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1717CHAPTER
17.1 The Atmosphere in Balance
17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere
17.3 Local Temperature Variations
17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere
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Atmosphere
H2O
O2
CO2
H2O
O2
CO2
H2OCO2
H2O
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Earth’s atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen,
with small amounts of other gases and dust particles.
Gases, including water vapor, move between the
atmosphere and other parts of the Earth system, yet
the composition of the atmosphere remains fairly
constant.
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17.1 The Atmosphere in the Balance
1717 Atmosphere
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Earth’s atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen,
with small amounts of other gases and dust particles.
Gases, including water vapor, move between the
atmosphere and other parts of the Earth system, yet
the composition of the atmosphere remains fairly
constant.
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Local events can change the composition of the
atmosphere, with global consequences.
17.1 The Atmosphere in the Balance
1717 Atmosphere
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Heat moves by radiation, convection, and
conduction.
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VOCABULARY17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere
1717 Atmosphere
The atmosphere is
divided into layers
based on
temperature.
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110
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80
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40
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10
90
0
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
THERMOSPHERE
Mesopause
MESOPHERE
Stratopause
STRATOSPHERE
Tropopause
TROPOSPHERE
Hei
gh
t a
bo
ve g
rou
nd
(ki
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COLDER WARMER
radiation
conduction
temperature
convection
heat
troposphere
stratosphere
ozone
mesosphere
ionosphere
thermosphere
insolation
100 units of insolation
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Earth’s heat budget represents the flow of energy
into and out of Earth’s atmosphere.
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VOCABULARY17.2 Heat and the Atmosphere
1717 Atmosphere
An imbalance in Earth’s heat budget changes
Earth’s mean temperature.
30 units reflected or scattered back to space
Atmosphere absorbs 19 units
Earth’s surfaceabsorbs 51 units
A total of 64 units radiated back into space via the atmosphere
6 units radiate to space from Earth’s surface
15 units radiate from surface to atmosphere
Conduction and convection transfer 7 units to atmosphere
Evaporationtransfers 23 units to atmosphere
radiation
conduction
temperature
convection
heat
troposphere
stratosphere
ozone
mesosphere
ionosphere
thermosphere
insolation
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The intensity of insolation depends upon the angle
at which sunlight strikes Earth’s surface. The
intensity is greatest at low latitudes,
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VOCABULARY17.3 Local Temperature Variations
1717 Atmosphere
during the
summer, and around noon.
Equator The angle of sunlight varies with latitude.
SUN’SRAYS
New Orleans
EquatorEquator
New Orleans
June 21
Dec. 21
isotherm
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Cloud cover can affect how much energy moves
through the atmosphere.
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VOCABULARY17.3 Local Temperature Variations
1717 Atmosphere
Land heats and cools more
readily than water.
Isotherms shift with the
seasons, more
dramatically over land than
over water.
Mean sea-level temperatures in January
isotherm
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Cloud cover can affect how much energy moves
through the atmosphere.
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VOCABULARY17.3 Local Temperature Variations
1717 Atmosphere
Land heats and cools more
readily than water.
Isotherms shift with the
seasons, more
dramatically over land than
over water.
Mean sea-level temperatures in July
isotherm
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Human activities produce pollutants that are
released into the air and affect the atmosphere.
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VOCABULARY17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere
1717 Atmosphere
Common Air Pollutants
Major Sources Some Effects
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) …
click here to enlarge table
air pollutant
temperatureinversion
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Pollutants can react with water vapor to form acid
precipitation, be trapped by temperature inversions
to cause thick smog, reduce the amount of ozone in
the ozone layer, and contribute to global warming.
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VOCABULARY17.4 Human Impact on the Atmosphere
1717 Atmosphere
Ozone hole, October 1999
air pollutant
temperatureinversion
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1717 Atmosphere
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