expansion of the scan endgame program for aircraft survivability … · 2016. 6. 7. · calhoun:...

Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive

Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection

1982

Expansion of the SCAN endgame program for

aircraft survivability studies and development of a

supporting user's guide.

Fourny, Jean-Paul.

Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School

http://hdl.handle.net/10945/20161

UBRABV, NAVAL POSTOaAQUAIE SCHOOLUOKiaXi, CA 03940

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THESISEXPMSION OF THE SCAN ENDGAME PROGRAM FOR

AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY STUDIES MDDEVELOPMENT OF A SUPPORTING USER'S GUIDE

by

Jean-Paul Fourny

December 1982

Thesis Advisor R. E. Ball

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

UnclassifiedUBRARY, NAVAL POSTOHADUAIE SCHOOL

SeCUBlTv CLAHIFICATIOM Of THIS PAOK fWâw Data gw>«r«d)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.

4. TITLE <and Su*(l(f«J

Expansion of the SCAN Endgame Program,for Aircraft Survivability Studies andDevelopment of a Supporting User's Guide

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i RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

5. TYPE OF «ePO«T * PCmoO COVEREDMaster' s ThesisDecember 1982• PERÔRMINC ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOM|'a>

Jean-Paul Fourny

'•. RERÔRMINC OROANIZATION NAME AND AOOHESS

Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

II CONTROLLINO OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS


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17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol iha abalrati amlarad In Blaek 30, 11 <HUatai>l Itam Raport;

I*. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

1». KEY WORDS (Conilnua on rawatta »Ha it naeaaaarr ••* lâittlty *r *!««* numbaf)

SCAN, NPSCAN, Aircraft Survivability, Endgame, Warhead Lethality

20. ABSTRACT (Canllnua «< tawataa 0lda It naaaaaarr ••* lâmUlf *r »lPeJi mumÔ

This study involved a detailed examination of the aircraftsurvivability analysis program called SCAN, and modificationof the pre and post-processing grahpics programs that supportthe program. The aim was the improvement of the originallyinstalled version of SCAN at NPS by incorporating the graphicscommands for the new IBM supported terminals, by increasing the

speed of the display process, and by simplifying the input data

DD"o"" 1473

I JAN 73 '^/J EDITION OP ' MOV Si IS OBSOLETES/N 0103-0M-«601 I

UnclassifiedSKCUniTV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE (WHai* Oaia Bniarad)

Unclassifiedtf»emwy o ^L.AJt»glCAJiOM 00 Twit *»««/«»»— nm,m «»•»«<

Item 20. (continued)

preparation by making it more interactive. In addition, acomprehensive User's Guide was prepared for use by NPSstudents involved in aircraft survivability/warhead lethalitystudies

.

DD ForiT} 1473 2 „ t r- j1 Jan 73 Uncl ass ified


Expansion of the SCAN Endgame Program for Aircraft Survivabilityand

Development of a Supporting User's Guide

by

Jean Paul FournyCaptain, Canadian Armed Forces

B.S.C., Royal Military College, 1973

Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirement for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING SCIENCE

from

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLDecember 1982

pa 355

ABSTRACT

This study involved a detailed examination of the air-

craft survivability analysis program called SCAN, and

modification of the pre and post-processing graphics programs

that support the program. The aim was the improvement of the

originally installed version of SCAN at NPS by incorporating

the graphics commands for the new IBM supported terminals,

by increasing the speed of the display process, and by

simplifying the input data preparation by making it more

interactive. In addition, a comprehensive User's Guide was

prepared for use by NPS students involved in aircraft

survivability/warhead lethality studies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 10

A. OVERVIEW OF SCAN MODEL 10

B. STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMCHANGES -- 16

II. ANALYSIS OF SCAN 20

A. NPS SCAN PACKAGE LIMITATIONS 20

B. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM CHANGES 2 3

III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 39

APPENDIX A: NPSCAN USER'S GUIDE -- 42

APPENDIX B: APPLICATION ADDITIONS 95

APPENDIX C: APPLICATION CHANGES -- 129

APPENDIX D: DEFAULT WARHEAD AND CASE FILES 14 5

LIST OF REFERENCES 148

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST - 149

LIST OF FIGURES

I-l. Method of Target Modelling 12

1-2. Coordinate System Representation 14

1-3. Missile/Warhead Representation 15

1-4. Blast Envelope Representation 17

1-5. Comparative Flowchart of User Required SystemActions 19

II-l. Warhead Interactive Program Flowchart 27

II-2. Case Interactive Program Flowchart 28

II-3. Comparative Flowchart of Vector PlottingSequence 30

II-4. User Level Accessability to Commands andOptions - 31

II -5. Flowchart for Display Change Subroutine -- ^2

II-6. NPSCAN Executive Flowchart 34

A-1. 3-D Representation of A-7 Target Model 44

A-2. 3-D Representation of BQM107 Target Model 45

A-3. A-7 Internal Representation 46

A-4. A-7 Computer Generated Representation 47

A-5. Principle Keys Used with NPSCAN Application 51

LIST OF TABLES

A-1. Warhead Data File Line One 79

A- 2. Warhead Data File Line Two 80

A-3. Warhead Data File Line Three 83

A-4. Warhead Data File Line Four 85

A-5. Warhead Data File Line Five - -- 86

A-6. Case Data File Line One 87

A-7. Case Data File Line Two 88

A-8. Case Data File Line Three 90

A-9. Case Data File Line Four/A/B 92

LIST OF VARIABLES

VARIABLES

Fragment Parameters

VMIN(I)

UMAX CD

ZONMIN(I)

ZONMAX(I)

XWH(I)

DESCRIPTION

Fragment velocity at lower PolarZone Boundary

Fragment velocity at upper PolarZone Boundary

Lower angle of Polar Zone

Upper angle of Polar Zone

Distance from warhead center toinertial fragment position

Fuzing Parameters

FUZPOS

FUZANG

RADMSL

POSNOS

POSTAL

Distance from TDD to warhead center

Fuze look angle

Missile body radius

Distance from contact fuze towarhead center

Distance from warhead center toaft end of missile

Blast Envelope Parameters

FUSBLR

FUSBLl

FUSBL2

WNGBLR

WNGPT1(3)

WNGPT2(3)

Fuselage Blast Radius

Distance from target CG to frontof blast cylinder

Distance from target CG to rearof blast cylinder

Wing Blast Radius

End Point of wing blast centerlinenearest fuselage

End Point of wing blast centerlinenearest wing tip

8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my appreciation to Professor R. E. Ball,

Naval Postgraduate School, who provided me with direction

and support throughout this study. I also wish to thank

Mr. D. Marr, who provided guidance and insight into the

IBM 3033 system.

I. INTRODUCTION

This thesis examines in detail the SCAN package of

programs as originally installed at the Naval Postgraduate

School with the aim of improving the graphics capability,

speed and ease of use. It investigates some of the limita-

tions of the NPS version in relation to its usefulnes as a

supplement to classroom instruction on the aircraft

survivability/lethality courses and describes the develop-

ment of the resulting program additions and changes. In

addition, the development of a comprehensive User's Guide

for NPS students was undertaken.

A. OVERVIEW OF SCAN MODEL '

To better understand the purpose of this study, a brief

overview of the SCAN application is in order. SCAN provides

an analytical means of assessing aircraft survivability

against a specified missile threat. The encounter between

an airborne target and a fragmentation warhead known as

the endgame is mathematically simulated and impact computa-

tions are carried out for all fragments impacting a geometrical

representation of the target. This type of loodel, as

opposed to a fragment collector model, is less efficient

and more time consuming since it computes all impacts, not

just those at critical points. However, it has the distinct

10

advantage o£ allowing the analyst to experiment with shield-

ing, component relocation, and extended vulnerable components

The added benefits of comparing results against real

experimental data and providing a more realistic graphical

display of the encounter are also possible. SCAN provides

computations of survival probabilities, target hit distri-

butions, and processes the data for statistical summary

and/or graphical output. The actual structure of this

model allows user options in defining target geometry down

to specific component level, vulnerability criteria, warhead

configuration, fuzing parameters, blast envelope parameters,

and encounter conditions. For the purposes of this study,

the target geometric and vulnerability descriptors are

taken as predetermined and fixed for use by students.

