expandable commercially- enabled habitable...
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Illinois Space Society 1
Expandable Commercially-Enabled Habitable Orbiter
Rachel Di Bartolomeo, Katherine Carroll, Iaroslav Ekimtcov, Destiny Fawley, Brian Hardy, Guangting Lee, Courtney Leverenz, Richard Mannion, Ryan
Noe, Erik Nord, Benjamin O’Hearn, Joshua Pilat, Brandon Sowinski
ECHO
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Overview
Development Timeline
Program Budget
LEO Habitat Layout
Satellite Servicing
LEO Habitat Subsystems
– ECLSS
– GN&C, Communications
– Thermal
– Power
ECHO-Mars Variant
– Configurations
– Subsystem Overview
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Timeline
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Launch Schedule
ECHO Launch & Assembly Schedule, Beginning January 2022
Launch Vehicle
[3] [4] [5]
First Launch
DateCycle (Month) Purpose Consumables (kg)
Water
(kg)
Misc.
(kg)
Delta IV-Heavy Jan. ‘22 1-Time ECHO + 2 ISPRs 500 2000 1600
Falcon + Dragon2 Feb. ‘22 1-Time Initial 4 Crew 50 50 0
Atlas V 401+ EnhCyg Mar. ‘22 1-Time Initial Resupply 2500 200 800
Falcon + Dragon2 Jul. ‘22 6 4 Crew 50 50 0
Atlas V 401+ EnhCyg Nov. ‘22 9 Resupply 2150 350 1000
Falcon + DragonMar. ‘23
1-Time 4 ISPRs + 2 EERs
4ISPR+Research0 0 3310
Falcon + Dragon Apr. ‘23 1-Time 2 ISPRs + 2 EERs 0 1000 2310
Falcon 9 Dec. ‘23 1-Time SatServ-1 0 0 0
Atlas V 401 + Cygnus Dec. ‘24 36 Fuel Resupply 0 0 0
Falcon 9 Dec. ‘25 1-Time SatServ-2 0 0 0
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Business Model
$-
$200.00
$400.00
$600.00
$800.00
$1,000.00
$1,200.00
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037
Mill
ion
s o
f D
olla
rs
Years
ECHO Program Budget by Category
ECHO Development ECHO Launch SatServ Development SatServ Launch
Resupply - Cargo Resupply - Fuel Crew Launch Installation
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Business Model
$0.00
$200.00
$400.00
$600.00
$800.00
$1,000.00
$1,200.00
2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037
Expenditures and Revenues FY2017-FY2037 (Millions)
(70%/30% Cost Distribution)
NASA Commercial ECHO Income
$0.00
$200.00
$400.00
$600.00
$800.00
$1,000.00
$1,200.00
$1,400.00
2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037
Expenditures and Revenues FY2017-FY2037 (Millions)
(30%/70% Cost Distribution)
NASA Commercial ECHO Income
NASA Cost: $6,209 Million
Commercial Cost: $6,150M
Total Revenue: $10,050M
Net Profit: $3,900M
NASA Cost: $2,200Million
Commercial Cost: $10,159M
Total Revenue: $13,810M
Net Profit: $3,651MPros Cons
Highest Net Profit NASA covers more
NASA 2023-2037 than half
Pros Cons
NASA pays a fraction Commercial difficulty
High profit NASA 2023-2029
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Exterior Ports
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LEO Habitat Layout
Lower Section: hygiene, exercise, EVA suit storage, observation windows
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LEO Habitat Layout
Central Section: living quarters,
consumables storage, food preparation,
general storage
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LEO Habitat Layout
Upper Section: ISPR racks, observation windows
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SatServ
Two robotic arms
Autonomous computer systems
Solar electric propulsion
Service up to four satellites in GEO
Tasks:
– Battery replacement
– Electronics upgrades
– Hydrazine refueling
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LEO Mass and Power Budget
ECHO Subsystem Mass (kg) Power (kW)
Payload 2,100 2.55
ECLSS 6,321 5.32
Structures 13,250 0.75
Attitude Det. & Control 41 0.18
Communications/Data Handling 507 0.70
Thermal 1,600 0.55
Power 658 0
Propulsion 300 0
Fluids 3,416 0
Additional Equipment (Launched Separately) 12,232 8
Orbiting Total + 15% Margin 46,489 20.76
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ECLSS-ECHO
Food– Require 1.83 kg per crew member per day
