experiment on food industry: making of casein glue

8/21/2019 Experiment on Food Industry: Making of Casein Glue

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Lumio, Vendith R.

BS ChE – 4

March 20, 2015

ChE 4202

Making Glue from Milk (Casein Glue) Activity on Food and Food By-Products Industry

I. Introduction

Adhesives

An adhesie is a materia! used "or ho!din# t$o sur"aces

to#ether. An adhesie must $et the sur"aces, adhere to the

sur"aces, dee!o% stren#th a"ter it has &een a%%!ied, and

remain sta&!e.

Adhesion is a s%eci"ic inter"acia! %henomenon. 'here are

three main theories o" adhesion( adsor%tion, e!ectrica! and

di""usion. A!! %ro&a&!) a%%!) to most adhesies.

Sur"ace %re%aration &e"ore a%%!)in# the adhesie is o"

%rime im%ortance.

'he ra$ materia!s "or adhesies are main!) %o!)meric

materia!s, &oth natura!!) occurrin# and s)nthetic.

A use"u! $a) to c!assi") adhesies is &) the $a) the)

react chemica!!) a"ter the) hae &een a%%!ied to the sur"aces

to &e *oined. 'here is a hu#e ran#e o" adhesies, and one

a%%ro%riate "or the materia!s &ein# *oined must &e chosen.

Natural Adhesive Raw Material Types

a) Starch and dextrin

'hese materia!s are deried "rom cerea!s or roots such

as corn, $heat, ta%ioca, so#o, etc. 'he &asic constituent is

%o!)saccharide $hich on h)dro!)sis )ie!ds !on# chain #!ucose

units.

Variations can occur $ith the use o" di""erent "ood

materia!s and $ith chan#es in h)dro!)sis methods.

'he main use "or these adhesies is the %a%er industr)

$here the) are used in mu!ti$a!! &a#s, corru#ated %a%er etc.

+etrin $hich is dr) roasted starch is used in remoistena&!e

adhesies.


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b) Gelatine (animal, fish, vegetable glues)

'here is a $ide ran#e o" %roducts inc!uded in this

oera!! cate#or). -enera!!) the) are a!! %roteins $hich are

deried "rom the h)dro!)sis o" either co!!a#en or so)a

"!our, or &) se%aratin# casein "rom sim mi!.

• Anima! #!ues "rom &ones and hides are used in #ummed

ta%e, teti!es and the %a%er industr) such as &oo/

&indin# and case main#.

• ish #!ues manu"actured "rom sins hae &een used in

ru&&er #aset to stee! &ondin#, %a%er to stee! etc.

• Caseins "rom sim mi! are used main!) in $ood to $ood

&onds.

• So)a &ean #!ues are used in %a%er &acs.

• B!ood #!ues are main!) used in eneerin# and %!)$ood

Casein Glue

'he use o" casein in the #!uin# o" $ood is re%orted to

&e a er) ancient art. Euro%ean cra"tsmen a%%arent!)

understood a method o" #!uin# $ith a crude casein %ossi&!)

the curd o" soured mi! mied $ith uic !ime3 in the Midd!e

A#es, and the art continued in a sma!! $a) to modern times.

'he manu"acture o" casein #!ue as a se%arate industr),

ho$eer, seems to hae started in S$iter!and or -erman) in

the nineteenth centur). n the 6nited States casein #!ues

$ere used on!) to a er) !imited etent unti! a&out 1718 or

1719, $hen the need "or a $ater/resistant #!ue "or the

construction o" mi!itar) aircra"t sudden!) aroused interest

in casein #!ue and %rom%t!) !ed to its etended %roduction

and use.

or some %ur%oses, the %rinci%a! reuirements o" a

casein #!ue are $ater and mo!d resistance com&ined $ith

satis"actor) dr) stren#ths. or other %ur%oses, ho$eer, it

is sometimes desira&!e to "ormu!ate the casein #!ue to

%roduce one that %ossesses other desira&!e characteristics,

such as chea%ness, !o$ stainin# tendencies, !on# $orin#

!i"e, hi#h dr) stren#th, or #ood s%readin# characteristics,

een at some sacri"ice o" $ater resistance. 'he #!ue user

has aai!a&!e, there"ore, a ariet) o" casein #!ues o"

di""erent %ro%erties "rom $hich he ma) choose accordin# to

his needs.