However, additional target models are available with special

permission, and these can be modified by more experienced

users. The primary features of this model as listed above,

are summarized as follows:

1. Target Geometric Representation - Analytical equations

characterizing the basic shapes are used in the model and

combined to represent the component structure of the target.

Both internal and external components can be modeled,

and the information used to dimensionalize the components,

is contained in the various target geometry files stored

on disk. Figure I-l illustrates the basic concept. A

11

o

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bO>-.

nj

"4-1

o

o

+-»

3GO

12

detailed description of the geometric modelling is provided

in SCAN, Volume I [Ref. 1] and an example of a geometry file

is contained in the User's Guide, Appendix A.

2. Encounter Geometry - The modelling of the encounter

scenario is done using four coordinate systems as depicted

in Figure 1-2. The features of primary importance include

the kinematic and relational descriptors of the target and

missile and the type of trajectory being simulated. The

user has the option of specifying the miss distance of the

missile at the time of detonation, or the miss distance

from the aimpoint at the closest point of approach (CPA)

,

with or without a Monte Carlo sampling specified by a

circular error probable (CEP) . Details of the encounter

geometry modelling can be found in SCAN, Volume I [Ref. 1]

and SCAN, Volume II [Ref. 2], and an example of the Case

Data File is included in Appendix D.

3. Missile Representation - This feature is of primary

importance to the student of a Warhead Lethality course,

allowing him (her) the flexibility to redesign the missile

warhead and fuze to a variety of specifications. Figures

I-3a and b provide a pictorial representation of the

warhead and fuze parameters used in the SCAN model. The

warhead data file is also used to dimensionalize a blast

envelope around the target, which can be extended or reduced

by the user. The mathematical development of the damage

mechanisms resulting from these parameter settings is

13

^RliP

^REF

Pitch

>-YREF

^-YREF

Elevation

'^ *^ » Azimuth

^ ^REF

Figure 1-2. Coordinate System Representation

14

XWH ( I

)

(

. POSTAL

TDD

WARHEAD

VMAX(I)

VMIN(I)

MAX ( I

)

POSNOS

CONTACTFUZE

:>,|FUZPOS -^

Figure 1-3. Missile/Warhead Representation

15

thoroughly treated in SCAN, Volume II [Ref. 2]. A detailed

description of these parameters and their interaction can

also be found in [Ref. 3] and [Ref. 4]. The model for the

blast envelope around the target is pictorially represented

in Figure 1-4.

B. STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM CHANGES

The structure of SCAN consists of three separate computer

programs written in FORTRAN and developed at the Pacific

Missile Test Center: SCANMAIN; SPLGEN and SPDRAW. SCANMAIN

is the primary program and provides the actual analytical

assessment of aircraft survivability against a specified

missile threat. The program was installed at the Naval

Postgraduate School in 1980 by Lieutenant J. Parr [Ref. 5].

The program is well documented and the support literature

is abundant and current . The two graphics support programs

installed at NPS are SPLGEN and SPDRAW. SPLGEN is the

graphics pre-processor which accepts as inputs the target

geometrical file and generates a target vector file for

SPDRAW. SPDRAW accepts as input the target vector file from

SPLGEN, and optionally the target impact file from SCANMAIN,

and processes the data for graphical output based on user

selected options. These two programs were installed at

the Naval Postgraduate School in 1981 by Lieutenant Commander

T. M. Hayes [Ref. 6]. Changes to these two programs and

the creation of two file manipulation programs and an

16

interactive control executive program were the major part

of this thesis research.

Under the CMS timesharing system used at NPS, executive

files can contain CMS or CP system commands or EXEC control

statements and can be written and tailored to control special

applications. Many of the burdensome system tasks required

of a user can be eliminated by developing such a file as

a control executive. This was done for the SCAN package

at NPS and named NPSCAN. Figure 1-5 summarizes the system

commands required by the user on the original NPS version

to run the entire application and the reduction of system

commands to one on the revised version.

18

logon

OLD VERSION

Accessdisks, U orarte*

*_-Add 10 Cyld'9

Storage

Copy Target

SPLGEN fxec Load and Run

Print Scsnmary

O Copy CASE Data > xeott

^ '

Cooy WARHEADData >

t-—xedU

1 '

SCANMAIN Exec Load and Run

'

L \ '

O Print Su<nnar?es.

NEW VERSION

OR p*

OfAccess

TektronixLibrary

SPORAW Exec

LOad end Run

Release O'sko

JLlogoff

Figure 1-5. Comparative Flowchart of User Required System Actions

19

II. ANALYSIS OF SCAN

A. NPS SCAN PACKAGE LIMITATIONS

The original SPDRAW program was written in FORTRAN for

the CYBER computer and used a PMTC graphics system dependent

language to drive the particular graphics terminal at

Point Mugu. Appropriate changes were made to the program

when initially installed at NPS to make it compatible with

the IBM 3033, and the graphics commands were translated

to PLOTIO languages for use on the Tektronix 4012 and 4081

Terminals. Since its installation, the School has acquired

the new IBM Dual Screen Management workstations utilizing

the IBM 3277 keyboard terminal and the Tektronix 618

graphics terminal. The DSM stations use the software

dependent GRAF 77 language package and can also be driven

by the ISSCO Telegraph or DISSPLA software packages. The

SPDR^^W PLOTIO commands were translated to the GRAF 77

primitive commands as part of the thesis effort. In addition,

some of the original code was changed. These changes

resulted in four advantages over the original version.

These advantages are:

1. Increased Speed

2. Increased Flexibility

3. Increased Accessibility and

4. Improved Graphics Support

20

The specific subroutine changes and additions resulting

from this translation are contained in Appendix C.

When the initial familiarization and program examination

of SPDRAW was being undertaken at the beginning of the

research period, the graphics plotting speed was noted

as being extremely slow for a computer generated image.

A small improvement in plotting time was noted when the

translation to GRAF 77 was finished, mainly due to the

utilization of hardwired terminals (9600 baud) vice a

modem connected terminal (1200 baud) . After further

examination of the program logic, the discovery was made

that the SPDR.\W line generation routines were calculating

individual vectors, checking their validity, and then

plotting the single vector before going on to the next

vector calculation. A similar procedure was followed for

the target (fragment) impact file. To improve this

situation, two additional storage files were added to the

control executive and introduced into the generation

routines to store all calculated data points prior to any

plotting. In the revised application, all vectors are

first calculated and stored. On completion of all calcula-

tions, the total file is sequentially plotted in one step.

Additional information on this new procedure is provided

in the design section, and the results are discussed

in Chapter III.

21

Students at NPS , as with users in any environment,

can possess widely differing computer experience. Lack

of experience can adversely affect the ability of a user

to successfully implement an application. For this reason,

an interactive program should take into account the

diverse backgrounds and make allowances for the inexperienced

user. An important parallel to this concern is the experience

of the user with the application itself, which must be

taken into consideration if accessibility is to be given

to students whose time is limited, whose familiarity with

the topic is non-existent until the time of the course of

study, and whose opportunity to use the program will be

limited to a few weeks at the end of a course. The time

factor is particularly important in view of the fact

that SCAN is an extensive and complicated application.

Running the three original programs required extensive

reading by the author, which brings up another limitation

of the SCAN package of programs, the lack of comprehensive

documentation. Various components of the package were

documented in different manuals, with the majority of the

documentation on SCANMAIN. For example. Fair [Ref. 3]

discusses the structure of the warhead and case data files

and provides insight into the manipulation of these files

for user defined encounter scenarios and warhead parameters.

Hayes [Ref. 4] provides a useful guide for the control of

22

the complete application and summarizes the function of

SPDRAW, including a descriptive listing of the available

commands and user options. Specific examples are provided

in Hayes' thesis, as well as documented results of a

specific analysis carried out to demonstrate SCAN's capability

Prior to this thesis, no attempt has been made to compile

these various sources into a comprehensive guide. This

fact and the previously listed limitations, were all taken

into account- in the design and development of the resulting

program changes and additions to be discussed in the next

section.

B. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM CHANGES

As stated in Section A, the design of an interactive

application should take into account its intended user's

familiarity with computers, as well as their understanding

of and experience with the application itself. Since

familiarity with a package is dynamic and not static,

and regular users quickly pass from a beginning stage to

more demanding users, stepwise learnability was incorporated

into the design changes applied to the NPS version of SCAN.

The concept of stepwise learnability breaks up the amount

of information the user must assimilate into a series of

steps [Ref. 7]. Three distinct levels of interaction were

decided upon during the development of the changes. The

23

following levels were incorporated in SPLGEN, SPDRAW, and

the new control executive program NPSCAN;

1. Novice

2. Intermediary

3. Experienced

Simplicity was a key issue in the design of the control

executive. At the same time, meaningful results were

desired with minimal prerequisite knowledge. In order to

maintain simplicity and clarity without sacrificing

efficiency, the first design decision was to develop the

control executive such that all administrative and technical

requirements to run the programs would be handled auto-

matically, requiring minimal computer experience by the

user and eliminating the problem of bothersome typing errors.

The application simplification is clearly depicted in

Figure 1-5. To maintain clarity, programmed instructions

were provided at all levels of interaction, and the User's

Guide was organized into segments corresponding to each

user level to provide expansion and further explanation

of these instructions. No more information than was required

at each level was provided so as not to burden the user

with confusing detail. To ensure efficiency was not

sacrificed using this approach, each section in the

application was restructured to provide a varying degree

of sophistication and complexity dependent on the user level.

24

Minimal changes were required in SPLGEN, since the

only interaction provided was for line density settings,

target size extension, and debugging print switches.

Setting the debugging switches provided for the Inter-

mediary and Experienced level as an option rather than

an annoying requirement. The option was not offered to

the Novice level, and switches are automatically set to

default. Line density option was reduced to a simple

choice of normal or high density and is offered to all

levels of user. The size extension setting was completely

eliminated and is now automatically provided from within

the Control EXEC and passed to the program as a self-

loading parameter.

The SCANMAIN program is completely non-interactive,

but the input data files to this program are of primary

importance to the user. They are, in fact, the tools

available to the user for exploring the capabilities of

SCAN and for carrying out useful analysis. Their

importance cannot be overemphasized, and the contents of

these files should provide realistic specifications for

the missile and target. A standard default file of each

type (missile warhead, target, and case) was prepared

and they are presented in Appendix D. These default

files are automatically loaded at the Novice level in

order to allow the user to proceed with the application

25

without having to prepare any input data. The Intermediary

level user is provided with the choice of selecting the

default files, or creating and utilizing custom files.

Two programs were developed for this purpose; each program

allows the user to change the primary descriptors within

each file interactively and provides instructive messages

and selective branching options. At the Experienced level,

the user is allowed complete freedom of choice in manipula-

ting the data files through the CMS XEDIT feature

incorporated into the control executive. Guidance for

manipulating each descriptor is provided in the User's

Guide given in Appendix A. Details of the two file

manipulation programs, are contained in Appendix B and

are flowcharted in Figures II-l and II-2.

The principle interactive program within the SCAN

package is SPDRAW. This program underwent several modifi-

cations during the progress of the thesis. As outlined

in Section A, translation of the graphics commands was

the initial change, followed by the later amalgamation

of both PLOTIO and GRAFF 77 into the same program, to

allow the user the choice of terminal types. These

changes are detailed in Appendix C.

The next change to SPDRAW was the restructuring of

the line generation routines to enhance the speed of the

graphics display process. This change required the

addition of two temporary storage files to the file

26

BoQtn

InUfalfzatfonand Format

Read Ftis

OTagnostIc MENU Select

true

false

Modtfy PolarZone Parameters

trv»

false

Modffy FuzingParameters

true

false

Modffy aiastParaiMters

true PrTnt Suwiiary

true

Store on Disk ENO

Value SuDToutTne

Value Subrouttne

Value Subroutfna

Figure II -1. Warhead Interactive Program Flowchart

27

false

false

false

Begin

InlttallzaUonana Formal

Reao FUe

MENU Select

trueAll Parameters

true

Value Sutroutlne

< J

MfsstleParameters

Value Subroutine

< 1

truePrint Summary

falseDiagnosticMessage

true

Store on Olsk

ENO

Figure II-2. Case Interactive Program Flowchart

28

definition for SPDRAW. A flowchart depicting the sequences

of actions for the original and new version is found in

Figure II -3.

The major additions and changes to SPDRAW were made

to accomodate the three levels of user. The breakdown

of command and option parameters for the three levels

are shown in Figure II-4. The Novice level is provided

with simple graphical capability including axes and

fragment impact plotting. Control actions are provided

through function key selection, with some numerical data

entry. The Intermediary level user is provided with

increased flexibility and options, while simplicity of

selection is maintained using function keys and basic

numeric data entry. The Experienced level user is provided

the complete spectrum of graphic commands and options

with control being maintained through more flexible

typed command and option descriptors. All levels of user

are provided with instructive messages, menu selection,

diagnostics, and access to a newly written dynamic

screen subroutine. This subroutine allows display mani-

pulation without reentering a new PICTURE command.

Details of this subroutine are flowcharted in Figure II -5.

Additions and changes to SPDRAW are provided in Appendix C.

Another major contribution was the development of

the control executive to replace the five original

execs used with the NPS version [Ref. 4]. These five

29

ODl'on Setting

NEW VERSION

SelectiveBranching

Calculate vector

T0$t Valtdlly

Scale Routine

Store vector InFl le

No

ye«

Plot nie

Return

OLD VERSION

Calculate vector

-i»

Test Validity

Scale Routine

Plot Vector

NOL*<tEritr>N2

Return

Figure II-3 Comparative Flowchart o£ Vector Plotting Sequence

30

t I

u (.:t.

OC;X

rv

oI t

LDtn

W

w

2:o

a.o

o

co•H+->

o

(/)

ouo+->

•M•H

CO

to

uu<

>

3

•H

31

Bogfn

cnange Factor

Tru«

OtsDl«y 'nfonessags

ActtonSelection MENU

ADO Factor

SUBTRACT Factor

FalM

Of agnostic

Figure II-5. Flowchart for Display Change Subroutine

32

programs ranged from three lines of code to ten lines of

coce and provided the file definitions, global statements,

and loading commands for SPLGEN, SCANMAIN, and SPDRAW.

The new version, called NPSCAN, is ten pages in length,

contains five hundred lines of code, and is designed to

be completely interactive. The exec is written to

encompass two (three with further expansion) graphics

languages and a variety of graphics displays. It can

also be used with the standard non-graphical terminals

to provide statistical data only. It provides the user

with maximum flexibility but requires minimum user

knowledge of the system by providing automatic program

control, three levels of interaction, and self -helping

instructions and diagnostics throughout the application.

The flowchart for NPSCAN is depicted in Figure II-6,

and details are contained in Appendix B.

33

Ivgtn

Inlro<X»ctopyM*«Mg«

Lfnk ScanPrograms and

Temtnal MENU

Sex Flag

Advf»ory ooNon-GrapH'cs

Tornlnal

CNO

Otagnostfc

CNO

Lfr* Graontc*Lfbrarfes and

add 10cyl !nder» of

y 01

No

Ym

Prtnt Suaaary

K)

Figure II -6. NPSCAN Executive Flowchart

34

Sei*ct UtorL«v«1 irx) S«t

nag/

/V\NV *>-••» -^ «• •».