– Total food with 30% margin needed annually: 3,476kg
Water– Require 8.42 kg per crew member per day
– Water recycle system recovers 93%
– Total water with 30% margin needed annually: 1,116kg
Effects of microgravity– 1.5% loss of bone and muscle mass every 6 months
– ARED, stationary bicycle and COLBERT treadmill on board
– Daily exercise sessions and vitamin supplements
Systems based off ISS– Temperature and Humidity Control
– Atmospheric Control
– Fire Suppression
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GN&C And Communications
GN&C
Attitude detection
– Rigel-L Star Tracker
– Sun Sensor
– Horizon Tracker
– Accelerometer
Attitude control/propulsion
– CMGs (4)
– Hydrazine Thrusters
Communications
CSX-1000 transceiver
Non-parabolic antennas
– 12 GHz Ku-band
– 50 Mbps
– 10 dB link, 3.6 dB margin
Redundant S-band system
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Thermal Management
Room Temperature: 21 – 24 ˚C
Maximum power input: 38.5 kW
Power emissions: -31.5 kW
Thermal Requirement: 7.0 kW
Radiator Area: 49.5 m2
Heaters present throughout module to maintain room temperature and equipment operating temperature
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Solar Panels
Spectrolab XTJ Prime Triple Junction Solar Cells
– End-of-life efficiency of 26.7%
– Supply 44.5 kW to subsystems and batteries
– 189 m2 required
Saft VL48E Li-Ion batteries
– 100,000 charge/discharge cycles
– 25% end-of-life depth of discharge
– 105 Wh/kg
– 4 batteries for 12,400 Wh
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ECHO-Mars Variant
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Habitat Flexibility
Flexible to Mars Mission Architecture
Chem. Prop. Vs. Hybrid SEP
Artificial Gravity Capability with Chem. Prop.
– 12,800 kg counterweight
– 194 m cables for 0.38 g
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ECHO-MV Subsystem Upgrades
Power
– 232 m2 solar arrays
– Advanced Li-Ion batteries
Communications
– 8.45 GHz X-band frequency
– 3.8 m parabolic antenna
ECLSS systems on next slide
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ECLSS Upgrades
Redundancies
– Systems not requiring redundancies
• Oxygen and Water. Crew will have enough time to repair these systems if something occurs
– Systems requiring redundancies
• Carbon dioxide and Humidity. Crew will use redundant system while fixing main system
Radiation Shielding
– B-330 walls coated with polyethylene. Will provide 10 g/cm2 of protection
– Two crew quarters will receive an extra 10 g/cm2 coating
– This amount of shielding adheres to the short-term dose limits
Organ 30 Day Limit 1 Year Limit
Eye 1.0 Gy-Eq 1.5 Gy-Eq
Skin 2.0 3.0
BFO 0.25 0.5
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ECLSS & Consumables
Consumables
– Total food with 30% margin required: 10,473 kg
– Total water with 30% margin required: 3,363 kg
Effects of microgravity
– Same exercise devices on board as ECHO.
– Artificial gravity will be considered.
Consequences of long duration space travel
– Crew concerns- isolation, fatigue, and strained relationships
– Requires maintenance and repair
• Maintenance and repair
– Intention to utilize 3D printing to print parts
– Increase commonality between parts in the ECLSS systems
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ECHO-MV Power and Mass Budget
ECHO Subsystem Mass (kg) Power (kW)
Payload 2,100 2.55
ECLSS 6,904 5.32
Structures 12,750 0.75
Attitude Det. & Control 40 0.11
Communications/Data Handling 143 1.3
Thermal 1,600 0.55
Power 658 0
Propulsion 300 0
Fluids 2,916 0
Artificial Gravity Options 2,182 0
Additional Equipment (Launched Separately) 19,636 6
Orbiting Total + 15% Margin 56,614 12.17
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Conclusions
Expanded commercial operations in LEO
Allows cost-effective GEO satellite servicing
Enables NASA to focus on new missions
Dual mission capabilities
Flexible Mars Mission Habitat
Questions?
