid that his interest in these people grew greater. I wanted to trace every one of them,find out everything about them, probe their origins, the great transition in their lives,and their ultimate destinies I could present aspects of an entire world in motion (pg. xx). Similarly, we can say so about the members of this intellectual migration.

1930s

Economic depression. New government (New Deal): FDR was inaugurated on March 1933, lessthan two months after the seizure of power in Germany. Immigration policy: therestrictionist immigration policy (quota system) began finally in 1929. Culturalreceptivity: realization that after 1929 a new era opened up. The 19th century ended in1929. New attitude (the self-exiled writers and artists come back from Europe). Return ofthe expatriates. New social and national consciousness among the American intellectuals.Politics of the Popular Front up to the German-Soviet Pact in 1939 (see analysis of thepolitical lines followed by the American Communist Party in Cazden). Recognition of theSoviet Union by the Roosevelt government in 11/13/1933. The "red menace" or the "reddecade". Partisan Review was founded in 1934 as an organ of the N.Y. branch of the JohnReed's Club. Popularity of the Soviet experiment. Contradictory attitude of AmericanAcademe toward the refugee problem (Krohn, 22) Anti-Semitism in the universities (Krohn,21/24) America's melioristically (progressive ideas remained ?) optimistic 1930s. Maincharacteristics of the literary studies of the assimilationist period (1930/1950?). See,Coser's criticism in Refugee Scholars, 51. Lionel Trilling, "Is Literature Possible?",The Nation, 10-15-30 (106). Coser's Refugee Scholars, pag. xii, Americans were morereceptive listeners during the Great Depression and the New Deal than they were in thecomplacent years that followed the Great War. Warren Susman, The Thirties, Henry Dan

Piper, ed., Think Back on Us (A Contemporary Chronicle of the 1930s by Malcolm Cowley,Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois UP, 1967. Malcolm Cowley, And I Worked at theWriter's Trade. Chapters of Literary History, 1918-1978, N.Y.: Viking Press, 1963. For apolitical and literary analysis of the 1930s, see chapters VII, The 1930s Faith and Works(95), and IX The Sense of Guilt (133).

According to the hefty and enormously popular- social science survey Recent SocialTrends reflects an interpretation of history based on a succession of punctuated segmentsof time. Instead of a decisive, one-time break with the past, this conception of timeimplied a view of history as a continuous string of new eras. This survey portrayed

change as ongoing and recent in its origins, with President Hoovers committee reportingthat their investigation does no exaggerate the bewildering confusion of problems; it hasmerely uncovered the situation as it is. Modern life is everywhere complicated, butespecially so in the United States, where immigration from many lands, rapid mobilitywithin the country itself, the lack of established classes and castes to act as a brakeon social changes, the tendency to seize upon new types of machines, rich naturalresources and vast driving power, have hurried us dizzily away from the days of thefrontier into a whirl of modernism which almost passes belief. Presidents researchcommittee on social trends, Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York 1933),2:xii. Jason Scott Smith, The Strange History of the Decade: Modernity, Nostalgia, andthe Perils of Periodization, Journal of Social History, Winter 1998.

To understand what kind of America the refugees found we can utilize two main studies,one on immigration and the other on social trends. The first one is the Dillingham Report


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which though made in 1911 sowed a pattern of restriction based on the ImmigrationCommission's findings that took root as an American immigration policy that endured until1968. John M. Lund, Boundaries of Restriction: The Dillingham Commission, UVM HistoryReview, vol. 6, December 1994. En cuanto a refugees, este informe basicamente said thatinmigracion to America based on religious or political persecution was minimal eventhough those motives had been enshrined in the history of the first pioneer immigrationgroups, that the fact and the result of the research was that the main motivation ofAmerican immigrants was economic.

The second study is the 1932 report entitled Recent Social Trends in the United States

especially, Vol I, PART 2 concerning Problems of Biological Heritage, ii. Quality ofPopulation, pg. xxiii. It must be read carefully because it reveals how deeply eugenicsideas were rooted in the members of the commission minds and also in the Presidents.

This is not the place to elaborate an extended theory of this ideas, but this writerbelieve were part of the metal baggage of his own father, a physician born in 1904 inArgentina (German and French heritage). The origins of the eugenic ideas may be found inracism, Victorianism, and Progressivism.

[The number of refugees indicated by the year is taken from M.Davies study, pag. 24 f

that specific year. The total amount of these refined estimates of refugees from 1933

1944 is 243,862]

1933 (1,919 refugees)

For year 1933, I found newspaper articles but only a few magazine articles related to therefugee crisis. It was the very beginning of the wave represented by only 1,919 refugees.A. Einstein entered the U.S. in October of this year.

New York Times, "Asks Laws to Admit Jews from Germany," March 20, 1933.

[Jewish Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society (JSIAS) asked to ease the legal ban onrefugees' immigration. Request for amendments to immigration laws to provide that agedparents of U.S.C., unmarried dependent stepchildren under 21 of U.S.C., and alienhusbands of U.S.C. be placed in no quota immigrant status; and right to appeal consulardecisions]. The former claims on non-quota immigrant status exist today as a matter of

course, but not the right to appeal consular decisions. The resolution of the societyalso included a protest against discriminatory conditions and atrocities committed upon

the Jews in Germany.

Lion Feuchtwanger [article from Bern, Switzerland], "Terror In Germany Amazes Novelist,"New York Times, March 21, 1933.[Author fears war if violence continues in the Reich. He believes world will never knowhow many Jews and others have been slain. Author left America for Switzerland].

New York Times, "Nazi Persecution Stressed by Wise," March 22, 1933[The American Jewish Congress pushes for revocation of the 1930 Executive Order (Publiccharge order by Hoover) to facilitate the immigration of Jews]. (Stephen Samuel Wise(born Weisz, March 17, 1874April 19, 1949) was a Austro-Hungarian-born American Reformrabbi and Zionist leader.)

New York Times, "Refuge Here is Urged," March 22, 1933[The ACLU requested from F. Perkins, Secretary of Labor the removal of the restrictionswhich now prevent admission of political refugees from Germany].

New York Times, "Carr Fights Easing of Curb on Aliens," March 30, 1933[Wilbur J. Carr, Assistant Secretary of State tells House committee that Dickstein planwould not aid German Jews. Congressional resolution seeking to revoke the public charge1930 order. Carr declared that the State Department enforcement of the order had kept500,000 immigrants away]. Wilbur J. Carr (1870-1942) was born in Ohio and entered the


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Department of State as a clerk in 1892. He became Chief of the Consular Bureau in 1902,Chief Clerk in 1907, and served as Director of the Consular Service from 1909 to 1924. Abeliever in scientific management and administrative efficiency, Carr took pride inhaving brought Consular Service operations "as near to perfection as possible." He stroveto extend professionalism and merit to all aspects of the Department, working for passageof the 1906 Consular Reorganization Act and helping to draft the Rogers Act.

Carr served as Assistant Secretary of State from 1924 to 1937. His duties included thoseof Chairman of the Board of Foreign Service Personnel and Budget Officer of theDepartment, a combination which allowed him to administer the transition from separate

Diplomatic and Consular Services to a unified professional Foreign Service. His lastassignment was Ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1937 until the German occupation in1939. "The Father of the Foreign Service" then retired from the Department, having servedfor 45 years under 17 Secretaries of State.

New York Times, "Hitler Challenges American Protests," April 7, 1933In an speech Hitler challenged American protests against his anti semitic policiesreminding the US about its own immigration restrictions, Eugenic movement, and antisemitic immigration policy.

New York Times, "Wants Alien Curb on Refugees Eased," April 14, 1933[ACLU urged Hull and Perkins to ease restrictions on political fugitives].

New York Times, "10,000 Jews Flee Nazi Persecution," April 15, 1933, pg. 6. [German-bornrefugees settle in near-by lands hoping conditions will change. The refugees have gone toKatowice, Prague, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Paris, with Paris as the main objective. Somehave made their way to Spain and Portugal. These exiles leave Germany but not Europe inthe understanding that they could wait outside for a change of government and then returnto Germany (this option came to an end in 1940 with the invasion of France and the restof the continent).

The refugees are divided into three categories: NATIVES: German-born citizens; FOREIGN-RESIDENTS: nationals of other countries who have resided in Germany for many years; andNANSEN PASSPORT HOLDERS: those without any national status who are holders of Nansenpassports. This information is reported by HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society)].

Time Magazine, "Co-ordination," April 17, 1933

Dorothy Thompson, "Back to Blood and Iron. Germany goes German Again," The SaturdayEvening Post, vo. 205, No. 45, May 6, 1933, pg.3-74.

