Expansion of the Muslim World

Chapter 2

The Eastern Empire:

The eastern half became known as the “Eastern Empire”, or the Byzantine Empire, with its capital in the city of Constantinople. 1. The city eventually changed its name to Byzantium.2. The Empire gradually reverted to its Greek roots in culture.

1.Most of the lands which made up the heart of the Byzantine Empire were a major part of the Greek, or Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great 

2.The rulers of the Byzantine Empire had very close ties to the Church in the eastern part of the empire Appointed church officials including the head of the Church in

the eastern part of the empire – the Patriarch It remained heavily Christian, although much more influenced

by the Greeks

The Church Splits as the Empire Had Split

A series of disagreements, one of the most serious over icons between the Pope and the leaders of the Catholic Church in the Byzantine, or Eastern Empire, •   Icons = religious images (statues, paintings etc)

   Many of the eastern clergy turned against the Pope in these disagreements and refused to honor his decrees          The Eastern clergy caused a split between the Roman Catholic Church, and the Pope, and the eastern church who turned to the Patriarch as its leader• Became the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church

(sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Church) because its roots were Greek

• The split between the two groups came to be called a schism, or separation

Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church with The Roman Catholic Pope in 1999

Effects of the Schism Between Churches

The schism weakened the Byzantine Empire because it lost the Roman Catholic support against the Moslems, or Muslims who were moving from the Middle East toward Constantinople, or Byzantium • Remember:

o Both Churches were (and still are) Christiano The Dark Ages were happening in Europe (Western)

Everyone deeply religious

Byzantine Empire

From 500 to 800 AD, during the Dark Ages, when the western (Roman) empire was in decline, the Byzantine Empire was a brilliant center of civilization. •  Its scholars re-discovered the ideas and works of the

Greeks and the Romans•  Education and learning flourished in the East while it

declined in the west.

The Muslim InvasionsAnother monotheistic religion that taught equality of all persons and individual worth also developed in southwest Asia was Islam1. Was based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad.

1.His teachings are contained in the Koran2.Their god is Allah

2. It began in Saudi Arabia in the city of Mecca – birthplace of Mohammed

3. The Muslims as they were called, fought the Crusades for control of much of the Middle East

4. Islam spread throughout the region, not only Arabs became Moslems, but also Turks, Persians, and other peoples of the area

5. Moslems are the same as Muslims just different spelling

The Spread of Islam = The Expansion of the Arab World

The Arab Moslems sought to spread their Islamic faith and increase the territory occupied by the Islamic tribes.1. By the 650’s AD they occupied Syria and Palestine, and

also expanded into Persia and across North Africa2. At first the Byzantines were successful at stopping them

from taking Constantinople, but had to give up the lost territories in North Africa and the Middle East

3. By 700 AD the Byzantine “Empire” consisted of mainly territories that were primarily Greeko They had lost control of all territories that were in "Asia

Minor" and Africa

Byzantine Empire in its Original State - yellow area

Byzantine Empire about 700 AD

Further Decline Leads to the Crusades

Another set of factors spelled the end of the Byzantine Empire:1. A group of northern European invaders called the Normans seized

Byzantine trading posts in the eastern Mediterranean Sea1.This cost the Byzantines trade and hurt their economy

2. About the same time, a group of Huns, called the Seljuk Turks came down from central Asia and many converted to Islam1.They began to advance toward Constantinople, taking Byzantine

territory and forcing many to convert to Islam or die  An early “jihad” or Holy War

3. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire asked the Pope’s help against these Islamic forces1.The Pope decided to help the Eastern Church by asking leaders

of the West to send armies and thus began the Crusades

A Seljuk Turk - Relatives to the Huns, Excellent Horsemen, Fierce Warriors

The Seljuk Turks

The Seljuk Turkish history is significant in that they are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks - the modern Turks of today. The Seljuk Turks were the first people to invade Anatolia completely. • With the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk State as part

of the Great Seljuk Empire began the Islamic period in Turkey. 

• The Seljuks played a major role in the Middle Ages in defending the Islamic world against the Crusaders, and conquering large parts of the Byzantine Empire. 