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() !reci!itation of t"e casein

(#) $as"ing t"e curd to remove t"eacid and ot"er im!urities

(%) !ressing t"e dam! curd& $ra!!ed inclot"& to remove most of t"e $ater

(') drying t"e curd

() grinding it to a !o$der

Manufacture of Casein

'he %rinci%a! in#redient o" casein #!ue is casein,

$hich is the chie" %rotein constituent o" mi!. :hen mi!

&ecomes sour, it se%arates into curd and $he). 'he curd,

$hen $ashed and dried, is the casein o" commerce. :hen made

in this $a), it is no$n as se!"/soured or natura!!) soured

casein. Casein is a!so %reci%itated &) minera! acids, such

as h)droch!oric or su!"uric, and &) rennet. n %re%arin# the

#!ue, caseins %reci%itated &) the di""erent methods $i!!

reuire di""erent amounts o" $ater to %roduce so!utions o"

simi!ar iscosit). Satis"actor) #!ues, ho$eer, can &e

%roduced "rom caseins %reci%itated &) an) o" these methods

%roided the casein is o" #ood ua!it).

'he startin# %oint in the manu"acture o" casein is sim

mi!, that is, $ho!e mi! "rom $hich the "at has &eenremoed in the "orm o" cream. 'he "o!!o$in# are the usua!

ste%s in the manu"acturin# %rocess(


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'he care $ith $hich these arious ste%s are carried out

determines the ua!it) o" the "inished %roduct.

t has &een "ound that casein o" the er) hi#hest #rade

is not essentia! "or #!uemain#. t does not "o!!o$,

ho$eer, that a decided!) in"erior casein $i!! )ie!d a hi#h/#rade #!ue; "or instance, moth in"ection ma) a!ter the

%ro%erties o" casein to such an etent that $ater/resistant

#!ues cannot &e %re%ared "rom the in"ected materia!. A

casein suita&!e "or #!uemain# shou!d hae a !o$ "at and

acid content, shou!d &e "ree "rom &urnt or disco!ored

%artic!es, sour odor, !arae, ma##ots, and other etraneous

anima! matter; and it shou!d &e #round "ine enou#h to %ass

throu#h a 20/mesh siee.

Formulation of Casein Glues

'he %rinci%a! in#redients o" a casein #!ue are casein,

$ater, h)drated !ime, and sodium h)droide. A #!ue can &e

%re%ared $ith casein, $ater, and h)drated !ime. A %ro%er!)

%ro%ortioned miture o" these three su&stances $i!! #ie a

#!ue o" hi#h $ater resistance, &ut its $orin# !i"e $i!! &e

er) short. A #!ue can a!so &e %re%ared o" casein, $ater,

and sodium h)droide. :hen %ro%er!) %re%ared such a #!ue

$i!! hae ece!!ent dr) stren#th and a !on# $orin# !i"e,

&ut it $i!! not &e $ater/resistant in the sense ordinari!)

a%%!ied to casein #!ues. B) ad*ustin# the %ro%ortions o"sodium h)droide and !ime, #!ues o" hi#h $ater resistance

and conenient $orin# !i"e ma) &e o&tained.

-!ues containin# sodium h)droide, h)drated !ime, and

casein are suita&!e "or $et/mi #!ues on!). 'he h)#rosco%ic

%ro%erties o" sodium h)droide %reent storin# a casein #!ue

containin# it $ithout dan#er o" decom%osition. 'he a!a!i

can &e introduced in an indirect manner, ho$eer, so that

the casein can &e mied $ith a!! the necessar) in#redients,

ece%t $ater, in the "orm o" a dr) %o$der that can &e

hand!ed and stored conenient!).


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!ime o" the casein $hen the miture is e%t dr). 'he sodium

sa!t ma) &e, "or eam%!e, sodium oa!ate, sodium tartrate,

sodium citrate, sodium sa!ic)!ate, sodium %hos%hate, sodium

su!"ite, sodium "!uoride, sodium arsenate, sodium arsenite,

or sodium stannate.