Time Magazine, May 15, 1933, GERMANY: NazificationGerman workmen woke from the heady excitement of their first Nazi May Day last week(TIME, May 8) to find their trade unions snatched from under them. Catholic unionsannounced complete allegiance and subservience to the Hitlerites and were accepted asgood converts. Socialist unions with a total membership of over 4,000,000 men were notgiven the chance. Though the Socialist union published a formal statement several daysearlier offering full co-operation with the Government, important young Storm Troopersraided their headquarters throughout the Reich and marched 50 union leaders off to jail.Up popped Dr. Robert Ley, former chemist of the German dye trust and new Nazi chairman ofthe Committee of Action for the Protection of German Labor. "We are not to be fooled bySocialist foxy tricks," said he. "With the disappearance of the Socialist unions, theSocial Democratic party will be permanently deprived of the soil in which it lived. . . .I alone will have the full direction of the labor front, which is to be newlyconstructed." Again carefully following the Mussolini model, Nazification did not stopwith the seizure of the unions. At the other end of the economic scale it was announcedthat the powerful Federation of German Industries had been Nazified too. It was notnecessary to send Storm Troopers to call on the tycoons. After a brief conference in theChancellery it was announced that none less than Dr. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach,head of the great Krupp works, had been given power-of-attorney to reform the Federation,bring it into line with the Government and cut out wasteful competition among its


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members. By his shrewdness in backing Handsome Adolf against the field several years agoKrupp von Bohlen last week restored his firm to the dominant political position in Germanindustry that it occupied under the Empire with his wife, the great Bertha. The bankswere next. Dr. Georg Solmssen last week resigned as president of the Central Associationof German Banks and Bankers; Dr. Otto Christian Fischer succeeded him. Werner Dietz wasappointed to membership as Nazi "liaison official." He talked turkey to his fellowmembers at his first board meeting: "The banking system is inflated and interest mustcome down. If you do not want the State to interfere, cut the interest rate yourselves."Schlageter. Control of unions, employers, banksthat was enough work for a week, it wastime to prepare for another festival. Nazi authorities announced plans last week for a

gigantic mass meeting at Diisseldorf in honor of Albert Leo Schlageter. A Nazi martyr wasAlbert Leo Schlageter. Claimed as one of the original Brownshirts, he was shot by theFrench during the occupation of the Ruhr for damaging bridges and railways over whichthey were exporting German coal as part of the Reparations payment. On the field where hefaced a firing squad a gigantic cross has been erected. There, to the rage of Frenchauthorities, tens of thousands of Storm Troopers will assemble next week to spend a nightbivouacked round the cross, listening to speeches, roaring patriotic songs.

Time Magazine, "Bibliocaust," May 22, 1933 Book burning was a grim augur for the Germanintellectual world.

Undampered by a chilly drizzle, some 40,000 Germans jammed the square between Berlin'sFriedrich Wilhelm University and the Opera House looking at a black mass of criss-crossedlogs, insulated from the pavement by sand. A thumping band blared out old militarymarches. Toward midnight a procession entered the square, headed by officers of theUniversity's student dueling corps in their dress uniforms: blue tunics, white breeches,plush tam o'shanters and spurred patent leather jack boots. Behind them came otherstudents and a line of motor trucks piled high with books. More students clung to thetrucks, waving flaring torches that they hurled through the air at the log pile. Blueflames of gasoline shot up, the pyre blazed. One squad of students formed a chain fromthe pyre to the trucks. Then came the books, passed from hand to hand while a leather-lunged student roared out the names of the authors:"Erich Maria Remarque [wild cheering]for degrading the German language and the highestpatriotic ideal!""Emil Ludwigburned for literary rascality and high treason against Germany.""Sigmund Freudfor falsifying our history and degrading its great figures. . . ."On he went, calling out the names of practically every modern German author with whom the

outside world is familiar: Karl Marx, Jakob Wassermann, Albert Einstein, Thomas andHeinrich Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger. Arnold and Stefan Zweig, Walther Rathenau.Burned, but not condemned to the crowd, were books by several U. S. authors: HelenKeller, Upton Sinclair, Jack London, John Dos Passes, Ex-Judge Ben Lindsey.While the flames flared highest, up to a little flag-draped rostrum stumped clubfooted,wild-eyed little Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda and PublicEnlightenment in the Nazi Cabinet, organizer of the great midnight bibliocaust."Jewish intellectualism is dead!" cried he. "National Socialism has hewn the way. TheGerman folk soul can again express itself!"These flames do not only illuminate the final end of the old etra, they also light upthe new. Never before have the young men had so good a right to clean up the debris ofthe past. . . . The old goes up in flames, the new shall be fashioned from the flame inour hearts. ... As you had the right to destroy the books, you had the duty to supportthe government. The fire signals to the entire world that the November revolutionarieshave sunk to earth and a new spirit has arisen!"All over Germany similar pyres blazed with similar books. In the Romerberg, Frankfurt'smedieval marketplace, a band played Chopin's Funeral March during the firing. In Munichonly 100 books were burned, yanked from the shelves of the University library. Breslauboasted that it burned 5,000 Ib. of heretical works, Kiel burned 2,000 volumes.Nowhere was a real effort made to destroy all copies of all books on the Nazi Index. InBerlin, in fact, a special library committee was hastily organized to comb through themasses of literature brought in by enthusiastic Nazis for irreplaceable volumes, rareeditions. No Bibles were burned. Pride of the book burners was the seizure anddestruction of the files of famed Sexologist Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, who has analyzed many


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an abnormal Nazi leader in his Institute for Sex Science. Heir to Krafft-Ebing'stheories, Dr. Hirschfeld put over the door of his Institute the motto of Hitler's heroFrederick the Great, "I intend in my state that every man amuse himself in his own way."The day of the book burning in Germany, 80,000 New York Jews paraded behind Major GeneralJohn F. O'Ryan. Schoolchildren shouted "TWO, FOUR, SIX, EIGHT, WHO WOULD WE ASSASSINATE?HITLER! BOO! BOO! BOO!" At least 50,000 more Jews paraded in Chicago, 20,000 inPhiladelphia. One- time Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby made a speech in New York'sBattery Park:"The Germany of today is captained by madmen. She is galloping to the brink ofdestruction. It is not far off. She has forfeited the respect of mankind and has invited

the censures which are being heaped upon her by all people regardless of race, creed ornationality."Meanwhile New York newshawks went down to the incoming Italian liner Rex to interview aBerlin correspondent of long experience, buxom Dorothy Thompson, wife of Nobel PrizemanSinclair Lewis.Dorothy Thompson had plenty to say:"I was wrong about Hitler before this visit. I once laid a bet he wouldn't last a year.Today I wouldn't take odds on how long he will last. I still believe Hitler is a littleman, but I see that he is a really great demagog. He believes all that nonsense. He isthe apotheosis of the little man."What Germany is now experiencing is a mass movement of a new kind. This is not a returnto Potsdam. It is the coming forth of the lower middle class who had no future under theimperialistic and the last German Governments. It is a revolution against culture, aculture which cost them too much."They are the victims of a War-defeat psychosis. That fact eats into their very hearts,because they were taught to believe that their military machine could not fail. WhenHitler tells them that this machine did not fail but that it was betrayed, they believehim."After the War defeat came inflation, and then the crazy period of luxury living, all ofwhich more and more excluded the lower middle classes. ... It had no place, and thereforein order to save itself, it made its goal identical with the Government itself.It is difficult to explain what has happened to the Jews because nobody will talk. Jewsthemselves will tell you with tears in their eyes that everything is all right. ... Iwent to a hospital for information. I sent in Mr. Lewis's card and finally the headphysician saw me. He refused to answer any questions. However, an interne told me that hewas dismissed for writing descriptions of beaten patients on the hospital charts. Therewere 15 serious Jewish cases in his own ward. Jews beaten until injured for life, one

nearly blind, one who had to be sent to an insane asylum, one with many stab wounds inhis arm, another shot through the leg many times."

Time Magazine, "Jews without Jobs," June 5, 1933 [Lists some of the German-Jewishprofessors dismissed from their positions in German universities].

Time Magazine, Oct 30, 1933. Klemperer is fired by Hitler but hired by the LAphilharmonic.

Guido Enderis, "Germans in Exile Faced a Hard Fate," The New York Times, July 7, 1933,E2. [Mr. Enderis, the NYT Berlin Bureau chief, was a Nazi sympathizer, and the Pariscorrespondent of the NYT viewed things through the prism of the pro-Nazi Vichy regime.Throughout the war, Europe was covered by second-string reporters, many of them disdainedby the paper's editors. Eric Fettmann, Hidden Holocaust, New York Post].

This article compares the 1848 German migrs to America with this emigration. Enderissays that the German migrs of that period few in number but of fiery ardor- migratedfrom a Germany that was a democratic idyl compared with that which today is forcing manyof the best brains to seek refuge abroad from the sway of official intolerance, whichappears to give no sign of abating [these do not seem to be the opinions of a Nazi

sympathizer]. The United States who received Schurz in 1848 is not the U.S. of today.Enderis evokes and offers a sympathetic image of the refugees predicament: In tens ofthousands of German homes drawn shutters and dimmed lights today give mute hints ofdespairing family councils. There is a twofold emigration, one, the emigres proper, and


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two the domestic emigration (professionally displaced internally). Hitler has powers ofconfiscation of property, and cancellation of citizenship].

New York Times, "Found 'Best Minds' Driven from Reich," August 27, 1933. [Dr. Donohuefrom the Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board came back from Germany and says that1,800 doctors were outlawed and are without means of pursuing their careers. Difficultfor them to find refuge].