T«rg*t MENU /—f

\\\/

/y

^ — . — ..—/

Ye« Copy lox

v««Copy A7

Ye*Copy 30M107

Ye*Read f\ lenaae

Olagnosttc

Set Extension

Yt«

<>No

Load and RunNPCEN

K)

Figure II-6. (Continued)

35

9Suwnary MENU

for IBUa FORTRAN

Ya«

Yes Type SunRary hXTer«tn«r

resPr tnt Suomary

Ye«Type Suaoary at

Terra (n«lPrint Sioaery

Ofagnosttc

cnecK U5«r Pi«g/\\

C N

. — _/

OefauUFf les CAS€ File

±_1

WARHEAD FTIe

CASE Ftle

WARHEAD Ft)*

Load and RunSCANHAIN ^


36

>Ft1« Oplton Me»4U

Copy DefaultFile

Retvj-n

Read cu9to« rile j>|w^ T«« Copy Ftle

F40

Copy DefaultFTIe

CheckUser FlagLoad Program or

xEorr

^•« Read Custom F»ie od rr No

NO

D(agno«tfc

YM

Oieck User FlagLoad Progran or

XEOfr

Copy F!1eChanges

PEtu-n

Return


37

No

OtaTVJstTc

YM

YW

Yes

Lottd ano RunSCANMAIN

Pr tnt Sun«erte»MENU **5AN£ AS

PREVIOUS** NOTE Refer to rtgurel-6(c)

Load and PunNPORAU

Brancntng MENU

Return to A

Rettrn to B

Return to C

Ye«3-0 PlotPackage

i '

Ye«Release Ofske

,/'I

END


38

III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The SCAN package of programs is a valuable tool to

the Endgame analyst, and with the changes and additions

to the NPS version, should provide a useful and easy

to use supplement to the Warhead Lethality and Aircraft

Survivability courses taught at the School. The objectives

of this study outlined in the Introduction were achieved

and a summary of the results is given below.

Translation of the graphics commands to GIL'\F 77

resulted in four advantages. First of all, additional

flexibility with the addition of a new language is

evident by the increased useability, not only at NPS,

but at other institutions. Second, accessibility at

NPS is improved because of the large number of new IBM

terminals that were acquired for the NPS system. Third,

increased data transmission speed over that of the modem

connected terminals was achieved since all IBM terminals

are hardwired. Fourth, improved graphics support

available for the new system terminals, although not

optimal at present, will increase and improve as the

system matures.

Restructuring the vector generation routines to

calculate all values before commencing the plotting

sequence had a significant effect on the speed of the

39

display process. An example of some o£ the observed

time differences is as follows: display of a simple box

target using the old version, PLOTIO (1200 baud terminal)

was 69 seconds ; the new version GRAF 77 (hardwired) used

1 second; for a complicated A-7 target display, the old

version took 257 seconds; the new version took 24 seconds

(these times include the fragment impact and axes generation)

.

Testing times were taken during non-duty hours when

computer usage was not heavy.

Development of three user levels will ensure that

SCAN can be used to obtain desired results with minimum

prerequisite knowledge and to provide flexibility and

increased sophistication for the more experienced user.

A breaking-in period of application usage by non-

experienced users is necessary in order to assess effectively

the achievement of this aim. Further refinement may be

required at a later date after the revised version has

been implemented and used.

The objectives of simplicity, clarity, and efficiency

were achieved through the development of NPSCAN Control

Program and the file manipulation programs. User knowledge

of the computer system has been minimized. The addition

of instructional messages and diagnostics to all inter-

active segments should prove useful even to the most

seasoned users of SCAN.

40

The documentation that was compiled will provide each

level of user with only that information that is necessary

at that level and will eliminate the need to research

additional sources, except of course in the case of the

more advanced users.

One final note is concerning the research done to

translate the graphics commands for DISSPLA and implement

its use in the application. A custom executive was designed

and incorporated into the Control Exec and used successfully

in running a simple test program. When it was more carefully

analyzed, it proved to be unsuitable for an interactive

program such as SPDRAW, and was discarded. However, its

use in development of a 3-D Plot Package at the conclusion

of the application session could prove most useful and

is recommended for further research.

41

APPENDIX A

NPSCAN USER'S GUIDE

SECTION

I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

A. Introduction

B. Description of Application Programs

C. NPSCAN Executive Program

II. NOVICE LEVEL

A. Introduction

B. NPGEN Program

C. NPDRAW Program

III. INTERMEDIARY LEVEL

A. Introduction

B. NPGEN Program

C. PROGl and PROGl File Programs

D. NPDRAW Program

IV. EXPERIENCED LEVEL

A. Introduction

B. Listing of Abbreviations

C. NPDRAW Program

V. TROUBLE SHOOTING

A. Principle Parameter Tables for Case and Warhead Files

B. Common System Difficulties

42

I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

A. Introduction

NPSCAN refers to the Naval Postgraduate School version of

SCAN and specifically represents the control executive used

to drive the application programs herein referred to as:

1. SCANMAIN - Survivability assessment program

2. NPGEN - Graphics pre-processor

3. NPDRAW - Graphics post-processor

4. PROGl - Interactive case file raagnipulation program

5. PR0G2 - Interactive warhead file manipulation program

SCAN was originally developed at the Pacific Missile Test

Center for the purposes of analyzing aircraft survivability

to missile threats and providing detailed damage estimates

down to the component level. Users of the NPS version have

access to three target models and with special permission can

obtain codenames for additional models. Figures A-1 and A-2

depict a 3-D view of the A7 and BQM107 models that students

can work with. In addition, a simple BOX model is provided

and is recommended for first time users to familiarize

themselves with the commands and options in NPDRAW. It should

be noted that BOX has external components only. Figures A-

3

and A-4 depict an internal representation of the A7 target

and its computer generated counterpart.

43

Figure A-1. 3-D Representation of A-7 Target Model

44

-^—

^

Figure A- 2. 3-D Representation of BQM107 Target Model

45

TAIL POSITION LIGHT

FORMATION LIGHT

POSITION

LEADINGEDGE F

UPPERANTICQLLISIONLIGHT (Lowerlight not shown)

Formation light

AIR REFUELINGRECEPTACLE

FUEL SUMP TANK

SPEED BRAKE

AVIONICS BAYIRH not (hownl

LOX BOTTLE(10 Liltrl

EMERGENCY POWER(RAT) PACKAGE(RH Side)

AIR-CONDITIONINGTURBINE

AN/APQ-126RADAR

*On aircraft -* {361 center wing formation light •> aft and to Itft of anticollilion light.

••On aircraft (271 - (459) alter T.O. 1A-7O620

Figure A-3. A-7 Internal Representation

46

Figure A-4. A- 7 Computer Generated Representati on

47

Two files are provided to the user to describe the

encounter scenario and the missile/warhead parameters. These

are the case data file and the warhead data file. More

information will be provided on these files in the respective

user level sections.

B. Description of the Application Programs

SCANMAIN is the principle program in this package. It

simulates the missile-target encounter mathematically and

computes the expected damage. The three previously mentioned

files (target, case, and warhead) are the input to this

program and the output includes two printable summaries

called SCANl and SCAN2, and the machine coded impact data used

for NPDRAW. SCANl provides a descriptive summary of the

target geometry, and SCAN2 is a summary of all the inputted

endgame parameters, the damage results for the components,

and the system and subsystem survivability statistics.

NPGEN is the graphics pre-processor for the package.

This program accepts the predefined target geometry file

as input and sets up the machine coded target data for

NPDRAW. If desired, the user can obtain an echo print of

the inputted file at the end of program execution. This

print will also contain the number of target vectors generated

and can provide additional statistics on line generation if

debugging switches are preset (this is a user dependent option)

48

NPDRAW is the actual graphics processor. It accepts the

two machine -coded files generated by NPGEN and SCANMAIN as

input and provides the user with a graphical display of the

target and fragment impacts. It contains a variety of commands

and options for the user which vary in complexity depending

on user level selected.

PROGl and PR0G2 file manipulation programs allow the

Intermediary user the ability to interactively modify the

principle parameters in the case and warhead files to his own

design specifications. These programs will be described in

more detail in Section III.

C. NPSCAN Executive Program

NPSCAN was developed to automatically control the CP/CMS

system commands on the IBM 3033 required to run the above

listed programs, thus removing this burden from the student.