• They also did a service to Europe by providing a barrier between them and the raiding Mongols. 

• Finally their importance lay in the fact that they paved the way for the Ottoman Turks.

Anatolia consists of a high-altitude plateau that becomes increasingly mountainous as one moves east.

Anatolian Turks or Seljuk Turks who Settled in Anatolia

Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as Ghazisa. Warriors for Islam.  • They formed military societies under the leadership of an

emir (the lands they controlled were called emirates), and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct.  

•  They raided the territories of the “infidels,” - people who didn’t believe in Islam

The "Ottoman" Turks

 The most successful Emir / Ghazi was Osman.   • People in the West called him Othman

o Named his followers Ottomans.   o His successors expanded his small state by buying land

from neighboring tribes, or by forming alliances with other emirs, or by military conquest

o The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder

o They were also among the first people to use cannons as offensive weapons.

• This is how the Seljuk Turks of the Anatolian Plateau became the Ottoman Turks

Ottomans Establish Themselves on the Anatolian Peninsula

Another Ottoman leader of note was Orkhan I• felt strong enough to declare himself sultan

a title meaning “overlord” or “one with power.”   The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they conquered.  They ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan and often improved the lives of the peasants. 

Osman I

Timur the Lame

The rise of the Ottoman Empire was briefly interrupted in the early 1400s, though, by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samarkand in central Asia.1. He was called Timur the Lame in his homeland; Europeans

called him Tamerlane. 2. Tamerlane conquered both Russia and Persia.  3. He also burned the powerful city of Baghdad in present-day

Iraq to the ground.  4. In 1398, he swept through northern India, leaving destruction

and decaying corpses in his wake.  5. He crushed the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in

1402.  This defeat halted the expansion of their empire. 

TamerlaneTimur the Lame, so called because he walked with a limp since half of his body was paralyzed, was the warlord king of a nomadic tribe based in what is now present-day Uzbekistan, and was a total hardass. His name was later Westernized to Tamerlane when people finally came to the realization that even though he was gimpy there was nothing about him that was remotely lame.      Timur moved out of Anatolia on his way toward attempting to conquer China, war broke out among the four sons of the ruling Ottoman sultan.   

Post Tamerlane

1. Mehmet I defeated his brothers and took the throne Tamerlane had abandoned1.He ruled for scarcely a year before he died in a sword battle

2. His son, Murad II, took over as sultan and restored the Ottoman military to its former power.  1.He continued to expand his grandfather’s empire

3. Murad’s son Mehmet II, or Mehmet the Conqueror, achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history. 

4. The ancient city of Constantinople had shrunk from its population of a million to a mere 50,000.  Although it controlled no territory outside its wall, it still dominated the Bosporus Strait.  1.Controlling this waterway meant that it could choke off traffic

between the Ottomans’ territories in Asia and in the Balkans.

Painting of The Ottomans, led by Mehmet II, Laying Siege to Constantinople

Mehmet II

1. Mehmet the Conqueror, as he was now called, proved to be an able ruler as well as a magnificent warrior.

2.  He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds.  Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Turks and non-Turks all flowed in.  They helped rebuild the city which he re-named Istanbul.

Selim the Grim came to power in 1512. 

He did so by overthrowing his father and murdering his brothers.   • To protect his position, he also executed his nephews and

all but one of his sons.  o It is no small wonder that he is known as Selim the Grim.

• Selim however, was an effective sultan and a great general.

SuleimanMehmet the Conqueror and Selim the Grim had achieved impressive military successes.  However, the Ottoman Empire didn’t reach its peak size and grandeur until the reign of Selim’s son, Suleiman, a name his father got from the Hebrews, meaning "man of peace" or as the Hebrew translation, Solomon  1. His own people called him Suleiman the Lawgiver.  2. He was known in the West, though, as Suleiman the Magnificent. 3. Suleiman was above all a military leader. 4. Under his leadership the Ottomans dominated the whole eastern

Mediterranean; they also extended their control of the Mediterranean to the port cities of North Africa1.Although the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities of Africa,

they managed to control trade routes to the interior of the continent.