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Additional Slides
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SatServ Graphs
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Structural Analysis
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ECHO LEO Refueling Craft
Cygnus-derived
Capacity
– 1,500 kg Tetroxide/Monomethyl hydrazine
– 2,000 kg SatServ Krypton
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ECHO LEO Mass and Power
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ECHO LEO Mass and Power
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ECHO –MV Interior Layout
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ECHO-MV Launch Fairing
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ECHO Launch Mass
Ma
ss
(kg)
Po
w
er
(kW
)
TRL
Continued Launch Mass
Ma
ss
(kg)
Po
w
er
(kW
)
TRL
Payload Thermal [34]
(1) RMS [35] 500 0.55 8-9 (2) Radiator Assemblies 750 0 9
(2) ISPRs 1,600 2.0 9 Passive Thermal Con. System 50 0 9
ECLSS Active Thermal Con. System [25] 800 0.55 9
Air Revitalization [12] 447 2.6 9 Power
Temp/Humidity Control [12] 137 2.2 9 (2) XTJ Prime Solar Arrays 200 0 9
Radiation Shielding [36]
http://rascal.nianet.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/07/MIT_2
016-RASC-AL-Technical-
Report.pdf
2,478
.
0 9 (4) VL48E Li-Ion Batteries 458 0 9
Fire Detect./Suppression [12] 17 0.02 9 Propulsion
Crew Cabin 260 0 9 Bipropellant Hydrazine Thrusters 100 0 9
Water Recovery [13] 734 0.5 9 Propellant Storage System 200 0 9
(1) Treadmill [16] 998 0 9 Fluids
(1) Exercise Bike [16] 250 0 9 ECHO Dual Fuel (MMH/NTO) 1,500 0 9
(1) ARED Device [15] 1,000 0 9 SatServ Propellant Storage 500 0 9
Structures Water/Ammonia Coolant [25] 300 0 9
Central Structure 5,000 0 7 Potable Water [37] 1,116 0 9
Expandable Exterior 4,000 0 7 Launch Totals 27,129 10.88
(2) NDS Mechanism+CBM [38] 1,250 0.50 7 Additional Equipment (Launched Separate)
EVA Airlock/Gas Storage 3,000 0.25 9 (6) ISPRs 4,800 6 9
Attitude Det. & Control Food (Annual,1.83 kg/day/person) 3,476 0 9
(4) CMG [23] 32 0.08 9 Water (Annual) 1,116 0 9
(2) Star Tracker [19] 4.4 0.016 9 (4) EERs 1,600 2 9
(2) Sun Sensor [20] 0.42 0.0002 9 (4) EVA Suits 240 0 9
(2) Accelerometer [22] 2.6 0.008 9 Repair Tools and ORUs 1,000 0
Horizon Tracker [21] 1.5 0.001 9 Equipped Orbiting Total 39,361 18.88
Communications/Data Handling
(2) Antenna (Ku) and Radio [39] 207 0.1 9 Orbiting Total + 15% Margin 43,297 20.77
(1) Non-Par. 6 dB Gain Antenna 200 0.1 9
Data Bus Architecture 100 0.5 9
ECHO Launch Mass
Ma
ss
(kg)
Po
w
er
(kW
)
TRL
Continued Launch Mass
Ma
ss
(kg)
Po
w
er
(kW
)
TRL
Payload Thermal [34]
(1) RMS [35] 500 0.55 8-9 (2) Radiator Assemblies 750 0 9
(2) ISPRs 1,600 2.0 9 Passive Thermal Con. System 50 0 9
ECLSS Active Thermal Con. System [25] 800 0.55 9
Air Revitalization [12] 447 2.6 9 Power
Temp/Humidity Control [12] 137 2.2 9 (2) XTJ Prime Solar Arrays 200 0 9
Radiation Shielding [36]
http://rascal.nianet.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/07/MIT_2
016-RASC-AL-Technical-
Report.pdf
2,478
.