New York Times, "Roosevelt Asked to Aid Refugees," September 11, 1933. [ACLU askedRoosevelt for the revision of the immigration laws to admit religious and political

refugees from Germany in harmony with the American tradition of asylum for refugeesescaping from foreign tyrannies].

New York Times, "Ludwig is Through with Biographies," Sept. 27, 1933 [Emil Ludwig arrivedyesterday on the steamship Paris from Europe and said that he hated biographies and wouldwrite no more of them. He also said that had received two great honors, one a degreebestowed on him by an American university, and two the burning of his books by the Nazisseveral weeks ago. He is a voluntary exile since 1907, and he has been living inSwitzerland not returning to Germany since the rise to power of the Nazi party. He saidthat Hitler and his policies suited the German character. The overwhelming majority ofthe nation accepts his principles. This article shows Ludwig's picture standing either onthe boat or on the pier labeled GERMAN EXILE HERE].

Eunice Barnard, "University in Exile, with Prominent German Professors, to Start SessionsHere Tomorrow," Oct 01,1933.

14 political exiles from Germany, formerly professors at the universities of Berlin,Frankfurt, Kiel, Hamburg and other higher institutions, organized as a graduate facultyof political and social science, will give lectures and seminars under the German system.

New York Times, "Einstein, Guarded, Addresses 10,000," Oct 4, 1933. Einstein pleads inLondon for German scientists who, like him, have been driven into exile. Einstein hopesthat liberty and honor of Europe will be saved by Western Nations. He affirmed his

faith in freedom as the source of all science, invention, and literature.

1934 (4,241)

New York Times, "McDonald Pleads for Geman Exiles," Jan 10,1934, pg. 34.

Alice Hamilton, M.D., "The Plight of the German Intellectuals", Harper's # 168: 159/69,Jan 1934. "Alice Hamilton (1869-1970) was a social reformer, resident of Hull House,scientist, and physician (pioneer of industrial toxicology). (progressive and reformer) Shepertained to the first generation of college educated women who, between 1890 and 1920,forged careers in social reform and the professions, built a nationwide women's movement,and sought to embrace the new scientific values of the 20th century while preserving manyof the Victorian values of the 19th century" (Virginia G. Drachman) The article analyzesthe Nazi ideology and the changes it has introduced in Germany, and explains why theartists and scholars are driven out.

She is the first American observer that analyzes the phenomenon of the persecution andmigration from Germany.

Alice Hamilton and the Development of Occupational Medicine Social activistAlice Hamiltons move into Hull-House in 1897 marked an intellectual and politicalmilestone in her life for three reasons. First, Hull-House brought her into the orbitof social activists and reformers like Jane Addams and the hundreds of other residentsand visitors who passed through the settlement in the years Hamilton lived there.Second, living and working among the poor and the immigrants in Chicago helped turnHamilton into a social activist, as did her later professional investigations intooccupational diseases. And, third, while Hull-House may not have been geographically


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far from her upbringing in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the two were socially and politicallyworlds apart. Her parents politics centered on a commitment to free trade and

individual liberty and a distrust of the lower classes, immigrants, and urban America.The social solutions and collective action at the core of settlement life wereanathema to the Fort Wayne Hamiltons.In her early years at Hull-House, Hamilton focused on her well-baby clinic and on her

professional work: first in teaching and later the Illinois and federal investigationsin industrial toxicology. But that changed with the opening shots of the First World

War when Hamilton joined with other activist women to protest the war. In 1915Hamilton along with about fifty other Americans, led by Jane Addams, attended theInternational Congress of Women at The Hague in the Netherlands. More than 1100 women

from warring and neutral nations attended the conference. The participants had littlepolitical clout, since few women possessed the right to vote and those frombelligerent nations risked prosecution as traitors. The meeting backed a call for aconference of neutral nations that would offer to mediate between the opposing sides,and it endorsed creation of an international court, a world organization of nations,freedom of the seas, and national self-determination.In 1919 Hamilton was back in Europe to attend a second womens congress, this one in

Zurich, Switzerland. This congress condemned the Versailles Treaty, predicting itwould create conflict among European ethnic groups that would lead to future wars. Itcriticized the harsh victors peace and the economic burden being imposed on the

defeated countries as well as violations of self-determination in the carving up ofthe map of Europe. The delegates also called for immediate distribution of food to the

millions of starving Europeans.Hamilton toured occupied Belgium in 1915 and some of the famine ravaged regions ofEurope in 1919. She wrote movingly of Belgium "under the heel of the conqueror." In

her autobiography she noted that "since then I have been in Soviet Russia and HitlersGermany and have learned to accept without surprise the atmosphere of suspicion and ofunderlying fear but then it was all so new as to be unbelievable." In 1919 a tour of

defeated Germany left her with "a succession of pictures of starvation, as seen incrches and kindergartens and schools, in hospitals and sanatoria for the tuberculous,and in outdoor day camps for boys and girls." In a letter to her cousin JessieHamilton (quoted in Barbara Sichermans Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters), she wrote,"the stories of the starvation of children are bad enough, but, perhaps because I havenever had children but did have Mother, that I feel even more the starvation of theold."Hamilton wrote in her autobiography that in the two decades after the First World War"I never wavered in my attitude toward war." But two visits to Germany in the 1930s,

where Hamilton witnessed Nazi tyranny and anti-Semitism, led to a change in view.Writing in 1943, "in the third year of this most terrible of all wars, I am amongthose who believe we are right in taking up arms on the side of the United Nations. As

has so often happened to me, the change in my views has come slowly and almostunconsciously." Hamilton found it possible to support U.S. entry into the Second WorldWar because little of the nationalism and jingoism that marked the earlier warappeared in the 1940s. Indeed, to her it was the anti-war movement that now seemed"narrow and nationalistic" and that if America stayed out of the war "it would not befor generous motives but for selfish ones, and that would be very bad for our nationalsouls."During her long life, Hamilton spoke out on many controversial issues, often on thelosing or unpopular side. In the 1920s, when she lived in Boston while teaching atHarvard University, Hamilton became involved in the Sacco-Vanzetti case, a symbol for

many of the intolerance in post-war America toward immigrants and of defects in thejustice system. Hamilton never met Nicola Sacco or Bartoleomeo Vanzetti, politicalanarchists convicted and sentenced to die for two murders in Massachusetts. The casedragged on for many years, and on August 22, 1927, Hamilton, along with five prominent

men, met with the governor of Massachusetts in a failed last-ditch effort to win a

stay of execution.After the Second World War, while in her long retirement in Hadlyme, Connecticut,Hamilton kept up a drumbeat for social justice. Never shy about reconsidering herviews, Hamilton in the 1950s reversed her objection to the Equal Rights Amendment whenshe was persuaded it would not undermine protective legislation for women in the

workplace, for which she had long fought. In these years Hamilton worked for theprotection of civil liberties as she became increasingly concerned that the Cold Warconflict with the Soviet Union abroad threatened freedom at home. She signed numerous

petitions and frequently wrote her congressmen or local newspapers, activities thatfound their way into a file the FBI kept on her. But she remained undaunted andcontinued to protest U.S. support for repressive but anticommunist regimes abroad,such as Nationalist China and South Korea, while advocating recognition of the


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Peoples Republic of China.A civil libertarian throughout her life, Hamilton worried that congressionalinvestigations during the Cold War into alleged communist subversion and calls forloyalty oaths were undermining constitutionally guaranteed liberties. She signed anappeal to President Truman, urging him to commute the death sentences of Ethel andJulius Rosenberg, convicted of espionage in aiding the Soviet Union to develop anatomic bomb. She opposed the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 that empowered the Departmentof Justice to deport immigrants and naturalized citizens believed to have engaged insubversive activities. And she protested the McCarthy anti-communist "witch hunts" ofthe 1950s. In the 1960s, when she was in her nineties, Alice Hamilton protested U.S.involvement in the Vietnam War.

New York Times, "Four German Emigres on Harvard Faculty," Jan 30, 1934, pg. 8.

New York Times, "Reich to List Emigres," Feb 1, 1934, pg. 6.

New York Times, "Einsteins Hailed at Jersey Fetes," March 26, 1934, pg. 8.

Time Magazine, "Books: Great Mann," Jun 11, 1934 (Review of Joseph and His Brothers).

1935 (5,436)

This was the year of the Nazi kidnappings and assassinations, McDonalds work in behalf

of the refugees, and the gathering of aid and support for the migrs.

New York Times, "Refugees from Germany. Nazis Assert that 40,000 Jews Have Left SinceHitler Came In," March 31, 1935, pg. E5.

New York Times, "Two Groups to Aid German Refugees," Sept 30, 1935, pg. 9.

New York Times, "Text of Resignation of League Commissioner for German Refuges," Dec 30,1935, pg. 12.