'o im%roe resistance to deterioration caused &) mo!ds

or other microor#anisms, %reseraties such as co%%er sa!ts,

mercur) sa!ts, or the ch!orinated %heno!s or their sodium

sa!ts are sometimes added to casein #!ues. Amounts o"

ch!orinated %heno!s in the nei#h&orhood o" 5 %ercent o" the

$ei#ht o" the casein $i!! o"ten resu!t in mared im%roement

in mo!d resistance $ithout serious!) a""ectin# the $orin#

%ro%erties o" the casein #!ue.

Characteristics of Casein Glues

a) Dry Strenth

Casein #!ue %roduces *oints in !o$/and medium/densit)

s%ecies that are as stron# or stron#er than the $ood

itse!" in shear. :ith some o" the denser s%ecies casein

#!ue does not dee!o% er) hi#h $ood "ai!ures $hen the

*oints are tested in shear. or eam%!e, $hen test &!ocs

o" hard ma%!e #!ued to#ether $ith #rain runnin# %ara!!e!

are tested in shear AS'M method +' 95/473, a #!uestren#th o" 2,200 to more than =,000 %ounds %er suare

inch is usua!!) o&tained, and the "ai!ure is #enera!!)

more in the #!ue than in the $ood. :ith a !o$/densit)

$ood such as Sita s%ruce, on the other hand, the "ai!ure

is #enera!!) a!most 100 %ercent in the $ood $hen

simi!ar!) tested. S%eci"ications "or casein #!ues reuire

*oint test a!ues o" 2,>00 %ounds %er suare inch in hard

ma%!e.

?oints in $e!!/made three/%!) %ane!s o" 1@18/inch&irch eneer o"ten test in ecess o" 400 %ounds %er

suare inch, and a common s%eci"ication reuirement "or

these %ane!s is =40 %ounds %er suare inch.

!) "ater Resistance


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Casein/#!ue *oints are $ater resistant &ut not

$ater%roo". :hen $et, the $ater/resistant casein/#!ue

*oints are stron#er than $et e#eta&!e/or anima!/#!ue

*oints &ut not as stron# as $e!!/made %heno!/or

resorcino!/resin/#!ue *oints or *oints made $ith

unetended urea/resin #!ues. A"ter &ein# soaed "or 4>

hours, in $ater at room tem%eratures, casein/#!ue *oints

in %!)$ood common!) sho$ $ettest a!ues eua! to some 40

to 80 %ercent o" their dr)/test a!ues. Casein/#!ue

*oints $i!! $ithstand occasiona! soain#, &ut i"

re%eated!) soaed and dried the) $i!! "ina!!) "ai!.

c) Mold Resistance

" casein/#!ue *oints are e%osed "or %ro!on#ed

%eriods to conditions that are "aora&!e to the #ro$th o"mo!ds or other micro/or#anisms, the) $i!! "ai! in time.

'he resistance to attac &) mo!ds can &e increased &) the

addition o" %reseraties such as the ch!orinated

%heno!s, &eta/na%htho!, or %hen)! mercur) o!eate. 'he

co%%er sa!ts in "ormu!a 11 %ro&a&!) act to inhi&it the

dee!o%ment o" micro/or#anisms. 'ests hae &een dee!o%ed

to ea!uate the e""ectieness o" %reseraties in casein

#!ues, and these tests hae &een incor%orated in

s%eci"ications "or mo!d/resistant casein #!ues.

:hi!e the addition o" suita&!e %reseraties

increases the resistance o" casein #!ues to micro/

or#anisms, no casein/#!ue "ormu!a has &een dee!o%ed that

is com%!ete!) %roo" a#ainst destruction &) these a#ents.

Casein/#!ue *oints can &e e%ected to %roe

%ermanent!) dura&!e, there"ore, on!) i" the moisture

content o" the $ood does not eceed a&out 1> to 20

%ercent "or %ro!on#ed or re%eated %eriods.

d) #ardness

'here has &een some com%!aint a&out the hardness o"

casein #!ues. A!! #!ues are hard to a certain de#ree and

thus a""ect nies and sa$s. Casein #!ues, ho$eer, seem

to &e a !itt!e more o&*ectiona&!e than the others in this

res%ect. o entire!) satis"actor) method o" oercomin#


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this di""icu!t) is no$n to the orest roducts

La&orator). t $i!! %ro&a&!) &e he!%"u!, $hen miin# #!ue

"rom the ra$ in#redients, to discard the !ast "e$ dro%s

o" the !ime/$ater miture. :heneer it is %ractica! to

trim %ane!s &e"ore the #!ue has dried and hardened, the

$ear on the too!s ma) thus &e !essened. n some cases it

ma) &e "ound %ossi&!e to use too!s made o" harder stee!.