Ottomans Under Suleiman

1. Reigning from Istanbul, Suleiman had waged war with central Europeans, North Africans, and central Asians.  1.He became the most powerful monarch on earth.2.Under Suleiman’s rule the Ottoman Turkish Empire

reached its height around the year 15602. Suleiman’s massive Ottoman Empire required an efficient

government structure and social organization.1.The empire was a complex military state2.Had to have military control because of the many races,

cultures and religions within the boundaries of the empire

Ottomans Under Suleiman

Sulieman himself had over 20,00 slaves• Among the sultan’s slaves were the janissaries. 

o This elite force of 30,000 was drawn from the peoples of conquered Christian territories as part of a policy called the Devshirme

o Under the devshirme system, the sultan’s army took young boys from the families of conquered territories - usually Christian territories, educated them, converted them to Islam, and trained them as soldiers.   Their superb discipline made them the heart of the

Ottoman war machine.

Suleiman

1. Binding the Ottoman Empire together in a workable social structure was surely Suleiman’s crowning achievement.  1.Suleiman was required to follow Islamic law, which

covered most social matters.  2.He did, however, simplify the system of taxation and

reduce the government bureaucracy. 

Suleiman the Magnificent

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DECLINES

Suleiman himself set the stage for this decline.  Perhaps fearing for his position, he killed his ablest son and drove another into exile.  His third son, the incompetent Selim II, inherited the throne.  In 1571, Spain and Italy destroyed Selim’s Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. Many of the European countries readily allied against the Ottomans because:• the Ottomans controlled many of the trade routes• the Ottomans were Islamic, not Christian

Corruption was eating away at the government.  It became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled with the silk string of a bow.  The sultan would then keep his sons prisoner in the harem, cutting them off from education or contact with the world.  This practice produced a long line of weak, ignorant sultans who eventually brought ruin on the empire.

HOMEWORK:

1. Identify the Section 1 Key Terms 2. Using a T-chart List the rulers of the Ottoman Empire and their main accomplishments 3. Do you think it was a good idea for the Ottomans to fill their military and government with slaves? Why or why not? Consider: • The loyalty of the slaves • The training slaves received • Others who might have served

4. Do you think Suleiman’s religious tolerance helped or hurt the Ottoman Empire? Support your answer with examples. Consider: • Suleiman’s treatment of non-Muslims • Effects on individual religious groups • Long term effect on the empire

Safavid Empire 1502 - 1736

Chapter 2 - Part 2

The Safavid Empire - Iran / Persia

They ruled the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the  school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam After the decline of the Timurid Empire (Timur the Lame) about 1506, Persia was politically splintered, giving rise to a number of religious movements. The demise of Tamerlane’s political authority created a space in which several religious communities, particularly Shi’i ones, could now come to the fore and gain prominence. Among these were a number of Sufi (Islamic) brotherhoods Of these various movements, the Safawid Qizilbash was the most politically resilient. Their leader, Isma'il was successful in uniting these religious groups.

Isma'ilIsma'il became the leader of the Safavids at the age of 14. To protect themselves they built up a powerful military force

1.this military power became a very powerful force in the Mideast, modeled after the army of Timur the Lame

2.they were called the “redheads” because of their red headgear

 Isma'il led the army of the Safavids and conquered all of what is today Iran1. He took the title Shah and established Shi’i Islam as the

official religion of his country  

Isma'il - Founder of the Safavid Dynasty of Iran

Shah Abbas

He was the grandson of Isma’il became the Shah of the Safavids 1. He helped blend the cultures of the people within his small

empire1.Ottoman, Persian, and Arab

2. Reformed the military and restored some peace by controlling the government and treating people fairly

3. He established and beautified the capital city of Isfahan4. It was during his reign that Europeans began the demand

for Persian carpets1.This became a national industry

The Decline, Then Fall of the Safavid Empire

Safi the grandson of Abbas took over control of the Safavids and soon destroyed all his grandfather had built1. tribes from Afghanistan soon came into the country and

took over the Eastern part2. Ottoman Turks were pushing in from the west

 A Sunni ruler, Nadir Shah Afshar briefly fought off the invading forces and temporarily brought the Safavids back to power, but he was killed and the empire fell apart.