It will handle the graphics application in PLOTIO or GRAFF77

graphics languages, depending on which terminal type the

student logs in on, or alternatively, will generate statistical

data only if logged on to a standard data media terminal

without graphics capability. The program is written to be

used interactively to provide simplicity and clarity, however,

the user can experience difficulty or program crash if data

is incorrectly entered. Typical causes of user problems

are discussed in Section V - TROUBLE SHOOTING. The procedure

to be followed to get a copy of the NPSCAN EXEC on your disk

is as follows:49

1. Link to the SCAN disk.

Type - CP LINK 0559P 191 192 RR - and enter

2. When prompted for the pass word type - XXXX - and enter

Type - ACC 192 B - and enter

3. Copy the executive onto your A disk.

Type - COPY NPSCAN EXEC B = = A - and enter

4. Release the SCAN disk.

Type - REL 192 (DET - and enter

Once you have a copy o£ NPSCAN, simply enter NPSCAN and

the program will automatically run. It begins by requesting

the same password used in the previous procedure, which is

"XXXX". Applicable libraries and applications programs will

be linked. The primary terminal keys required to operate this

package are the CLEAR (PAGE) key, ENTER (RETURN) key, and

numeric keypad at the top of the keyboard, as depicted in

Figure A- 5. The numeric keypad doubles as a function key

select when followed by ENTER. Do not confuse these with

PF keys which have no use in this application. On the modem

connected terminals, such as the TEKTRONIX 4114, the alpha-

numeric portion of the screen can be cleared using the

scrolling knobs. Other non-hardwired terminals are not

recommended for two reasons: first the screen alphanumerics

tend to overwrite the graphics, making the application

display cluttered and confusing; second, all modem connected

terminals including the 4114 are much slower than the

hardwired terminals.

50

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l-l

<um

ot^

c,o

•H•MU

1^mQD;mQ^g^m

fi

Xs

5-t

c

T\

r

emi

W

wCL

O•HI-)

CO

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P-

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pu•HUc•H

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51

Users begin an application run by selecting the numeric

key corresponding to the terminal type being used and is

self-explanatory.

******************************************** ** *^ TEKTRONIX 618 1 %

t TEKTRONIX 4012,4081,4114 2 ^

I NONE OF THE ABOVE 3 |

I EXIT PROGRAM 4 |* ********************************************

The program will then access ten extra cylinders of

storage space and link to the applicable graphics libraries

for the application. This procedure will vary in time

depending on how busy the system is. Upon completion of

the setup, the next menu block allows the user the choice

of viewing his revised disk space allocation before continuing

The user will then be requested to select the level he

wishes to use. Beginners should always start at the Novice

level to avoid confusing details and options.

****************************************A *

^ NOVICE LEVEL 1 I* *

% INTERMEDIARY LEVEL 2 t

I EXPERIENCED LEVEL 3 ^

I EXIT PROGRAM 4 t* *****************************************

After the user level has been selected, the target model

menu is presented. As previously mentioned, users should

select the simplest model to familiarize themselves with

52

the program before continuing with a more complicated target,

since the other models require much more computer time to

simulate. Returning to the simplest model should be repeated

each time a new level is selected so that valuable computer

time is not wasted in the NPDRAW segment experimenting with

new options and commands.

************************************** *

^ BOX 1 ^* *

^ A-7 2 ^it it

t BQM-107 3 t* *

3? SPECIAL (SEE PROF. BALL FOR ^* *

t AUTHORITY FIRST) 4 ^* **************************************

Choice of targets is self-explanatory for 1, 2 or 3. The

Special Target Option, 4, can be used if the correct codename

and required maximum extension are obtained from Professor

Ball. The program will the load and execute NPGEN. At its

conclusion, a summary menu for the printable output which is

self-explanatory will appear.

********************************************* *

I NO SUMMARY 1 %

i SUMMARY AT TERMINAL ONLY 2 %* A

^ SUMMARY AT PRINTER ONLY 3 ^* *

I SUMMARY AT TERMINAL AND PRINTER 4 t* *

% EXIT PROGRAM 5 %* *********************************************

The next segment involves the case and warhead file

selection, and since program flow is dependent on user level.

53

it will be discussed in detail within each of the user level

sections ill ^ III, and IV). At the conclusion of file selection,

the primary program SCANMAIN will be loaded and executed. On

completion of the execution, two summary menus will appear

sequentially for each of the printable output files discussed

in the Introduction (SCANl and SCAN2) . The summary options

are identical in format to those shown above for the NPGEN

program. At this point, the program will either branch to the

final menu if the user is logged on to a non-graphics terminal,

or load and execute NPDRAW prior to branching if a graphics

terminal is being used. The final menu will allow the user

to return to any one of several locations in the package or

to exit the program. The options are as follows:

****************************************

% SELECT NEW USER LEVEL 1 ^

% SELECT NEW TARGET 2 ^* *

t MODIFY MISSILE FILES 3 %* 2t RE -LOAD NPDRAW 4 t* *

% 3-D PLOT PACKAGE 5 ^

^ EXIT PROGRAM 6 t* *****************************************

Option 3, Modify Missile Files, is useful only to the Intermediary

and Experienced levels. When the program executive is exited

correctly, the previously accessed disks and libraries will

be released. In case of a program crash anywhere during the

application, refer to Section V.

54

II. NOVICE LEVEL

A. Introduction

The Novice level is intended to quickly introduce the

new user to the overall application and familiarize him with

the basic capabilities of SCANMAIN and NPDRAW. All non-

selectable options will be automatically set to default values,

and predefined case and warhead files are generated at this

level. In addition to the information already outlined in

Section I, the user is provided with the subsequent guide

for NPGEN and NPDRAW programs.

B. NPGEN Program

This program contains the pre-processing necessary to

set up the target vector file. At the Novice level, the

debugging switches mentioned in Section I are not available

to the user and therefore are set to default values. The

target extension is automatically loaded from the executive

program, and the user is given the choice of selecting

either normal or high density for line drawings as depicted

below.

% *

$ NORMAL DENSITY 1 t

t HIGH DENSITY 2 %* $* ***********************************

At the end of program execution, the user is offered the

option of printed summary.

55

C. NPDRAW Program

Four commands and eight drawing options are made available

through use of Function keys and standard numerical data

input. These functions are purposefully restricted, but are

sufficient to allow the user to understand the primary functions

of NPDRAW and manipulate the more important parameters.

Command MENU

it it

^ DRAW TARGET 1 ^

I SET OPTIONS 2 t

^ LIST AXES 3 $

t EXIT PROGRAM 4 ^* ** ************************************

1. DRAW TARGET is enabled by entering numeric key 1.

It will prompt the user to enter desired values of azimuth,

elevation, and rotation for the display. These angles may

range from to 360 degrees and can be entered in either real

or integer format. An optional value can be entered for

size, but is not required. After the picture has been dis-

played, a special menu will appear. Function keys in this

menu allow the user to increment or decrement the azimuth,

elevation or rotation by a ten degree (default value) factor

without having to re-enter the draw command parameters.

The user may also reset this increment factor to any number

between and 90 degrees or reduce the screen display scale

to one-half, one-third or one-quarter the preset full

screen size.

56

**************************************************** *

t INCREMENT --- (FK) **** DECREMENT --- (FK) t* ** *

% AZIMUTH 1 AZIMUTH 2 ^

t ELEVATION 3 ELEVATION 4 t

J ROTATION 5 ROTATION 6 t* *

^ SCALING 7 SCALING 8 t* *

^ NEW COMMAND 9 RESET INCREMENT 10 ^* ****************************************************

2. SET OPTIONS is enabled by entering numeric key 2.

It will shift. the user from the command mode to the option

mode. The user will be presented a descriptive summary of

current option settings as shown in the example.

"1" - A one follows a component type that is set on

for display. There are two component types, external

and internal.

"0" - A zero follows a component type that is set off

and not to be displayed.

"T" -AT follows an option descriptor that is currently

true.

"F" - An F follows an option descriptor that is currently

false.