W.M. Kotschnig, Exiled German Intellectuals Get Aid, New York Times, 01/13/1935, pg.XX15. [Nearly 7,000 of Professional, Academic and Student Groups Are in New Homes] It isthe first time that the NYT refers to the IMs members with the phrase Exiled German

Intellectuals. Forcible migration on a large scale includes contributors to contemporarycivilization. America knows how to take advantage of such windfall. There are about 6,500refugees belonging to the academic, professional and student groups. The academics are650 that had tenure in Germany. The international community of learning realize thelosses if these German scholar were not allowed to continue their work. It describes theefforts to rescue these refugees and it mentions the labor of the differentorganizations. It ends saying that nations have to learn to take advantage of the geniusand contributions of the newcomers, as once was done in the U.S. in the cases of Lieber,Schurz, and Jacobi. [the author of this article himself was a refugee from Austria, andthis article reveals the size and importance of the emigration].

New York Times, Future Still Dark for German Exiles, 02/13/1935, pg. 7.[McDonald reported to the League that less than half the number of fugitives who haveleft Germany are still unsettled, difficulties in placing them, acute distress. Peopleexpelled from Germany. They cannot obtain work permits in Europe because of theunemployment, but the U.S. is a shining exception as to residence, travel, and work.4,000 destitute refugees in Paris. The saddest cases are those of the unplaceable, theaged, and the disabled].

New York Times, Latin America Held Haven for Refugees, 06/30/1935, pg. 29.[Place have been found for 100 professors and scientists. There was an special


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opportunity because of the awakening in these lands, for foreign scientific research andtechnical men].

New York Times, Jewish Aliens Aided Here, 08/02/1935, pg. 22.[the H.S.I.S.A.(Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Society of America) interviewed 3,222 whoarrived in 5 months. Since the Hitler regime came in 11,349 refugees have been aided].

New York Times, Sees Refugee Hope in Latin America, 08/22/1935, pg. 11. [It is anexpansion of the 06/30/1935 article above].

New York Times, Child Specialist Here, 12/10/1935, pg. 30. [Dr. Herman Vollmer doesresearch on the health of children, pediatrics?]

1936 (6,538)

New York Times, "Thomas Mann's Views On Emigre Writers," March 8, 1936, pg. BR8.

New York Times, 115 German Exiles Here, 03/20/1936, pg. 29.

Dorothy Thompson, "Culture and the Nazis," Foreign Affairs, Ap 1936, vol. 14, issue 3,pg. 407-423.

New York Times, 190 German Exiles Arrive, 01/02/1936, pg. 3.

New York Times, Busch Declines Post in Orchestra Here, 04/03/1936, pg. 26.

New York Times, Toscanini Decides to do Mendelssohn, 04/21/1936, pg. 26.

New York Times, Anti-Hitler Staff Quits Paris Paper, 06/12/1936, pg. 4.

New York Times, Bernhard Says Nazis Now Crush all Jews, 06/20/1936, pg. 8.

New York Times, Cuban Jewish Colony Outlined by Sirovich, 07/19/1936, pg. 22.

New York Times, Drive to Seek Aid for German Exiles, 10/07/1936, pg. 18.

New York Times, Now It is Christian Refugees, 12/22/1936, pg. 26.

1937 (12,012)

Countess Waldeck, "The Great New Migration, Foreign Affairs 15:537/46, April 1937.

May it be that this one is the first article referring specifically to the migration? Shewas a German-born American Jew Journalist who wrote a book on Romania in the 1940s at thetime of the fall of France. She was the daughter of a Jewish banker in Mannheim. She hasfor some years resided in the U.S. (1944) but she has traveled extensively in Europe. Shehad monarchist opinions. She started the article mentioning the 4 million refugeesdisplaced as a result of WWI. She tells the story of the world refugees between 1918 and1932. It mentions that in 1933 115,000 refugees flew Germany. The Germfiran refugees aredivided into two groups: the German Jews and the political refugees (liberals, pacifists,Socialists, and Communists). The German exodus came as a shock to the civilized world. Anexceptionally large number belonged to the professional class. In 1937, 10,000 were inFrance, 7,000 in the United States, and 4,000 in the Netherlands. 18,000 went tocountries of Eastern and Central Europe, and a few hundred to South Africa. Thecomparatively few refugees who had the opportunity of coming to the United States are themost vital and resourceful and enjoy a great advantage over those who moved to some


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European country. More than a refugee he is an immigrant. Immigrant aliens admitted fromGermany during 1934/1935/1936 were 6,753 hebrews (mostly refugees), and 9,181 other racesmainly Germans (partly refugees). Their contribution to a democratic country like theU.S. can be immense.

She is the second writer who analyzes the intellectual migration from a global point oview.

New York Times, "Dr. Mann Appeals to German Spirit," Ap 11, 1937, pg. .

Time Magazine, "Mann on Germany," May 3, 1937 (Mann's first public condemnation of theNazi regime).

____________, "The Plight of the German Writer," The Living Age, Aug. 1937, 352, 4451,pg. 488 (Translated from the Neue Schweizer Rundschau).

New York Times, "German Refugees Placed At 125,000," Sept 05, 1937, pg. .

New York Times, America Imports Genius, Sept 12, 1937, pg. E8. One of the consolingaspects of the persecution has been that it will help as a ferment to the cultural lifeof this country. The hospitality that America extends to these men should not be merely

physical, but spiritual. We should not be in too great haste to Americanize them inthe sense of attempting to indoctrinate them with all the beliefs we already hold. Tomake the most of their presence here we must think not only of what we have to tell thembut of what they have to tell us.

1938 (44,848)

Harold Fields, The Refugee in the United States, N.Y. (Oxford UP) 1938.

Fields presents himself as the executive director of the National League for AmericanCitizenship. This is an account of the refugee problem in the U.S. written in the oldstyle, a sort of primitive and unprofessional description of the history of refugees inthe U.S. from the end of the Great War until 1937. It sounds as a disorganized survey ofthe topic. Fields wrote the book at the end of the Envian Conference and emphasizes the

need for the German government to ease the economic restrictions imposed on the migrs.They were not allowed to export currency. At the beginning, many of the migrs acquiredin Germany machinery, and photographic and scientific instruments which later sold in theU.S. Germany allowed this practice as a way of introducing her goods abroad andovercoming the anti-dumping provisions of American tariff law, but, he said that latelypermission to export those instruments have been denied the refugee by Germany and thismeans of self-support has waned. In chapter I Fields highlights the inexistence inAmerican law of the refugee category. Therefore, he finds no distinction between refugeesand immigrants. Everybody come as immigrants, and only an investigation of motives andbackground permits to distinguish the refugees from the immigrants. He also concludesthat in America economic interests determine immigration policy. On page 24 there is aninsert depicting a comparative chart between business activity and level of immigrationextending from 1818 to 1937. In the first chapter, Fields describes the immigration lawsenacted since 1920, and also explains other basic immigration concepts as quota and non-quota immigrants, non-immigrants, the LPC clause, reasons for exclusion, consularprocess, and other immigration procedures. In the second and fourth chapter, Fields givesus a panoramic view of the Russian emigration to the U.S. as a result of the Russianrevolution and indicates that amounted to a total of 16,000 individuals. Ch. 5 isdedicated to the recent German Refugees, and Fields says the current tendency is to seethe German refugees as refugees that have found an opportune land in the U.S. That mostof the stories about them stressed the achievements of the fortunate and privileged fewbut even they had to readjust. There is no distinction among (1) the German Jew, (2) thenon-Aryan married to a Jew or a Jewess, and (3) the non-Jewish German. There has been aconscious and unconscious campaign of education in geographical distribution. The


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refugees need to spread out to avoid unnecessary competition y the ports of entry (NewYork). The trend of reaction to the admission of German refugees is closely linked to thequestion of dispersion. Those coming are not the blue collar workers, but the whitecollar, merchant, professional, and intellectuals who don't settle in industrial areasbut in places where their quiet, specialized pursuits can be furthered, the intellectualcenters. The non-Jewish refugees have clung to the East. Fields found in 1936, 250families settled in Los Angeles and 700 in San Francisco. He said that, because thesepeople are highly educated there is no problem of assimilation (easier assimilation forthe educated, and more difficult or slower assimilation for the less educated) (120).Fields lists seven refugee professors appointed by the University of California. (There

is hardly a large city in the United States that does not contain some German refugees.They are divided into the four following groups: (1) those who want to forget the oldcountry (they are mostly the younger generation), (2) those who cannot forget Germany(war veterans, craftsmen, upper middle class, middle aged or elderly persons, (3) strongZionists (young German Jews), and (4) the socialists. On the subject of vocationaladjustment, Fields distinguishes a younger generation up to 25 years of age, then thoseover 25 and up to 35/40 [which would be equivalent to my Weimar Generation].. Then, herefers to the farmers, the craftsmen, and the professionals. On the attitude of theAmericans toward the refugees, he says that the refugees has almost been made aninstitution in the United States, that in both rural and urban areas the refugee findsindividuals extending themselves to make him feel at home (there is an Americanambivalence, because on the one hand they show goodwill toward the individual refugee,but on the other the American is against admitting other migrs to the U.S., they areafraid of too much competition, too many Germans with their capacity for thoroughness. Hesays that the average American is provincial and concern about the future. (In contrastwith the Russian migrs who had arrived in this country during a period of recovery andprosperity, the Germans came at the close of one of its worst periods of depression.Sometimes the help to the German refugee was seen as a sectarian plea because most of therefugees were Jews. Between pages 131 and 163 there is a listing of aid organizations.(May this be the first book on the subject of the intellectual migration after thearticles by Hamilton, and Waldeck?)