Safavid Empire at its peak... What five main bodies of water are shown on map?

The Evolution of the Slavic Peoples

The Slavs

The Slavs first moved to Eastern Europe from West Asia around 2000 BC, about the same time as the Greeks moved to Greece. The Slavs settled in the north closer to the Black Sea. No one is quite sure of the origin of the first Slavic peoples• Many believe they had some “connection” with the

Mongols  o Accounts for some of their “Oriental” features

 By 500 AD there were three distinct groups                                                               i.      The West Slavs                                                            ii.      The South Slavs                                                          iii.      The largest group – the Eastern Slavs

Slavic Groups:

The West Slavs made up of the Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks1.Settled where Poland and Czech Republic are today2.Religious ties with Roman Catholic Church, therefore their

culture was more western European3.This group also had frequent contact with the Romans, then

later the Franks of Charlemagne  The South Slavs made up of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

1.Settled in the Balkans2.Frequent contact with the Byzantine Empire, therefore

their culture was similar to that of the eastern Europeans3.Had much contact with the Turks and Greeks

 

Slavic Groups:

1. The Eastern Slavs – the largest group1.Made up of Ukrainians, Russians, and Belorussians2.Settled north of the Black Sea between the Dnieper and

Dniester Rivers in the plateau called the Steppes3.Most of their contacts were with the Byzantine traders

but, also had extensive contact with the peoples of Northern Europe

                                                              i.      Germanic tribes, and Viking tribes of Scandinavia and northern part of Germany, along the coast of the Baltic Sea

Geography of The Eastern Slavic Lands

The steppe that is at the heart of the eastern Slavic lands is part of a plain that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean east into central Asia.1. It ends at the base of the Ural Mountains – the dividing line

between Europe and Asia2. Since ancient times this open plain has served as a

“highway” for mounted nomad tribes who saw the lands east of the Urals as rich lands easy and ripe for plunder.1.Nomads = people who had no permanent home.

Wanderers2.Plunder = kidnap, rob, and destroy the place of attack

Slavic Groups

The Green Area are "The Steppes"

What is a Steppe?

in physical geography refers to a biome region characterized by grassland without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes. • The prairie is an example of a steppe, though it is not usually

called such. • It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or

both, depending on the season and latitude. • The term is also used to denote the climate encountered in

regions too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert.

The Russian Steppes Today

•Much of what we know – or think we know about the Eastern Slavic peoples, has been found in a group of books called the Primary ChronicleThis was a compilation of Slavic traditionsthis record contains legends as well as facts

According to the Chronicle:• Around 860 Ad the Slavic peoples (Eastern Slavs) living in the area

between the Dnieper River and the Dniester River  in modern day Ukraine asked the Vikings of Scandinavia for help in bringing order to their lands

• The Viking leader Rurik accepted• The Chronicle also tells us they called the Vikings’ lands Rus 

o Probably where the term Russia comes from

The Vikings and the Eastern Slavs:

1. Rurik was successful in uniting some of the local tribes with the promise of protection and increased revenue from trade between the Ottomans and the Viking lands of the Baltic region

                                                              i.      Revenue = money or profits brought in by a business venture1. After Rurik died, his successor, Oleg was able to lead the

combined Slavic-Viking armies in a conquest of a key city on the north-south trade route, the city of Kiev1.Kiev was important because it was situated on the

Dnieper River and was essential to the trade route

Dniester and Dnieper Rivers

Dnieper River

Kiev

Kiev was the major city in Kievan Rus located on the Dnieper River1. Kievan Rus was a collection of Viking principalities

controlled by rich landowners and wealthy merchants called boyars who assisted the princes. 

   The boyars were members of the noble class2. In return for military protection from invaders such as the

Huns or Mongols, the people of the principalities paid tribute to the Grand Prince of Kiev.