Example of Option Setting Display:

CURRENT OPTIONS

"1" = ON "0" = OFF "T" = TRUE "F" = FALSE

EXTERNAL COMPS 1 INTERNAL COMPS ERASE BACK LINES F

SPECIAL OPTIONS OFF T PLOT IMPACTS F DRAW AXES F

57

This describes a display that will plot external target

components without erasing hidden lines and that has no

special options. Following the option setting display, the

option menu will appear.

Option MENU

^ EXTERNAL COMPS * 1 *

t INTERNAL COMPS 2 ** *

% DRAW ALL LINES * 3 *ii it

% REMOVE HIDDEN LINES 4 *

t NO MORE CHANGES 5 t

I S PLOT IMPACTS 6 *

t S DRAW AXES 7 ** $% CANCELL S OPTIONS * 8 *

itititit^itii:k:kitititicieititifkifki(:kititicieititifit^itit:kitit

Items suffixed by an "asterisk (*)" refer to original default

settings when the program is loaded. Items prefixed by an

"S" refer to special options.

a. EXTERNAL COMPS is used to set display for

plotting external components only.

b. INTERNAL COMPS is used to set display for

plotting internal components only.

c. DRAW ALL LINES draws applicable component type

with all vectors found in target file.

d. REMOVE HIDDEN LINES tests each vector for

from user's perspective and erases all hidden

lines before plotting.

58

e. NO MORE CHANGES returns the user to conunand mode.

£. S PLOT IMPACTS enables the plotting of fragment

impacts over the target as calculated by SCANMAIN.

g. S DRAW AXES superimposes an XYZ axes through the

target model center. Tick spacing can be adjusted

through the LIST AXES command,

h. CANCELLS OPTIONS turns off all previously set

special options and returns them to false.

3. LIST AXES is enabled by entering numeric key 3 from

the command menu. This provides the user with the current

XYZ grid extensions, origin, and tick spacing. The user

may adjust the tick space value. The default value is "LO".

4. EXIT PROGRAM is enabled by entering numeric key 4,

This returns the user to the NPSCAN executive program and

provides the final branching menu described in Section I.

59

III. INTERMEDIARY LEVEL

A. Introduction

The Intermediary level provides the user with two extensions

to the application. First and foremost is access to the

case and warhead files. The user can modify and customize

the principle parameters contained in these files interactively.

Second, expanded command and option descriptors are available

for display. The format for data entry is the same as

described for the Novice level. If you have not already run

the application at the Novice level, it is recommended that

you go back and do so before reading on.

B. NPGEN Program

In addition to the choice of line density setting, the

intermediary user has access to a set of debugging switches

which will provide additional line generation statistics

at the end of program execution. The listing of debugging

switches is shown below and is strictly optional.

2 - All prints concerned with line generation

3 - Line generation of bounding planes

4 - Line generation of elliptic cylinders

5 - Line generation of ellipsoids

6 - Line generation of paraboloids

7 - Line generation of elliptic cones

60

8 - Line generation of parabolic cylinders

9 - Line generation of hyperboloid 1

10 - Line generation of hyperboloid 2

11 - Line generation of parobolic hyperboloid

12 - Line generation of hyperbolic bounding planes

13 - Line generation of parabolic bounding planes

14 - Line generation of elliptical bounding planes

16 - Listing of target vectors

19 - Retrieval of components from target array

20 - Maximum extents, optical centers and number oflines for each component

- Null setting no activation takes place

Typing in the integer number representing switch will

activate it. The user will be prompted ten times. However,

if the user wishes only to activate a few switches, these

should be entered first, followed by "0" for all remaining

prompts. Following this, the program will continue with

normal execution. If the user wishes to have a printed

listing concerning a specific component, the component

number is entered as a negative value to distinguish it from

other switches. For example -2002 will turn on all line

generation prints for Quadric No. 2.

C. PRQGl and PRQG2

These two programs provide the intermediary user with

interactive control of the case and warhead data files.

The user will be provided with a file manipulation menu prior

to each file selection.61

-^ USE DEFAULT FILE 1 ^

t USE CUSTOM FILE 2 ^it it

t MODIFY DEFAULT FILE 3 t

t MODIFY CUSTOM FILE 4 ^* **itii***it**ifftitifkitifkitii*ititit*itifkitifititifftiiifii*

1. USE DEFAULT FILE will copy the applicable default

file from disk and load it into SCANMAIN as was done at the

Novice level.

2. USE CUSTOM FILE will copy and load a user defined file

that was previously created and saved under a user defined

name

.

3. MODIFY DEFAULT FILE will copy the applicable default

file and load it into the PROGl or PR0G2 program. The user

will then be given instructions on flipping through the file

parameters and selectively changing or saving current values.

The formats are as follows for the two program Menus.

PROGl (Warhead File) PR0G2 (Case File)********************************* *************************** if ** * *

^ FRAGMENT PARAMETERS 1 * *ALL PARAMETERS 1 ^

t FUZING PARAMETERS 2 t *MISSILE PARAMETERS 2*

t BLAST ENVELOPE PARAMETERS 3 t *PRINT SUMMARY 3 *

it it "^ ^

t PRINT SUMMARY 4 t *EDITING COMPLETE 4 *

t EDITING COMPLETE ^ *I *

********************************* **************************

To assist the user in identifying specific parameters, Tables

A-1 through A-9 are provided in Section V. These include

62

the parameter description, units of measure, and in some

cases a pictorial representation. Once the user has selected

a parameter segment from the particular menu, the current

values from the file will be given in sequence with their

definition and a request to accept the value or change it to

a new value.

***************************

I CHANGE VALUE 1 ^* *

t NO CHANGE 2 t***************************

On completion of one segment of parameters, the user will

be returned to the selection menu to select the next segment,

view a summary of parameters, or exit the program. These

segments can be accessed in any order and as often as desired

until the user is satisfied with all changes. The EDITING

COMPLETE key is final and terminates the program. Therefore,

it is recommended that the user carefully check all values

using the PRINT SUMMARY option first. Once the program is

exited, the user will be given the choice of making a

permanent copy of the modified file on his A-disk. To avoid

confusion, the user should not give it the same name as the

default files, but should select a name that is similar for

easy recall. Also, clear distinction between the filenames

of a case-type file and warhead-type file should be maintained

by the user to prevent inadvertent loading of a customized

case file into the warhead program (PROGl) or vice-versa,

resulting in a system crash.

63

4. MODIFY CUSTOM FILE will load a previously saved file

into the PROGl or PR0G2 programs for further modification,

after checking the validity of the file. The same procedure

described in MODIFY DEFAULT FILE is followed for accessing

and changing parameter values.

D. NPDRAW Program

The intermediary user is provided with eight commands

and fifteen options. The command menu is as follows:

*********************************

I DMW TARGET 1 ** 2^ SET OPTIONS 2 %

t EXIT PROGRAM 3 **

% SET APERTURE 4 *

t HIDDEN LINE LENGTH 5 *

t SET LINE TOLERANCE 6 %* tt SET ANGLE TOLERANCE 7 ** "

^ LIST AXES 8*

* **********************************

1. DRAW TARGET is enabled in the same manner as described

in the Novice level section, however, the type of data to

be input by the user will depend on the options that are

currently set and will be discussed in detail below.

2. SET OPTIONS will transfer the user to the option

mode, provide him with the current listing of option settings,

and present an option menu that is somewhat expanded from the

Novice level.

64

Option MENU (Intermediary)

A A ^

IEXTERNAL COMPS 1

|CARTESIAN COORDS 9 ^

t INTERNAL COMPS 2 t SPHERICAL COORS 10 f

IDRAW ALL LINES 3 ****SPECIAL OPTIONS********!