Science News Letter,"Intellectual Emigres Join American University Life", XXXIII, No. 6(2-5-38), 86

New York Times, "The Refugee Problem," March 26, 1938, pg. 14. problem brought about bythe constantly mounting number of refugees from Germany and Austria.

Time Magazine, "Exile in Princeton," April 04, 1938

Time Magazine, "Refugee Committee," April 04, 1938 (State Department reaction afterrecognition of Hitler's annexation of Austria).

New York Times, "Austria Impedes Way of Emigrant," May 10, 1938, pg. 12.

New York Times, "Rebirth of Ideals Is Urged By Mann," May 10, 1938, pg. .

Time Magazine, "Our Sorrow," June 27, 1938

New York Times, "German Refugees Fill Entry Quota," Sept 13, 1938, pg. .

New York Times, "Mann To Fight For German Culture," Sept 18, 1938, pg. .

Philip Sterling, Artists in Exile, NYT 09/25/1938, pg. 158. A thorough description ofthe dismantling of the German film industry by the exile of the film workers. From Europeto Hollywood.

S.J. Woolf, "Thomas Mann Scores the Pact with Fascism," New York Times, Oct. 23, 1938,pg. 133. [Noted German Exile Warns Democracies to Stand Fast].

Time Magazine, "We Are Wanderers," Dec 05, 1938


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Time Magazine, "Historic A B Cs," Dec 19, 1938(on the Bauhaus school)

New York Times, "Lotte Lehmann Aids Drive For Refugees," Dec 21, 1938, pg. .

Dorothy Thompson, "Refugees: A World Problem," Foreign Affairs, Ap 1938, vol. 16, issue3, pg. 375-387.

1939 (61,882)

Time Magazine, "Refugee Physicians," Feb 13, 1939

Time Magazine, "Melting-Pot Schools," March 27, 1939

Clara W. Mayer, "Culture Conflicts and Recent Intellectual Immigrants," Journal ofEducational Sociology, vol. 12, # 8 (April 1939): 470-475 [The author was dean of the NewSchool].

Henry Smith Leiper, "Those German Refugees", Current History, L, No. 3 (May 1939), 19-22,63

Eduard Heimann, "The Refugee Speaks," Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, vol. 203, Refugees (May 1939), 106-113.

Francis J. Brown, "An Annotated Bibliography on the Refugee Problem," Annals of theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 203, Refugees (May 1939): 202-208.

Marie Ginsberg, "Adjustment of the Professional Refugee," Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Sciences, vol. 203, Refugees (May 1939), 155-161.

Malcolm Cowley, "Exiles of the Arts," The New Republic, 5-31-39; at Henry Dan Piper, ed.,Think Back on Us. A Contemporary Chronicle of the 1930s by Malcolm Cowley, Carbondale:Southern Illinois UP, 1967.

MC says that the same ships that carried the American expatriates homeward also

carried the first European writers into exile. They too hoped to find a climate congenialto works of art, but first of all they were coming to New York to escape from the shadowof the concentration camps. The European (mainly the Germans) reached America ensuccessive waves (first the political refugees, in 1933, then the racial and religiousrefugees (who never stopped coming), then the liberals who had hoped to find an audiencein Vienna, then the more uncompromising anti-fascists driven out of Prague, then a wholeassortment of people who had grown discouraged in Paris or London (with the result thatNew York today -1930s- is full of German intellectuals. Even English writers, who used tocome only to lecture and hurry home, now insist on making a grand tour of the States. Hemakes many other interesting observations concerning the professionals, the culturalstatus of New York, the money troubles for many of the refugees, the market for magazinephotographers, the industrial designers, the scientists, the artistes and musicians, thefactional political disputes of the exiles, and the future of New York.

Erika & Klaus Mann, Escape to Life, Boston, 1939

Hertha Kraus, "Starting Life Anew in a Strange Country,"Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science, vol. 203, Refugees, May 1939, 99-105.

A very perceptive and detailed analysis of the cultural and linguistic limitations anddifficulties of a refugee professor fleeing from Europe.

Katharine Scherman, "Music: Refugee Music Enriches America Records - Modern Composers",The North American Review, 247, 1:164/7, March 1939.


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She notes the predominance of exiles from Germany and Austria in the American musicworld. She said that New York is full of opera singers from Vienna. There are composersand conductors as well, teaching young American students the thorough scientific Germanmethods. The U.S. is gaining a monopoly on world-famous performers. They gravitatenaturally to what is practically the center of music in the world New York City.Americans welcome with nave delight the chance of hearing fine performances regardlessof the fact that the performers grandmother might have been Jewish. She also mentionsthe voluntary exiles.

Heilberg, Freda, "Experiences, Attitudes, and Problems of German Jewish Refugees", The

Jewish Social Service Quarterly, March 1939, 322-27.

Frank Mankiewicz, "German Literature 1933-1938," The German Quarterly, vol. 12, No. 4(Nov. 1939): pp. 179-191.

Albert Jay Nock, Culture Migrates to the U.S.A., The State of the Union, AmericanMercury, April 1939, pg. 481-486.Nock says that it is taking place in the U.S. or in the Americas the most importantmovement of our time, the great westward migration of European culture. He said that"culture's refugees... come from all Europe to our universities, our press, our urbancenters of creative activity. ... Creative European minds are sensing, too, that Americahas numerous centers of commercial and industrial activity, each of which may be apotential focus of culture as well." This idea matched the prevalent understanding oAmerica as a cultural wasteland. Nock then says that in America there are perhaps as manyas twenty cities susceptible of development into a cultural capital. The philosophicalhistorian of the future, a future Henry Adams, will find this wholesale migration ofculture the most important thing that has happened in our time, the most impressiveredistribution of culture and it will pronounce his judgment on what came of it, whetherthis implantation of culture will take root in our society. We will consider it either awindfall or resent it as alien and un-American. Nock believes that our traditional viewsof life and demands on life which are essentially barbarous and therefore inimical toculture, is quite unpredictable. "The center of culture is landing on uncommonly aridsoil."

Is this the fourth analyzes treating the IM from a general point of view?

New York Times, "A Refugee From the Nazis," May 28, 1939, pg. .

New York Times, "U.S. Held Enriched By German Exiles," Aug 13, 1939, pg. .[Flight ofChemists is Called Boon to Science Here by Dr. Charles A. Browne. History Repeats Itself.Arrivals of Eminent Irishmen in 19th Century Struggle Are Pointed Out. Scientificdevelopment in the United States has been notably advanced by European refugees.

Thomas Mann, "America and the Refugee, The New Republic, 38, 11-8-39.Our Western civilization has found the last refuge in this continent. Exile psychosis isrepresented by the German who believes that everywhere he must reform the world. In 1939there were 100,000 Europeans exiled by the Hitler regime in the U.S. The economic problemof immigration is managed in 1939 as it was in 1890. The influx of many thousand ofimmigrants can no longer be solved individually but as mass work, as a whole. Right ofself-location may be set aside temporarily and the government direct the masses ofimmigrants to work in certain areas. Maintaining the American physiognomic character.Idea of an over-infiltration of foreign elements. American of the old stock. Our relationwith the New World is a matter of tact and patience. We, the refugees have a Bill ofDuties.

Alvin Johnson, "The Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism", Survey Graphic (February 1939).Johnson says that anti-Semitism in America is on the increase and explains what thisprejudice is made of (anti-alienisms, anti-intellectualism, Catholic hatred, fear ofcompetition, strong men myth, and love of conspiracies. He explains also who promotesanti-Semitism and how it appeals to the native bigotry.


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Harvard Law Review, Refugees and the Professions, vol. 53 (1939): 112-122.

Edward Alden Jewell, The Creative Life v. Dictatorship, 08/13/1939, pg. X7.[WorksExiled From Reich Collections and Now Acquired by the Museum of Modern Art Freedom inDemocracy. The five acquired works are by Matisse, Klee, Kirchner, Derain, and Lehmbruck.The show at the MOMA is called Art in Our Time. The article cites excerpts from ThomasManns The Coming Victory of Democracy edited by Knopf in 1938.]

1940 (50,581)

Economic Conditions: "the Depression left a better America - a less strident and selfconfident America, a nation with an aroused social conscience and a deeper awareness ofcultural and spiritual values" Kohn, Living, 152.New government (New Deal) Cold War after Nationalism on which cold war policies depended.Restrictionist immigration policyCultural receptivity

America's melioristically optimistic 1940s. New Deal meliorism and the postwar Americancelebration of which C. Wright Mills wrote so eloquently. Main characteristics of theLiterature First studies after WWII were completely within the traditional approach (theprovincialism of the assimilationist theory Americanization tradition: ability to adapt

to every day life). Krohn, 2.