Reducin# the amount o" !ime in $ater/resistant #!ues is

he!%"u!, &ut at the same time the $ater resistance is

!o$ered.

e) Stainin

A!! stron#!) a!a!ine #!ues $i!! stain certain

s%ecies o" $ood. Casein #!ues, !ie other #!ues that are

made $ith considera&!e caustic soda, $i!! disco!or the$ood o" oa, ma%!e, and some other s%ecies. 'he

disco!oration a%%ears a!on# the #!ue !ine and on the

"aces o" the %ane!s $here the #!ue or the a!a!i "rom it

has %enetrated.

Ver) thin "aces $i!! stain more uic!) than "aces

made $ith thicer eneer. 'o !eae %ane!s under %ressure

"or an unnecessari!) !on# time is to encoura#e stainin#.

" the %ane!s are %ressed "or as short a %eriod as is

sa"e, and then se%arated on sticers and dried at once,the tendenc) to stain $i!! &e checed.

" the !um&er is dr) and the eneer $e!! redried, the

tendenc) to stain $i!! &e reduced. 'he use o" dr)

a&sor&ent cau!s &et$een the "aces o" ad*acent %ane!s

shou!d a!so he!%. A thin #!ue $i!! %enetrate "urther and

is !ie!) to cause stainin#.

" a stain has a%%eared, it can &e remoed &)

s%on#in# $ith a so!ution o" 1 ounce o" oa!ic acid ina&out 12 ounces o" $ater. " this is not entire!)

e""ectie, it ma) he!% to s%on#e the s%ot "irst $ith a

so!ution o" 1 ounce o" sodium su!"ite in 12 ounces o"

$ater, and then, $hi!e the $ood is sti!! moist, $ith the

oa!ic/acid so!ution. 'he oa!ic acid shou!d &e care"u!!)

$ashed o"" a"ter remoin# the stain, as its %resence


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mi#ht inter"ere $ith su&seuent $ood/"inishin# %rocesses.

Since oa!ic acid is %oisonous i" taen interna!!), it

shou!d &e used $ith care.

f) Storae

+r) casein and casein #!ue in %o$der "orm $i!! ee%

"or a !on# time i" stored under %ro%er conditions. 'he)

shou!d &e e%t in a coo!, dr) %!ace &ecause heat and

moisture cause them to deteriorate. t is a!so adisa&!e

to store them in ti#ht containers so that the) cannot

&ecome in"ested $ith moths.

#ome$made Casein Glue

Casein #!ue is a t)%e o" adhesie made "rom mi!

%rotein. 'he #!ue is no$n to &e er) stron# oer a !on#

%eriod o" time and is hi#h!) resistant to $ater. t has a

dr)in# time that a!!o$s enou#h time "or %ieces to &e

%ositioned accurate!). t taes a !on# time "or the #!ue to

%ro%er!) cure and harden. 'he %rocess o" creatin# this #!ue

is near!) identica! to that o" main# cheese and can easi!)

&e %er"ormed at home.

:hi!e casein #!ue can &e %urchased commercia!!), it

a!so can &e made at home $ith simi!ar resu!ts. 'he %rocessino!es heatin# mi! and then addin# an acid such

as ine#ar to se%arate the curds "rom the $he). 'he curds

are taen out o" the ecreted !iuid and mied $ith &ain#

soda to neutra!ie the acid. 'he remainin# !iuid "rom the

curds is remoed &) %ressin# them under a hea) $ei#ht. 'he

"ina! resu!t is a $hite %aste/!ie su&stance that $i!!

&ecome a %o$er"u! adhesie $hen dr).

" one is main# casein #!ue at home, it shou!d &e

noted that the "at content o" the mi! %!a)s a %art in thestren#th o" the #!ue. Mi! that has a hi#h "at content, such

as $ho!e mi!, $i!! %roduce $eaer #!ue than non/"at and

!o$/"at mi!s. 'his is &ecause the "at in the mi! %reents

the casein "rom %o!)meriin#.