I^RASE HIDDEN LINES 4

|S DRAW WITH DOTS 11 f

IOPTICAL CENTER 5

|S PLOT IMPACTS 12 I

IEXPLICIT CENTER 6 I S DRAW AXES 13 |

IPARALLEL PROJ 7

|CANCELL S OPTIONS 14 I

IPERSPECTIVE PROJ 8

|NO MORE CHANGES 15 I

********** *****-kiticic****i:it***i:it*i:i:f:*it***it***iiiiis*it*it**it**

"0", "1", "T", and "F" have the same significance as

with the Novice level. "2" signifies the applicable component

type is set on and to be displayed with dots vice interconnected

vectors. Options 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14 and 15 are the same

as described in the Novice level. Only the new options will

be discussed in this section.

a. OPTICAL CENTER is the default setting and places

the display center or origin in the center of the

target.

b. EXPLICIT CENTER allows the user to specify the

XYZ center of the plot during picture sequences.

c. PARALLEL PROJ is the default projection option

and displays the target at optimum viewing

distance from the viewer so that it fills the

full screen on each projection. This can be

overridden by the user during a picture sequence

65

in two ways; by specifying the optional size

parameter, or by changing the screen scaling.

When set, this option will result in user prompts

for azimuth, elevation and rotation.

d. PERSPECTIVE PROJ requires the user to specify

the range in addition to the azimuth, elevation,

and rotation.

e. SPHERICAL COORDS is the default setting and is

applicable with either of the two previously

mentioned options.

f. CARTESIAN COORDS overrides the three previous

options and requires the user to provide XYZ

viewer coordinates prior to the picture

sequence. Rotation and optional size remain

in effect.

g. DRAW WITH DOTS will set the component type to

"2" and display the components with dots instead

of the normal vectors. The spacing of dots will

depend on the line segment setting and is

normally more time consuming to draw.

3. SET APERTURE command displays the current viewing

aperture and allows the user to reset this value. The

default setting is ten degrees. For rectangular plotting

surfaces it is mapped to the full length of the smaller side.

66

4. HIDDEN LINE LENGTH displays the current maximum

length of a line segment to be drawn or removed based on

the visibility of its midpoint. The default value is 10.0

inches and can be reset by the user.

5. SET LINE TOLERANCE displays the current scale factor

for hidden line removal and prevents adjacent surfaces or

far side open surfaces from being eliminated during hidden

line removal. The default value is 0.500 and can be reset

by the user.

6. SET ANGLE TOLERANCE displays the minimum angular

limit for hidden line removal and is used to check line

segments of quadric surfaces only if the angle between the

line of sight and surface normal is greater than this

limit. The default value is 98 degrees and can be reset by

the user.

7. EXIT PROGRAM and LIST AXES commands are the same

as those described in Section II.

67

IV. EXPERIENCED LEVEL

A. Introduction

The experienced level provides the user with the full

range of commands and options available. Program control

is achieved by function keys, numerical data entry, and a

more flexible set of typed commands in the NPDRAW program.

The manipulation of case and warhead files is done by the

direct Xedit feature built into the control executive.

Therefore, normal Xedit commands used with the CP/CMS

system are fully usable. Care must be taken when making

changes to files to ensure that integers are right justified

and placed in the correct columns. Tables A-1 through

A-9 provide all the necessary information to assist the

user with this segment of the package. NPGEN features

are identical to those described at the intermediary

level

.

B. Listing of Abbreviations

The following listing of abbreviations is to be used

in conjunction with the examples given to describe each

of the experienced level commands in NPDRAW. All values

are free format.

68

Abbreviation Description

AZ Azimuth value in degrees

EL Elevation value in degrees

ROT Rotation value in degrees

R Range value used with sphericalcoordinates

SZ Size extension given as an optionalparameter

SN Debugging switch ID number

XC,YC,ZC XYZ coordinates for center of plot

XV,YV,ZV XYZ coordinates for viewer location

XL,YL,ZL XYZ extensions from the origin

NV New value entered by user to replacea default value

FR# Number of frames used in a SCENEsequence

D** D preceeding any other parameterrepresents an incremental change inthat parameter

CT Component type; examples are B(OX),Q(UADRIC), P(OLYGON)

CN Component identification number

TS Tick spacing value for axes drawing

T Viewing time in a SCENE command

C. NPDRAW Program

The commands available to the user are described in the

subsequent paragraphs. They are shown in upper-case leters

with their optional parts in parenthesis.

69

1. EN(D) terminates the execution of NPDRAW and

returns control to the executive program.

2. P(ICTURE) is the basic drawing command and may be

used alone or with numeric parameters as illustrated in

the examples. If typed without parameters, the appropriate

prompts will be given to the user interactively.

Example 1: P AZ^ EL ROT (SZ)

Current option setting; parallel projection; spherical

coordinates; optical center.

Example 2: P R AZ EL ROT (SZ)

Current option setting; perspective projection; spherical

coordinates; optical center.

Example 3: PXVYVZVXCYCZ_C ROT (SZ)

Current option setting; cartesian coordinates; explicit

center.

3. SC(ENE) allows the user to view a sequence of frames

and can be set like PICTURE in a variety of ways dependent

on current options. Prior to initializing the first SCENE

command, FRAMECOUNT must be typed in. Following this,

SCENE is initialized by typing it in alone or with the

appropriate numerical parameters. Next, type in FRAMECOUNT 1,

after which another SCENE command or a STEP command must be

used. If followed by SCENE, the program will display the

initial scene followed by the user specified number of frames

in sequence up to and including the final scene specified

70

in the second SCENE command. Alternatively if STEP is used,

the program will display the initial scene followed by the

user specified number of frames in sequence, with each frame

varying by some specified parameter change (s). See examples

for clarification.

Example 1 (Using Scene command twice)

:

FR

SC T R AZ EL ROT (SZ)

FR 1

SC FR#_ R AZ EL ROT (SZ)

Current option setting; cartesian coordinates; optical

center.

Example 2 (Using Scene command twice)

:

FR

SC T XV YV ZV ROT (SZ_)

FR 1

SC FR# XV YV ZV ROT (SZ)


center.

Example 3 (Using Scene and Step command)

:

FR

SC T XV YV ZV ROT (SZ_)

FR 1

ST FRJ DXV DYZ DZV DXC DYC DZC DROT DSZ


center.

71

Any one or more numerical parameters may be varied in the

STEP command, but all must be specified.

4. SY(STEM) or SU(BSYSTEM) allows the user to specify

a list of components and display them as an independent sub-

system. To create the list the user must specify those

components by type and component number following the

command, as illustrated in subsequent examples. If the

command is typed without a listing of parameters, it will

display the currently defined subsystem list if one exists.

Example: SY CT CN CT CNl CN2_, etc.

CT and CN must correspond to existing component types and

identification numbers in the current target being simulated

5. AX(ES) allows the user to either display the

current origin, extensions, and tick increments, or change

them accordingly. To actually view the axes, the AXIS

option must first be set to true before using the P(ICTURE)

or SC(ENE) command.

Example: AXTSXCYCZCXLYLZL

To change the' current setting from:

CENTER AT 0.0 0.0 0.0

LENGTH 50.0 50.0 10.0

TICK SPACE 1.0

to the following;

CENTER 5.0 5.0 0.0

LENGTH 100.0 100.0 10.0

TICK SPACE 5.0

72

the user would type in:

AX _5 _5 5^ 100 1^

6. D(EBUG) allows the user to set a variety of debug

switches similar to those discussed in NPGEN when working

with a new target model. The swtiches are set by entering

the integer number representing the switch following the

command. Typing the command alone will provide a listing

of the current switches. Useful switches available to the

user are as follows:

Switch Description

1 Command text analysis.

15 Trace of target line data as it is read.

17 Hidden line removal, line segment generation.

18 Hidden line removal, hidden algorithm results

19 Hidden line removal, component retrieval.

21 Cross section intermediate results.

25 Axes intermediate results.

Example: D SN will output DEBUGGING SWITCHES SN and

will list the results prior to the next graphics display.

7. O(PTION) is the most versatile command in this

grouping and allows the user to reset any one or more of

twenty-four different option parameters. The parameter (s)

is typed in after the command O(PTION) and is followed by

a descriptive summary of the current option settings.

Available options to the experienced user are listed below:

73

Parameter Description

EXTL Draw external components with lines.

EXTD Draw external components with dots.

NOEX Do not draw external components,

INTL Draw internal components with lines.

INTD Draw internal components with dots,

NOI Do not draw internal components,

DR Draw all vectors in target file,

HI Remove vectors hidden from viewerperspective.