Max Ascoli, "No. 38 Becomes Citizen," Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1940.(1898-1978) an Italian Jewish intellectual and author, held the chair of Philosophy ofLaw at the University of Rome until he left Fascist Italy in 1932 to come to the UnitedStates on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship. He was active in the Mazzini Society, ananti-fascist organization founded in 1939 by Italian intellectuals who had fled fascistItaly. The organization was named for Giuseppe Mazzini, a patriot prominent in the movefor unification of Italy after the defeat of Napoleon. The Society was dedicated toinforming Americans about conditions in Italy.

Beulah Amidon, "The Nation and The Republic," Survey Graphic (1-1-40).

Gerhart Saenger, "Recent Strangers within our Gates. A Contribution to the Psychology ofCultural Conflict," American Scholar, 9 no. 2:180-91, April 1940.

William L. Laurence, "Vast Power Source in Atomic Energy Opened by Science, NYT, May 5,1940, pag. 1.

New York Times, "Einstein Predicts an Armed League," June 23, 1940, pg. 6.

New York Times, Celebrities Forced to Flee France Arrive Here by Way of Lisbon, July16, 1940 [Jules Romains, Author, Doubts Fascist Rule Will Last Mme. De Fontnouvelle,Darius Milhaud and Julian Green on Liner. Exiles from France Who Arrived Yesterday on theLiner Excambion.]

Gerhart Saenger, "The Refugees Here," Survey Graphic (11-1-40).

William L. Laurence, "The Atom Gives Up," The Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 7, 1940, pgs.12.

Saturday Review of Literature (Exiles Writers Issue) 10-19-40 [B. Appel, Jules Romain,Andre Maurois, A. Einstein, R. Roeder, H. Broch, E. Kahler, P. Buck P. Sapieha, H.Pol,and H.S. Canby).

Saturday Review of Literature (Cover: Lion Feuchtwanger) 2 reviews on Erika Mann's PatsyZiemer's books, and Dr. Vollbehr's book ( 4-27-40 ).


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Jay Allen, "Refugees and American Defense", Survey Graphic (10-1-40).

Time Magazine, "Exiles," Nov 11, 1940

Time Magazine, The Mistery of Jules Romains, Oct. 14, 1940.

Carl Zuckmayer, Second Wind, New York: Doubleday, 1940. It contains and introduction byDorothy Thompson who at some point says that The emigration becomes, for this emigrant,

something transcendental. The twentieth-century migration of peoples can no longer be

regarded as a series of personal disaster, for it is too vast. On the move are childrenand kings, stammering beginners and the mature, great minds and spirits Romain Rollandand Maeterlinck- explorers, inventors, nursing mothers and yung lovers One couldimagine Goethe as a professor in Princeton or Beethoven giving music lessons in Boston.In such a time exile is neither flight nor curse, but destiny. The migration of ourdays cannot be envisage as a series of personal disasters. It is truly much more of a newmigration of peoples, and it is especially in the intellectual field that it will lead toa penetration and smelting of forces and values, which in the long run is bound to befertile and creative in results. (pg. 283)

1941 (30,808)

Janet Flanner, "Profiles: Goethe in Hollywood," New Yorker, 12/13/1941, 12/20/1941, pgs.31-42 & 22-35.

Lawrence Langner, A Happy Invasion. A Theatre Guild Director Writes of the Influx ofForeign Authors, NYT 05/04/1941, pg. xi.The emigration of our days can no longer beenvisaged as a series of personal disasters. It is truly much more of a new migration ofpeoples, and it is especially in the intellectual field that it will lead to apenetration and smelting of forces and values, which in the long run is bound to befertile and creative in results. Carl Zuckmayer in Second Wind his autobiography.

There was some speculation about the general influx of European culture of which itsauthors are a part. In the long run no American citizen will be deprived of work by thesemigr writers, designers, singers and others. For when they write successful plays orturn in successful performances they help build a public for all good entertainment.

Every outstanding drama and every outstanding star from abroad will give employment toliterally hundreds of Americans. Assimilation in 1941 will go on automatically as it hasgoine on in all other disruptions of history; and if we are intelligent, far-sightedhosts it will enrich the blood stream of our whole culture, no merely the theatre.Analysis of the dramatists work in America, ending up with this statement: Under this

terrific impact our culture cannot stand still; it must grow.

Charles I. Glicksberg, The Culture of the Refugees in the United States, South AtlanticQuarterly, XL (Jan. 1941): 73-83.

Graduate Faculty of the New School, "The City of Man: A Declaration of World Democracy",manifesto (Spring)

Earl P. Hanson, The Americas and the Refugees, American Mercury, Jan 1941, pg. 45-52.

Isabel Lundberg, Who are these Refugees? Harper's # 182: 164/72 January 1941.

Time Magazine, "Troubled Exiles," March 10, 1941

Samuel Lubell, "War by Refugee," Saturday Evening Post, 03/29/1941, vol. 213, issue 39,pg. 12-17.

Klaus Mann, "What's Wrong with Anti-Nazi Films?, Decision, Aug 1941, pages 27-35.


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Martin Gumpert, First Papers, NY: Duell 1941.

MG says that his books try to mirror the fate of the emigration and at the same time givea picture of America seen through refugees' eyes. The first chapter entitled "Exodus fromEurope" is very important on basic emigration concepts. Chapter two tells the story ofhow the emigrant gets to America. He combines his own experience with general emigrationconcepts. Chapter three tells MG experiences arriving to America in New York, and talksabout the city, the baggage, etc. Chapter four explains the situation of the alien thatjust arrived. Chapter five The Face of America contains general concepts and ideas aboutAmerica. Chapter six tells MG experience as a doctor in New York. Because MG is also a

writer, in chapter seven he laments the writer's fate in exile. In chapter eight he tellsthe experience of the young immigrants through the eyes of his own daughter. On chapternine he expands on the role of the American hostess and also the American social roles ofmen and women. Chapter ten focused the Jewish people in America, and in chapter eleventhe blacks. In chapter twelve, MG talks about nostalgia, American freedom, and theemigrants' final attitude on America. On chapter thirteen MG discuss the economicsituation in 1941. On chapter fourteen the subject is food and the American menue, and onchapter fifteen books and MG's own library. Chapter sixteen tells us about Americanfascism. The law of the land is the subject of chapter seventeen, and Los Angeles(paradise or the outermost rim of western civilization) is the topic of chapter eighteen.Chapter nineteen explains the American religious experience, and on chapter twenty hisvisit to the White House on January 14, 1941. There is an afterword summarizing MG'sintention to stay in America for the rest of his life.

Alfred Wagg, III, "Washington's Stepchild: The Refugee", The New Republic, 4-28-41.

Viola Paradise, "School for New Citizens", Survey Graphic (9-41).

John Cournos, "The Painful, Blissful Process of Becoming an American. Martin Gumpert's'First Papers' Is a Fresch and Delightful Personal Record of an Emigre's Adjustment," NewYork Times, Nov. 02, 1941, pg. BR3.

Frank Daugherty, Haven for Refugees, New York Times, March 2, 1941, pg. X5.

1942 (12,620)

Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets, N.Y.: Harper, 1942.

Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds, N.Y.: HBJ, 1942

(pg. 488) "this experience in national self-discovery was largely shaped by the suddenemergence of America as the repository of Western culuture in a world overrun by Fascism.America may have been cut off from Europe after 1933, but the migration of so manyEuropean intellectuals to America meant, as John Peale Bishop said, that the Europeanpast was now confided to us since we alone could prolong it into the future. This was aprofound influence on the reawakening to America's own tradition, since it meant a studyof the national past conducted in the light of the European example in America, in thelight of a new -if frantically enforced- sense of world responsibility. In an Americawhich had either received or enrolled among its own so many of Europe's finest spiritsfrom Thomas Mann to Jacques Maritain, from Albert Einstein to Sigrid Undset, the pride ofhelping to breed a new cosmopolitan culture gave a healthy stimulus to the searching ofour own culture. To believe, as one German emigre wrote so wistfully, that in America theword still has real value; in Europe it is only make-believe, was to give anunprecedented importance to the consciousness of the word in America and an appropriaedignity."

1943 (6,629)

Alfred E. Cohn, "Exiled Physicians in the United States", The American Scholar, Summ1943, 352.


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Gerhart Saenger, "The Effect of the War on Our Minority Groups," American SociologicalReview, vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb. 1943): 15-22.

Hans Natonek, In Search of Myself, Putnam, 1943.

Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday, N.Y.: Viking Press, 1943.

