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33CHAPTER
3.1 Modeling the Planet
3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
3.3 Topographic Maps
CHAPTER OUTLINECHAPTER OUTLINE
Models of Earth
Three common types of map projections are
Mercator,
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can
distort the shape, distance, and directions of
different physical features. Different map projections
are used to minimize distortion.
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
Mercator Projection
Three common types of map projections are
Mercator,
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can
distort the shape, distance, and directions of
different physical features. Different map projections
are used to minimize distortion.
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet
gnomonic,
Gnomonic Projection
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
Three common types of map projections are
Mercator, and polyconic.
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can
distort the shape, distance, and directions of
different physical features. Different map projections
are used to minimize distortion.
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet
gnomonic,
Polyconic Projection
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
On a map, horizontal lines show latitude, positions
north and south of the equator.
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY
Vertical lines show longitude, positions east and west
of the prime meridian.
3.1 Modeling the Planet
Map scales compare the size of the map with Earth’s
surface.Latitude
90°N
90°S
60°N
60°S
30°N
30°S
Equator0°
Longitude
90°W
90°E6
0°W
30
°W
60
°E
30
°E
Pri
me
Me
rid
ian
0
°
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Mapmaking techniques have dramatically changed
over the past 60 years. The use of remote-sensing
methods allows mapmakers to produce accurate
maps of many places on Earth.
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
radar
false-color image
A scanner on a satellite constantly records data from Earth’s surface. Instruments measure electromagnetic waves emitted by each object on Earth.
The data collected is converted to code, then pixels. Software then coverts the pixels into usage images.
PixelsCode15197 128
9713364
10246 78
Image
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Two important types of mapping systems that use
remote-sensing data and computers are the global
positioning system (GPS) and geographic
information systems (GIS).
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY
Images produced using data from satellites are used
in many areas of science and research.
3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
With the help of computers, cartographers use
remote-sensing data to make detailed maps.
radar
false-color image
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Topographic maps show the physical features of an
area, its topography. The maps indicate elevation
and average slope by using contour lines.
33CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.3 Topographic Maps
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
Contour lines show changes in elevation on this topographic map.
Index contour
Contour line
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Different symbols and colors are used to indicate
various features on topographic maps, including
bodies of water and human-made structures.
33CHAPTER
VOCABULARY3.3 Topographic Maps
A topographic map of Portland, Maine shows various physical features of the area.
River
Settled area
Isobath
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth33CHAPTER
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