0 9 (4) VL48E Li-Ion Batteries 458 0 9
Fire Detect./Suppression [12] 17 0.02 9 Propulsion
Crew Cabin 260 0 9 Bipropellant Hydrazine Thrusters 100 0 9
Water Recovery [13] 734 0.5 9 Propellant Storage System 200 0 9
(1) Treadmill [16] 998 0 9 Fluids
(1) Exercise Bike [16] 250 0 9 ECHO Dual Fuel (MMH/NTO) 1,500 0 9
(1) ARED Device [15] 1,000 0 9 SatServ Propellant Storage 500 0 9
Structures Water/Ammonia Coolant [25] 300 0 9
Central Structure 5,000 0 7 Potable Water [37] 1,116 0 9
Expandable Exterior 4,000 0 7 Launch Totals 27,129 10.88
(2) NDS Mechanism+CBM [38] 1,250 0.50 7 Additional Equipment (Launched Separate)
EVA Airlock/Gas Storage 3,000 0.25 9 (6) ISPRs 4,800 6 9
Attitude Det. & Control Food (Annual,1.83 kg/day/person) 3,476 0 9
(4) CMG [23] 32 0.08 9 Water (Annual) 1,116 0 9
(2) Star Tracker [19] 4.4 0.016 9 (4) EERs 1,600 2 9
(2) Sun Sensor [20] 0.42 0.0002 9 (4) EVA Suits 240 0 9
(2) Accelerometer [22] 2.6 0.008 9 Repair Tools and ORUs 1,000 0
Horizon Tracker [21] 1.5 0.001 9 Equipped Orbiting Total 39,361 18.88
Communications/Data Handling
(2) Antenna (Ku) and Radio [39] 207 0.1 9 Orbiting Total + 15% Margin 43,297 20.77
(1) Non-Par. 6 dB Gain Antenna 200 0.1 9
Data Bus Architecture 100 0.5 9
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ECHO-MV Power and Mass Budget
ECHO-MV Launch
Mass
Mass
(kg)
Power
(kW)
TRL
Payload
(1) RMS [35]500 0.55 8
(2) ISPRs 1,600 2.0 9
ECLSS
Air Revitalization 447 2.6 9
Temp/Hum. Control 137 2.2 9
Radiation Shielding 3,839 0 4
Fire
Detection/Suppression17 .02 9
Crew Cabin 260 0 9
Water Recovery 734 0.5 9
(1)Treadmill 220 0 9
(1) Exercise Bike 250 0 9
(1) ARED Device 1,000 0 9
Structures
Central Structure 5,000 0 7
Expandable Exterior 4,000 0 7
(1) NDS Mechanism 500 0.25 7
(1) CBM 250 0.25 9
EVA Airlock/Gas Storage 3,000 0.25 9
ECHO-MV Launch
Mass
Mass
(kg)
Powe
r
(kW)
TR
L
Attitude Det. & Control
(4) CMG 32 0.08 9
Star Tracker 4.4 0.016 9
Sun Sensor 0.21 0.0002 9
Accelerometer 2.6 0.008 9
Communications/Data
Handling
(2) Radio Transceiver 20 0.2 9
(1) 3.8m Parabolic
Antenna17 0.1 9
Data Bus Architecture 100 0.5 9
X-Band GaN Solid State
Power Amplifier5.6 0.5 9
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ECHO-MV Power and Mass Budget
Continued Launch Mass Mass
(kg)
Power
(kW)
TRL
Thermal
(2) Radiator Assemblies 750 0 9
Passive Thermal Con.
System
50 0 9
Active Thermal Con.
System
800 0.55 9
Power
(2) XTJ Prime Solar
Arrays
200 0 9
(4) Li-Ion Batteries 458 0 6
Propulsion
Bipropellant Hydrazine
Thrusters
100 0 9
Propellant Storage System 200 0 9
Fluids
ECHO Dual Fuel
(MMH/NTO)
1,500 0 9
Water/Ammonia Coolant 300 0 9
Potable Water(93%
Recycle Rate)
1,116 0 9
Continued Launch Mass Mass
(kg)
Power
(kW)
TRL
Artificial Gravity
Options
(12) Kevlar Tether Cables 24.76 0 4
(12) Winch/Attachments 434.94 0 4
Fuel for spin up/down
cycles
1,722 0 9
Launch Totals 29,591 10.57
Launch Totals +30%
Margin
Additional Equipment
(Launched Separate)
(4) ISPRs 3,200 4 9
Food (Annual,1.83
kg/day/person)
10,473 0 9
Water (Annual) 3,363 0 9
(4) EERs 1,600 2 9
Repair Tools and ORUs 1,000 0 9
Equipped Orbiting Total 49,228 16.57
Orbiting Total + 30%
Margin
63,996 21.55
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Business Model Additional
$88.07
$180.09
$3.54
$9.97 $3.64 $6.21
Production Cost (Millions)LEO variant
ECLSS Structures Attitude Control
Communications Thermal Control Power
$644.35
$394.55
$5.87
$15.02 $9.64 $29.77
Design & Development Cost (Millions)
Mars Version
ECLSS Structures Attitude Control
Communications Thermal Control Power
$144.42
$180.09
$3.43 $9.97 $3.64 $6.21
Production Cost (Millions)Mars Version
ECLSS Structures Attitude Control
Communications Thermal Control Power
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
$900
Expenditures and Revenues FY2017-FY2037 (Millions)
(50%/50% Cost Distribution)
NASA Commercial partner(s) ECHO Income