In comparing SZ(s own time (the time before WWI) and the time of the book, he realizedthat (all the bridges between our today and our yesterday and our yesteryears have been

burnt.( He was born in 1881 and reached maturity at the turn of he century. In 1914, hewas already 33. At the time of the book, he was 52.(xix). SZ describes his father(s andgrandfather(s age as the age of security where time was wind-still, contrasting his ownage as one where like was all tension and profusion, a continuous state of beingsurprised, and being lifted up from all sides. However he could no comprehend how theyremained blissfully unaware of all the bitter realities, of the tricks and forces offate, those crises and problems that crush the heart. In describing his own generation,he said, (we, who have been hounded through all the rapids of life, we who have been tornloose from all roots that held us, we, always beginning anew when we have been driven tothe end, we, victims and yet willing servants of unknown, mystic forces, we, for whomcomfort has become a saga and security a childhood dream, we have felt the tension frompole to pole and the eternal dread of the eternal new in every fiber of our being.( (27).SZ was very self-conscious of the reality of the generations because he distinguishes the(younger comrades of the post-war generation( to whom he tried to convince that his youthwas by no means specially favored in comparison with their own.(89).Zweig is veryexplicit about his utter contempt for (Germanic( formal education.(96). SZ made his firsttrip to America around 1910. It is interesting his descripcion of New York beforeincandescent light and skycrapers.(188) As to describing eras and epochs, he said that(we know from experience that it is a thousand times easier to reconstruct the facts ofan era than its spiritual atmosphere. Its traces are not to be found in official events,but rather in the small, personal episodes.((205). SZ refers to his generation as (we ofthe prewar era.( (282).

Stephen Duggan (1870-1949), A Professor at Large, N.Y.: MacMillan, 1943.

It tells the story of the more recent world-wide expansion of American culturalinfluence. It stress the need of government intervention in the economic and social

worlds, first because of the Depression and then, because of the war. It realizes that anew order after the war is inevitable. It describes his fellow college students at theCollege of the City of New York (1898) as second generation immigrants. He said that helearned German at his classmates homes describing the German families and specially theJews. Description of Columbia university at the beginning of the century. Popularity ofthe Russian revolution among the universities. Jews and Reds became synonymous, and thiscontributed to a growing anti-Semitism in the two decades following WWI. On page 48 hetells the story of the wandering students of the Middle Ages and the American going toEurope to study and do research. By 1930 there were twice as much foreign studentsstudying in American universities than American students studying in Europeanuniversities (49). The Institute of International Education presided by Duggan receivedand placed refugee students and professors in universities after the Russian revolution(75). Foundation of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars (June1933). Chapter III analyzes the foreign influences on American culture and education.(The U.S. retained culturally somewhat of a colonial status almost down to the Civil War(90)( Three main cultural influences on the U.S.: the British during the colonial period;the French from the Revolution to the Jacksonian era; and the German from the 1830s tothe WWI.

New York Times, "Exile Sees Peril in Italy's Plight. Borgese Says the Confusion andMisery May Result in Third World War," Dec 13, 1943, pg. 10.

1944 (6,348)


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Harold von Hofe, German Literature in Exile: Alfred Doblin, The German Quarterly, vol.17, issue 1 (Jan 1944): 28-31.

Madeline Stinson, The Leaders of French Intellectual Life At Home and in Exile, TheModern Language Journal, vol 28, issue 3 (Mar. 1944), 246-253. A pretty comprehensivelisting of the French in exile.

R.P. Blackmur, The American Literary Expatriate, in David F. Bowers, ed., Foreign

Influences in American Life, Princeton Univ. Press, 1944 [short reference to the IM onpgs. 126 to 128, Blackmur uses the reference to the IM as an introduction to the essays

subject which is the American expatriates].

1945

Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand, N.Y. Random House, 1945 (new edition in 1997)

Erna Barschak, My American Adventure, NY: Ives, 1945.

1946

Bruno Walter, Theme and Variations. An Autobiography, NY: Knopf, 1946.

Walter (1876-1962) belongs to the Bismarck generation. He sketches a very vivid anddetailed description of his lower middle-class Berlin childhood world which includes theGerman musical world of the end of the century. This is a life totally focused on musicbut not totally unaware of the main political, economic and social events of the period.

S. N. Behrman, "Profiles: Ferenc Molnar," The New Yorker, 05/25/1946, 06/01/1946 &06/08/1946.

1947

Maurice R. Davie, Refugees in America (published) NY: Harper, 1947 (Rept. of theCommittee for the Study of Recent Immigrantion From Europe appointed in 1944).

It is very similar to Kent's The Refugee Intellectual, but more factual, thorough, andless impersonal. It's a sociological study of the phenomenon. Davie said in theintroduction (xi) that the refugee movement arouse unusual interest because: (1) of itsdramatic character; (2) of the type of people it involved who were primarily of middleand upper-class persons; (3) it attracted the interest and sometimes the opposition ofprofessional and business people who saw them as competitors; (4) it was de basis foranti-semitic agitation; 5) of the international unrest characterizing the period. Daviealso said in page 1 that the uniqueness of this flight is to be found in (1) themagnitude of the movement; (2) its compulsory character; (3) the many countries involved;(4) the fact that they were forced to leave in account of their descent or race; (5)doctrine of nationalism utilized to justify the expulsion measures; (6) the extremelycruel treatment of the victims; (7) the difficulties the victims encountered in fleeingand finding refugee; (8) the reluctance of the countries to admit them; and (8) thebreaking up of families in a very large scale. Maurice Rhea Davie (1914-1975),sociologist, specialist in child welfare, immigration and W.G. Summer. Laqueur in hisGeneration Exodus, at page 133/134 mentions his study as one made by a nonsectariancommittee as an answer to the xenophobes who had prevented substantial immigration priorto the Holocaust. He also said that the survey, the most authoritative at the time (1947)and for years thereafter, painted a picture of a great success story, but it was still alittle misleading because it was made years after the refugee had arrived; it did not


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reflected their early experiences; it came after the war had been won against Nazibarbarism; and it was carried out as the economic situation improved in a generalatmosphere of optimism. It came after the full extent of the wartime horrors becameknown.

On pg. 48 Davie analyzed the notions the refugees had about America before arrival. Mostof them had their impressions deriving from motion pictures from what they saw in themovies. It is ironic that the Jewish refugees and especially the German Jews had theirideas about America from the movies made by their Eastern brethren in Hollywood. See,Neal Gabler, An Empire of their Own. How the Jews Invented Hollywood, New York: Crown

1988.

Alfred Apsler, "Writers from Across de Sea," College English, vol.9, No. 1 (Oct. 1947),pp. 19-24.

Maurice R. Davie, "Recent Refugee Immigration from Europe," The Milbank Memorial FundQuarterly, vo. 25, # 2 (April 1947): 189-202.

Lili Foldes, Two on a Continent, New York: Dutton, 1947.

1948

1949

Franz Schoenberner, The Inside Story of an Outsider, N.Y.: MacMillan, 1949.

Good description of France before and after the 1940 collapse. Reference to V. Fry andhis life-saving activities in Marseille. Hiram Bingham, Andre Gide, and the Frenchinternment camps are thoroughly described. His passage to America and reception in StatenIsland by a religious refugee agency and Herman Kesten. His work for the OWI and hiscomments on the American Military occupation of Germany. His discovery and enthusiasm forthe works of Thomas Wolfe.

1950sNATIONAL BACKGROUND

Cultural receptivity: see Coser, 81. Traditional approach. Renaissance of the so-calledintellectual history. Background: crisis of public consciousness brought about by theVietnam War. Intensification of prosecutorial efforts agains Nazi Criminals from 1958onwards in Western Germany was due to a shift in public opinion. Exposure of NaziCriminals in influential positions by GDR propaganda kept the wounds open for the FederalRepublic of Germany. Even though these trials brought only a minuscule number ofperpetrators to some sort of justice had an invaluable function in confronting societywith the Holocaust, "euthanasia" and other "atrocities". See, Giovacchini, The Land ofMilk and Honey (critic of mass culture after 1946).

Atoms for Peace Program: it was established to make atomic energy more popular andpalatable to the public (atomic energy in the 1950s was good). (Cold War influences).

Thomas Mann, The Years of My Life, Harper's Magazine, 1950 p. 250.

Mann says that he belongs to the generation of 1875, those who lived under Germany(scontinental hegemony under Bismarck and the prime of the British empire under Victoria;witnessed with growing consciousness how everywhere in Europe the intelligentsia began toundermine the bourgeois mode of life; seen the disaster of 1914, the fall of the German


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empire, and the complete change in moral atmosphere brought about by the bloody years ofWWI, the Russian revolution, the rise of Fascism in Italy , and the National Socialism inGermany.

Ferenc Molnar, Companion in Exile. Notes for and Autobiography, New York: Gaer Assoc.1950.

1951

Walter Mehring, The Lost Library, N.Y.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951.

Rex Crawford, ed., Benjamin Franklin Lectures (Spring 1950) University of Pennsylvania.Five Lectures by Neumann, Peyre, Panofsky, Kohler & Tillich, 1962.(William Rex Crawford,American ambassador in Cyprus in 1974 ?).

Walter H. Rubsamen, "Schoenberg in America," The Musical Quarterly, vol. 37, # 4 (October1951): 469-489.

1952

Stephen Duggan & Betty Drury, The Rescue of Science & Learning, N.Y. (Viking, 1952).