II. *+ective

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9/15

'o mae a #!ue "rom simmed mi!.

III. Materials , ui!ment

Beaer, ot %!ate, Strainer, S%oon, Simmed Mi!, Vine#ar,

Bain# Soda

I/. Procedure

1. re%are the materia!s needed.

2. our 125 m! o" simmed mi! into a &eaer. eat this on a

stoe at 120DC 250D3. Let it $arm, &ut not &oi!.


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=. Add a ta&!es%oon o" ine#ar, and stir the

miture. Continue stirrin# een $hen so!id c!um%s o"

materia! "orm on the sur"ace.


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4. our the miture throu#h the strainer. 6se the s%oon to

%ress the c!um%s throu#h the strainer, and re!ease the

!iuid.

5. Remoe the materia! "rom the strainer, and %!ace it &ac

in the &eaer on the stoe. Add 50 m! $ater and a

ta&!es%oon o" &ain# soda to the !iuid.


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8. A casein materia! $i!! &e#in to &u&&!e. :hen this sto%s,

use the !e"toer !iuid as #!ue.

/. 0esults& *servation and Analysis

Casein is a mi!/deried %rotein. Casein adhesies can

&e made $ater or non/$ater resistant. 'he) hae !on# dr)in#

%eriod &ut it dries stron#er oer a !on# %eriod o" time.

n this actiit), $e %er"ormed a sma!!/sca!e or a home/

made %rocess o" main# casein #!ue "rom mi!. n a &eaer,

$e heated the mi! and add ine#ar. n this actiit), $e

used a non/"at mi! &ecause "at content in mi! a""ects the

stren#th o" the #!ue. 'he "at content %reents the casein

"rom %o!)meriin#. 'he ine#ar acts as the acid to

"aci!itate the se%aration o" curds "rom $he). 'he curds

contains the casein %rotein thus $e se%arate it "rom the

!iuid usin# a strainer. 'hen, $e neutra!ie the curds &)

addin# &ain# soda. ina!!), the remainin# !iuid a"ter the

&u&&!in# $as the casein #!ue.

'he recoered !iuid $as not s!im) or %ast) !ie other

adhesies. n the e%eriment, $e had t$o tria!s. 'he "irst

&atch "ai!ed due to oerheatin#. A"ter &u&&!in#, the !iuid

$as a!!o$ed to sta) !on#er in the stoe and the resu!tin#

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/caseinhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/casein


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%roduct is a &urnt #!ue. 'he second &atch $as a success.

A"ter &u&&!in#, $e immediate!) remoed it "rom the stoe.

Trial % &'urnt or (vercooed Glue)

Trial * &'u!!lin due to addition of !ain soda)

'he "ina! !iuid "rom the tria! 2 $as then su&*ected to

testin#. t $as a%%!ied to a %a%er and !et it dr). Since the


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casein #!ue has a !on# %eriod o" dr)in#, to s%eed u% the

dr)in# o" the #!ue, the %a%er $as heated in the stoe.

Applyin of the lue in a paper for testin

'he resu!t $as a hard &indin# o" the t$o sur"aces,

there"ore the resu!tin# !iuid can &e an adhesie.

From Raw Material &Mil) to +roduct &Glue)

/I. Conclusion

n conc!usion, the !a&/sca!ed %rocess o" main# #!ue

"rom mi! de%icts the !ar#e/sca!ed %rocess in the industr)

o" manu"acturin# casein #!ue. 'he resu!tin# #!ue is not the

usua! %aste/!ie teture &ut is more o" a !iuid #!ue. But

%roidin# enou#h time to dr) $hen a%%!ied to a sur"ace,

resu!ts into a Stron# &ond.

'his e%eriment $as connected to the "ood and "ood &)/

%roduct industr) &ecause natura! adhesies are &)/%roducts


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o" "ood. Casein #!ue is "rom the %rotein in mi!, casein,

$hich is a resu!t "rom the sourin# o" mi!.

/II. 0eferences

1Casein -!ues( 'heir Manu"acture, re%aration, and A%%!ication,

6. S. orest Serice, Research ote L015>, March 1789

FAdhesies, an introductor) !ecture #ien &)

experiment on food industry: making of casein glue

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