  Tribute = Gave him money or property and obedience because they saw him as their leader and protector

Vladimir - Grand Prince of Kiev

Vladimir became Grand Prince in A.D. 988.Contact with the sophisticated Byzantine culture eventually convinced Vladimir that a new religion would help the Eastern Slavs become a more powerful civilization.1. In A.D. 989, after his own conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy,

Vladimir ordered a mass baptism in the Dnieper River for his people.1.After Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in A.D.

1453, Moscow stood alone as the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Yaroslav The Wise

1. When Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise, became Grand Prince in A.D. 1019, Kievan culture reached its height.1.Yaroslav borrowed ideas from the Byzantines, such as

Justinian’s code of laws2. To many Europeans, who were just coming out of the

Middle Ages, Kiev was a glittering capital whose culture was far more advanced than any country of western Europe

Eastern Slavs of Kiev

Tartars Invade Rus

Around 1250 AD, the Mongols, or Tatars, as the Slavs called them, defeated the armies of the Russian princes and conquered most of the country except for Novgorod.  1. For two centuries the Mongols held the Slavs captive.2. This Mongol rule isolated the Eastern Slavic peoples from the

rest of Europe and suffocated their culture causing it to regress.

3. In the late 1300’s at the Battle of Kulikovo, the Muscovites finally defeated the Tartar armies1.Although they were still fearful of a Tartar/Mongol attack ,

they gradually were breaking free from the hold the Tartars had on  Moscow

Ivan the Great - the First Czar of Russia

In A.D. 1480 during the rule of Ivan III, Moscow finally refused to pay taxes to the Mongols.  1. The long submission to the Asian rulers was over.  2. Today, Ivan is known as Ivan the Great because he was

able to bring all the Slavic principalities under his rule.   THE THIRD ROME In A.D. 1472, when Ivan married Sophia, niece of the last Byzantine emperor, he took the title Tsar (Czar), or Caesar, the title used by the Roman and Byzantine emperors.  Many began to consider Moscow “the third Rome”, or the new Roman Empire.

India and the Mughal Empire

 

India - The Asian Sub-Continent

India

India suffered through many years of turmoil and disorganization after the Romans lost control of their state.1. The Gupta Empire finally crumbled in the 600’s2. First Arabs raided parts of India 3. Then Muslim tribes from central Asia came and carved the

northwestern part of the area into small kingdoms1.Each kingdom was ruled by a Muslim leader called a

Rajput                                                              i.      Later changed to a Rajah

Muslim Invasions

Beginning in the 8th Century, Hindus and Muslims fought for control of the northern part of the peninsula.1. The Hindus were able to hold off the invading Arab Muslims

for almost 300 years2. Around the year 1000 Turkish armies took control of the

area and formed a confederation of small kingdoms called the Delhi Sultanate

• Confederation =a union of territories who join together to help each other, but still maintain their independence

1. In 1398 The Muslim Mongol, Tamerlane attacked and completely destroyed the city of Delhi1.The city would not be rebuilt for 200 years

In 1494, an 11-year-old boy named Babur inherited a kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.  1. It was only a tiny kingdom, and his elders soon took it away

and drove him south. 2. But the boy built up an army.  In the years that followed, he

swept down into India and laid the groundwork for the vast Mughal Empire.

3. In 1526 Babur led 12,000 troops to victory against an army of 100,000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi.

4. A year later, Babur also defeated a massive Rajput army. 

Babur - First of the Mughals

The Sultanate of Babur    (green area)

Akbar

Akbar - grandson of Babur - was a Muslim, but he firmly defended religious freedom.  1. He proved his tolerance by marrying, among others, two Hindus, a

Christian, and a Muslim.  2. He allowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace.  3. Akbar was a genius at cultural blending.4. Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials. 

1.Natives and foreigners, Hindus and Muslims, could all rise to high office.

2.This approach contributed to the quality of his government. 

Akbar

1. One of Akbar’s best examples of government efficiency was his chief finance minister, Todar Mal who created a clever – and effective – taxation policy.  