CTRO Optical center of target = centerof plot,

CTRE User specified center = center ofplot,

NOP Generate parallel projection

P Generate perspective projection.

SP Viewer position given in sphericalcoordinates with 3-D plot center asorigin,

CA Viewer position given in targetmodel coordinate system,

NOS Cancels all special plot options.

Special Options

AX Draw cartesian axes through targetmodel

.

SU Draw user defined component system

DO Draw user defined system using dots.

MSKI Save the current frame and storein file 35,

74

Parameter Description

MSKD Draw the previously saved rame.

IM Plot impacts generated by SCANMAIN.

NOEJ Inhibits normal screen erasureallowing multiple pictures on sameframe.

EXP Generates exploded view above centerof plot.

X Draw a cross-sectional view bypassing a plane through the targetmodel

.

Example: HI_ AX IM will set the drawing for hidden line

removal and superimpose a cartesian axis and generated impacts

over the target model.

8. AP(ERTURE) is used to display or reset the aperture

setting as described in the intermediary level. It can be

typed in alone to display the current setting or with a new

value.

9. HLCENGTH) is used to display or reset the incremental

length for hidden line removal.

10. HTL is used to display or reset the scale factor

for hidden line removal.

11. HTA is used to display or reset the angular limit

factor for hidden line removal.

12. EJ(ECT) allows the user to advance a frame when in

multiple picture mode.

13. HE(LP) allows the user to list a descriptive summary

of each of the above commands. Typed in alone it will simply

75

recopy the complete list of available commands already given.

Followed by a specific command, it will provide the user with

instructions about using that command.

Example: HE will provide the user with information on

the O(PTION) command.

76

V. TROUBLE SHOOTING

A. Principle Parameter Tables for Case and Warhead Files

These tables provide a detailed listing of all case/warhead

file parameters together with descriptive and pictorial

information to assist the intermediary and experienced level

users

.

B. Common System Difficulties

When working with a complex application, it is easy to

make errors. Errors can result in program diagnostics with

standard fix-up, system diagnostic with program crash or

worse, an application crash. This brief section will attempt

to describe some of the more common pitfalls to avoid when

using NPSCAN.

1. The SCAN password is incorrectly typed and an improper

access occurs. The program will malfunction during the

application. The user must exit with the first EXIT PROGRAM

function key and restart the application.

2. Insufficient storage space is available because the

system is too busy. The user must exit the program at the

next menu block containing an EXIT PROGRAM function key.

3. User inputs a non-existent function key number. A

diagnostic will appear and return the user to reselect a

correct function key.

77

4. The user inputs a letter or a real number when an

integer function key is required. The program will crash.

If the user is returned to CMS, immediately type in the command

CLERE to release the previously accessed disks and libraries

before restarting the program. If the user is returned to

the control executive, exit the program at the next menu

block and restart.

5. User inputs an integer when a real is expected or a

real when an integer is expected during a numeric data entry

sequence. Standard fix-up will be taken and the program will

continue. Problems in 4 and 5 can b easily avoided if the

user slows down and checks each entry before hitting the

ENTER key.

6. System incorrectly accesses disk space; program

will malfunction during the application. This has been

known to happen on rare occasions, and the user should always

make use of the Query Disk function key provided at the

beginning of the application. If the following two entries

are not as shown below, he should exit the program and

restart.

BALL 192 B R/0 8 3330 1024 (Additional numericinformation)

TEMP 193 C R/W 10 3350 1024 (Additional numericinformation)

7. Numeric data is incorrectly formatted while using

NPDRAW commands. Diagnostic appears and the user reinstates

the command procedure correctly.

78

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APPENDIX D

DEFAULT WARHEAD AND CASE FILES

The following outline describes the default Case and

Warhead Data files that are provided for use with the NPS

version of SCAN:

1. CASE DATA - Encounter Geometry Summary.

Trajectory Type 1: Fixed detonation point measured fromtarget CG.

Detonation Point: X = 35.0 feet aft of CG

Y = 0.0 feet centered on CG.

Z = 25.0 feet above CG.

Number of runs in Sample 5:

Target Parameters: Velocity .1000.0 feet/sec

Roll Angle 0.0 degrees

Pitch Angle 0.0 degrees

Your Angle 0.0 degrees

Sideslip 0.0 degrees

Angle of Attack 0.0 degrees

Missile Parameters Velocity 2000.0 feet/sec

Pitch Angle 0.0 degrees

Azimuth 0.0 degrees

Aimpoint Target CG

Angle of Attack 5.0 degrees

Sideslip 0.0 degrees

Encounter Altitude 10,000 feet

145

2. WARHEAD DATA - Fragment, Fuzing and Blast Envelope Summary

a. Fragment Parameters

Number of Polar Zones 3

Number of Mass Classes 1

Polar Zone Number 1

Limiting Angles 50-60 degrees

Upper/Lower Velocity of Fragments 5000 ft/sec

Fragment Mass 100 grains

Fragment Number 2000

Fragment Initial Position from Center 5.0 feet

Fragment Material Mild steel

Fragment Shape Rectangular

Polar Zone Number 2





Fragment Initial Position from Center 2.5 feet

Fragment Material Mild Steel


Polar Zone Number 3





146

Fragment Initial Position from Center 0.0

Fragment Material Mild Steel


b. Fuzing Parameters

Fuze Type

Fuze Position 3.5 feet

Fuze Delay 0.0 seconds

Fuze Look Angle 75.0 degrees

Fuze Cut-off Range 25.0 feet

Radius of Missile Body 1.0 feet

Nose of Missile 5 feet in front of warhead

c. Blast Envelope

Fuselage blast radius 20.0 feet

Wing blast radius 25.0 feet

Cylinder length forward of CG 20.0 feet

Cylinder length aft of CG 20.0 feet

Starting point of wing cylinder 2.5 0.0 1.5

Endpoint of wing cylinder 20.0 5.0 1.5

147

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Weapons Evaluation Department, Pacific Missile TestCenter Publication, SCAN, A Computer Program forSurvivability Analysis, Volume I. User Manual , July 1976

2. Directorate of Mission Analysis, Deputy for DevelopmentPlanning Publication, SCAN, A Computer Program forSurvivability Analysis, Volume II. Analyst Manual ,

May 1981.

3. Fair, C. K. , A Comparison of Computer Warhead - TargetEndgame Simulations and Recommendations Pertaining toFuture Endgame Programs , M. S. Thesis , Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, California, June 1981.

4. Hayes, T. M. , The Installation of Computer Graphics forSurvivability Studies and Discussion of PK/D Functions^M. S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,California, June 1981.

5. Ball, R. E. , Notes on Warhead Lethality,presented on

course AE-3702 at Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,California, March 1981.

6. Parr, J. E. , Attack vs. SCAN: A Comparison of EndgameAircraft Survivability Computer Programs , M.S. Thesis,Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey^ California, 1980.

7. Mozeico, H. , A Human/Computer Interface to AccommodateUser Learning Stages , February 1982.

148

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies

1. Defense Technical Information Center 2

Cameron StationAlexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Library, Code 0142 2


3. Department Chairman, Code 67 1

Department of AeronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

4. Professor R. E. Ball, Code 67Bp 4

Department of AeronauticsNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

5. Pat Caulfield 1

AFATL/DOYDEglin Air Force Base, Florida 32542

6. Commander, Naval Weapons Center 1

Attn: Ken Grant, Code 3386China Lake, California 93555

7. Bruce Nofrey, Code 1245 1

Pacific Missile Test CenterPoint Mugu, California 93042

8. Director Ammunition Maintenance Engineering 1

National Defence HeadquartersOttawa, Ontario KIA 2A0

9. Director Professional Education and 1

DevelopmentNational Defence HeadquartersOttawa, Ontario KIA 2A0

10. Captan J. P. Fourny 1

176 Monterey DriveNepean, Ontario

149

11. Mr. Dale AtkinsonAIR - S164Naval Air Systems CommandWashington, DC 20361

12. Combat Data Information CenterAFWAL/FIES/CDICWright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433

150

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