It's the story of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars It'ssimilar to Kent's analysis, but in a much smaller scale because it deals only with theEmergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. It's also more "institutional"in that it describes the different organizations and institutiona provideing services tothe refugee intellectual similar to those of the E.C.A.D.F.S. It contains on page 45/50 alist of the refugee scholars who passed aeay during the life of the Committee. Alleged"radicalism" of the refugee scholar, pag. 29. Byzantine scholars exiled to Italy in 1453,pag. 1/5. In 1939, the refugees became a nuisance and a new system is proposed by theConant Plan, see chapter 8. 1949: Cold War heated up. Congress approved the NATO treatyand on 9-22-49 Truman announced the Soviet Union had exploded an atomic bomb.

1953

Donald P. Kent, The Refugee Intellectual: The Americanization of the Immigrants of 1933-1941, Columbia UP, 1953.

Donald Peterson Kent (Philadelphia 19161972) Sociologist specialized in aging,Gerontologist. Limited to a sample group of German and Austrians refugees in theprofessions (synonym to intellectuals, incluiding artists and writers). Data collectedfrom the files of the refugee agencies. This study answers the question: What happened tothe refugees in America and not what happened to America because of the refugees? It's asociological and psychological study. Wetzel says that Kent made a sociological study ofthe success of the refugee professional, not intellectuals alone, in adjusting toAmerican life. Its emphasis on Americanization is outmoded because the Americanizationmovement had its apogee before US entrance in WWI and after that his importance declinedmarkedly. Kent indicates that the phenomenon was a drama in the act of migration, 9years between 1933 to 1941, defining it thus as a self-contained thematic unit.Despitethe accepted tradition [of happy endings for the story of immigrations to America], thereis reasonable suspicion that along with the known successes are many unknown failures inmigration. Kent emphasized in the Foreword the question of utilization or wastage ofimmigrant abilities. Kent limits the subject to the period 1933-1941 (9 years), and tothe German and Austrian refugee professionals. Kent says that the study seeks to

describe and to analyze from a sociological viewpoint some adjustments made to Americanlife by a group of professional men and women who came to this country from Germany andAustria after the rise of Hitler. Kent is also conscious that not enough time has

elapsed to judge adequately the migration (only 12 years since 1941). He hopes this mayserve as a base for future studies.

Because each professional group faced specific problems, at times, it make it necessary


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to view each group as distinct from the others.

Integration=Americanization=assimilation: process by which a non-member of the society isincorporated into the social body.

Assimilation parameters: acquiring facility in the use of English, making friends withnative Americans, becoming a citizen, earning a living, utilizing abilities and talents,participating in community affairs, and contributing to the cultural and social life ofthe society.

Two difficulties confronting the student of the migration: (1) maintaining and objectiveattitude toward a subject laden with values and charged with emotion; and (2) balancebetween the individual and the group. The entire migration is considered as a unit andthose common factors are noted, but, at the same time, we must not overlook the fact thatthe group is composed of individuals, each of whom is somewhat different and facesdistinct problems (prosopography and biographies). Exclusive concern with the individualhas very little sociological significance. Balance view: look at the refugee as member ofa class and also as an individual. Kent does not say that he looks at the refugees asanonymous individuals and thus loose most of the history. He sees individuals as

samples.

The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 still included the national origins formula which tookeffect in 1929.

Darius Milhaud, Notes Without Music. An Autobiography, N.Y.: Knopf, 1953.

Halsey Stevens, The Life and Music of Bela Bartok, New York: Oxford UP 1953 (1964).

Erna Barschak, With a Twinkle in my Eyes, The Phi Delta Kappa, Vol. 34, No. 8 (May,1953), pp. 334-336 (article consists of 3 pages)

Hans Habe, Our Love Affair with Germany, New York: Putnam, 1953.

1954

Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family, U. of Chicago P., 1954.

Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, NY: Crown 1954.

Laura Fermi, "That was the Manhattan District. A Domestic View-I," The New Yorker,07/24/1954, pgs. 25-39 and A Domestic View-II, 07/31/1954, pgs. 27-51.

1955

Helge Pross, Die Deutsche Akademische Emigration nach den Vereinigten Staaten, 1933-1941,Berlin: Dunker & Humblot, 1955.

According to Wetzel, Helge Pross prepared this small book while on a two-yearCommonwealth Fund fellowship, 1952-1954. It is a pioneer attempt to generalize about theGerman academic emigration. He also says that she noted that German-Americans in the1930s did not welcome German exiles to the U.S., as their forefathers had in 1848. Thereason was that most of the German-Americans in the 1930s simpathized with Nazi Germany.

Albert H. Frielander, Cultural Contributions of the German Jew in America, in Jews fromGermany in the United States, ed. Eric E. Hirshler, NY: Farrar, 1955, pag. 162-168.

Eric E. Hirshler, ed., Jews from Germany in the United States, NY: Farrar, 1955.

Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts, Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1955. It


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contains an Epilogue entitled Three Decades of Art History in the United States:Impressions of a Transplanted European, pg. 321.

(Art History)

1956

John Harmon Burma, "Some Cultural Aspects of Immigration: Its impact, especially on ourArts & Sciences," Law & Contemporary Problems, vol 21 (1956): 284/298 (it cites V. Fry).

Lewis J. Edinger, German Exile Politics. The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the

Nazi Era, Berkeley & Los Angeles: U. of CA Press, 1956.

In the Preface, Edinger distinguishes among the exile (voluntary or involuntary), theordinary refugee and the voluntary emigrant. He also said that in accordance with thisdefinition of political exile, the overwhelming number of refugees from the Third Reichdid not fall into this category. The majority were (non-Aryan( refugees from anti-Semiticpersecution seeking permanent settlement in other countries. No more than about one-sixthof the so-called anti-Nazi emigration, at most 50,000 persons were (exiles,( in the truesense of the word. This is an important distinction because actually we are not concernedhere with the anti-Nazi politics but just as an ingredient within the more generalimmigration history of central european emigration to America in the 1930s and 1940s.

1957

W.K. Pfeiler, German Literature in Exile. The Concern of the Poets, Lincoln: U. ofNebraska P., 1957.

1958

Agatha Fassett, Bela Bartok-The American Years, NY: Houghton Miffin (1970), 1958.

Joseph S. Roucek, "Education of the Refugee in the United States," International Reviewof Education, vol. 4, No. 3 (1958): 374-380.

Robert Jungk, "Brighter than a Thousand Suns. A Personal History of the AtomicScientists," New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1958.

1959

Erik Eriksson, Insight & Responsibility, "Identity and Uprootedness in Our Time", 1959

1960sNATIONAL BACKGROUND

Economic conditionsGovernmentImmigration policy: the elimination of the quota system in 1965 may reflect the fact thatAmericans again grew confident in the resilience of the dominant Anglo-American culture.During this decade, it continues the criticism of the assimilationists perspective.

Cultural receptivity

Strife, dissension and social confrontation of the 1960s and 1970s. Tougher climate ofthese two decades. Arendt became a member of the New School (introduced the idea of ahistorically and philosophically informed approach to social research). Traditionalapproach is slowly being abandoned. During and after the late 1960s, in the West, theconsensus of the society, not to stir too much in history and "Vergangenes vergangen seinlassen" (Konrad Adenauer) in order to stabilize democracy, broke up, and the Germans


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started bit by bit to question themselves about their role in National Socialism. Lesscritical view of totalitarianism in the East. this romantization of the GDR as the betterGermany, where no Nazis existed anymore, turned out to be a difficult topic after thereunification.

Research on the emigration of writers and intellectuals started in earnest only in the

late nineteen-sixties. Pg. xv Introduction, Spalek ed. Exile: The Writers Experience,1982

1961

Irene Patai, Encounters. The Life of Jacques Lipchitz, N.Y.: Funk & Wagnalls, 1961.

Thomas Mann, The Story of a Novel. The Genesis of Doctor Faustus. N.Y. Knopf, 1961.

S. William Halperin, ed., Some 20th Century Historians. Essays on Eminent Historians,Chicago: Univerisity of Chicago Press, 1961.(includes short biographies of Veit Valentin [1885-1947], and Erich Eyck [1878/Berlin-1964/London]). (History)

Wladimir S. Woytinsky, Stormy Passage. A Personal History through Two Russian Revolutionsto Democracy and Freedom: 1905-1960, New York: Vanguard Press, 1961.

1962

Radio Bremen, Auszug des Geistes: Bericht uber eine Sendereihe, (Verlag B.C. Heye &Company, Bremen, Germany 1962) [Exodus of the Mind: Report abour a Radio BroadcastSeries].

This book is a compilation of interviews of refugee scholars and scientists who emigratedfrom Germany to the United States during the Nazi period. Irmgard Bach of Radio Bremenwas the interviewer. She toured the United States twice in 1958 and 1959. Ms. Bachinterviewed also scholars who had returned to Germany. According to Wetzel (AmericanRescue, 433), these inteviews are particularly useful for the light they shed on therefugees, impressions of their contributions and those of their fellows to the UnitedStates. These interviews may soon be the only personal record remaining of the exodus

except for the few autobiographical accounts which have been published or for diaries andpapers which may be deposited in archives at various places throughout the world.

Erich Fromm, Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx and Freud, New Yo

exile bibliography 1

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