 • He calculated the tax as a percent of the value of the

peasants’ crops, similar to the present-day U.S. graduated income tax.

• Because this tax was fair and affordable, the number of peasants who paid it increased.

Mughal's Military

1. For all his humanity, however, Akbar recognized military power as the root of his strength.

2. Like the Safavids and the Ottomans, Akbar equipped his armies with heavy artillery.  1.Cannons enabled him to crack into walled cities and

extend his rule into much of the Deccan plateau.3. This combination of military power and political wisdom

enabled Akbar to unify a land of at least 100 million people – more than all of Europe put together. 

An unsettling time comes to the Mughal Empire after the death of Akbar. His son proved to be a weak ruler, but married to a Persian princess, Nur Jahan who became very powerful.

• Nur Jahan saw her husband as weak and ineffective. She turned her attention to their son, Khusrau and tried to tutor him to be a great leader• She saw Jahangir’s son Khusrau as her ticket to future power.  • But when Khusrau rebelled against his father and refused to follow

their wishes, Nur Jahan ousted him   This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire When Khusrau rebelled against his father, he turned to the Sikhs. a nonviolent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism (Islamic mysticism).   

The Sikhs   The   founder of the Sikh cult was Nanak, an Indian mystic• The spiritual leader, Guru Arjun, who sheltered Khusrau and

defended him.• Because of this the Sikhs thus became the target of the

Mughals’ particular hatred by     the order of Nur Jahan

              Sikh Leadership                             (1996)

After the death of Jahangir, his youngest son Shah Jahan became ruler

1. Like his grandfather Akbar, Shah Jahan was a cultured man.  2. He could not tolerate competition, however, and secured his throne

by assassinating all his possible rivals.3. But he did have a great passion for two things:  beautiful buildings

and his wife Mumtaz Mahal.  4. When his wife died as she was giving birth to their 14th child, Shah

Jahan was devastated5. To enshrine his wife’s memory, he ordered that a tomb be built.  6. Some 20,000 workers labored for 22 years to build the famous tomb

now known as the Taj Mahal.  This memorial has been called one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.

Taj Mahal in Agra, India

Death of Shah Jahan

But while Shah Jahan was building lovely things, his country was suffering.

1.Farmers needed tools, roads, and ways of irrigating their crops and dealing with India’s harsh environment. 

2.What they got instead were taxes and more taxes to support the building of monuments, their rulers’ extravagant living, and war.

 When Shah Jahan became ill in 1657, his four sons scrambled for the throne.  1. The third son, Aurangzeb, moved first and most decisively. 2.  In a bitter civil war, he executed his older brother, who was his

most serious rival.  Then he arrested his father and put him in prison. 

Aurangzeb

1. Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 1707.  1.He was a master of military strategy and an aggressive

empire builder.2.Although he expanded the Mughal holdings to their

greatest size, the power of the empire weakened during his reign.

2. The loss of power was due largely to Aurangzeb’s oppression of the people.  1.He rigidly enforced Islamic laws. 2. He brought back the hated tax on non-Muslims 3.Dismissed Hindus from high positions in his government.

The Mughal Empire on the Decline

Auraangzeb had to levy oppressive taxes to pay for the wars against these increasing numbers of enemies.  1. he doubled the taxes on Hindu merchants.  2. This increased tax burden deepened the Hindus’ bitterness

and led to further rebellion. In addition:The Sikhs began to build a state in the Punjab, an area in northwest India. 

1.Defended it by building forts and strengthening their army 

European Powers Establish Trading Centers in and Around India

As the Mughal Empire was rising and falling and creating its cultural legacy, Western traders were slowly building their own power.  1. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India. 

1.they arrived just before Babur did.  2.And they began to build their trading empire in India and

the power of the Mughals rose2. But the Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch, who, in turn,

gave way to the French and the English.  3. The great Mughal emperors did not feel threatened by the

European traders.   1.They even encouraged them and protected them

Leaders of the Mughal Empire

NAME    Most important                         accomplishments

At least five Mughal leaders

Important events that happened concurrently:    1.    2.    3.    4.