ExperimentalEquipment forMedical EducationUniversities | Colleges | Medical Schools Medical and Med-Technical Training

Ultrasound in Medicine

Educationcan be FUN!

Devices and accessories especially for medical education in:

UniversitiesColleges and medical schoolsMedical and med-technical training

All relevant topics according to ultrasound in comprehensive combinations

Not only theory but hands-on experiments and exercises for future physicians and health personnel

Experiments created based on long-time experience in student education

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WELCOME TO GAMPT

www.gampt.de

Ultrasonic echoscopesUltrasonic measurement systems designed for use in education and experimental labsTwo transmitter/receiver connections for ultrasonic single-element sensorsOperation in reflection or transmission modeBNC outputs (US signal, A-scan, TGC) for stand-alone operation with an oscilloscopeUSB interface to a PC for comprehensive evaluations of the digitized ultrasound signalOptional module for ultrasonic imaging with an array sensor

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Software and equipmentSoftware with extensive tools for signal analysis and ultrasonic imagingDifferent ultrasonic imaging methods: A-mode, B-mode, M-modeOptional software module for imaging with ultrasonic array sensor (B+M-mode)Frequency analysis of the measured ultrasonic signal by FFTEye and breast phantom and simple heart model for special medical investigationsPhantoms for ultrasonic imaging with an ultrasonic array sensor

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Doppler ultrasound deviceUniversal Doppler device for pulsed wave Doppler sonographyComplete signal path - Doppler signal > frequency spectra > colored Doppler spectraAdjustable transmitter burst length and receiver gainVariable receiver gate for measurements in different depthsLoudspeaker and LED display for the audio output of the received Doppler signal

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Blood flow investigationsArm phantom with integrated vessels, a stenosis and compression pointPump for generating continuous and pulsed flows with a blood mimicking fluidSimulation of arterial (pulsatile) and venous (laminar) blood flowsEstimation of Doppler indices and diagnosis of a venous stenosis and HITSPeripheral Doppler blood pressure measurement

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CT control unit & CT scannerCT controller for hand-operated and computer-controlled scansMechanical scanner with linear shift and rotation of the sample/sensor holderUS computer tomograms | B-mode images | sound field scans of GAMPT sensors

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Ultrasonic computer tomographySpecial structured software to understand the CT algorithm Ultrasonic tomograms resulting from attenuation and velocity Sample for simultaneous demonstration of attenuation and velocity differences

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OVERVIEW

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Ultrasonic echoscope GS�00

Imaging with ultrasound is used in a wide range of medical diagnostics. The basis of all devices and methods is the ultrasonic echoscopy.The GS200 echoscope helps to explain the technical and physical basics of ultrasound diagnostics by its clear structure and simple operation. An extensive education for a fraction of the costs of a medical ultrasonic system is possible.With the adjustable transmission and receiver power, the ultrasonic signals can be adjusted to almost any examination object. Losses in intensity of the ultrasonic signals from lower examination areas can be balanced out by time gain control (TGC).

The GS200 echoscopes are delivered with the mea-surement and evaluation software GS-EchoView. The software is based on many years of experience educating students.The program interface is clearly divided into three areas: measurement parameters, measurement diagrams and device and status information. The complete signal process starting from the ultrasonic signal to the amplitude signal to the gray or color scaled images is easy pursuable. All relevant device parameters and status information are displayed. Impact factors or image artifacts can be observed. Diagnostic methods like B-mode or M-mode are already integrated in the software.

Screenshot of GS-EchoView in A-mode

Sensors are available at nominal frequencies of 1, 2 and 4 MHz. These ultrasonic transducers are specifi-cally designed for GS200 and GS200i and can operate as transmitter or receiver or as transmitter/receiver. The choice of the frequency of the used sensors de-pends on the respective application and in particular on the wished accuracy and penetration depth.

Ultrasonic single-element sensors

SONOGRAPHY

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Ultrasonic echoscope GS�00i

While the GS200 is operated only with single-element sensors, the GS200i ad-ditionally has a separate extension module for ultrasonic imaging with an array sen-sor. This module and the array sensor are directly controlled from the PC. Via the software modul GS-Image the adjustment of measurement parameters can be trained and the influence of typical parameters and filters for signal and image processing can be shown.With the GAMPT echoscopes experiments can be created for medical and medical-techni-cal training that relate to both fundamentals and application.

The array sensor that is supplied with the GS200i possesses an array of 64 convexly arranged individual elements. This sensor is of a type that is normally used in medicine for abdominal and pediatric ap-plications.

Special designed ultrasound phantoms with acoustic characteristics similar to those of human tissue enable basic and application experiments with a more realistic feeling for training and lab courses in medical and medical engineering specialities. The internal structures can be imaged and measured by means of the measurement software.

Screenshot of GS-EchoView in A-mode

Phantoms

SONOGRAPHY

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Simple A-mode, B-mode, M-mode ...

Movement visualization with M-mode ultrasoundIn M-mode (time-motion mode) suc-cessive A-mode scans are recorded, encoded into gray values and stringed together. This is like record-ing a ultrasonic movie that shows the movement of organic boundaries relative to the sensor and can be used to determine the velocity of specific organ structures. In the simple heart model a manu-ally moved diaphragm simulates a moving heart wall. From the M-mode recording the heart fre-quency and the heart volume can be determined.

Diagnostic test with A-scan ultrasoundAt the beginning of ultrasound diagnostic there was the A-mode (amplitude mode) as simplest type of ultrasound measurement method. A typical application in medicine is the A-scan ultrasound biometry of the eye as used in ophthalmology.On an eye phantom parts of the healthy eye can be measured and a retinal detachment will be diag-nosed and localized.

�D images with B-mode ultrasoundThe B-mode (brightness mode) provides two-dimensional images. It results from converting A-scans along a surface line into gray value lines. By laying these gray value lines side by side a plane through a body can be visualized.In order to exemplify the step from A-mode to B-mode, hand-operated scans can be carried out on a realistic breast phantom with a benign tumor using a single-element sensor.

Eye echos

Tumor in B-mode image

M-mode ultrasoundof the heart wall motion

SONOGRAPHY

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... and array sensor imaging

B+M-modeIn addition to the B-mode, scans with the array sensor can also be carried out in B+M-mode. In this mode, another ultrasonic image is displayed under the ultrasonic B image according to the time motion method. The time motion image is created referring to a so called M-line (green line in the upper sonogram) which can be positioned freely in the B-im-age sonogram. In this way the movement of a struc-ture as well as the temporal progres-sion (velocity) of this movement can be visualized.

Ultrasound test phantomTissue-equivalent test phantoms are used for quality assurance and evaluation of the accuracy and per-formance of imaging ultrasonic sys-tems. Different test structures inside the phantoms allow objective and comparable evaluation of imaging characteristics of ultrasonic devices. Routine checks with test phantoms can reveal changes in image quality, which could be due to e.g. a deterio-ration of system components.

Fetal ultrasoundOne of the best-known sonographic applications is the fetometry. It will be used to examine if a fetus has developed in line with its age or if there are possible malformations or developmental delays. With the ultrasound fetal phantom, fetomet-ric basics can already be taught in preclinical training. The size of the fetus model corresponds roughly to the size of a fetus in the 15th to 17th week of pregnancy. Variables that can be measured are e.g. crown-rump length, femur length, head circumference, biparietal and fronto-occipital diameter.

Ascertaining fetometric parameters

Simultaneous scanning in B-mode and M-mode

Array sensor scan of dot-like test structures

SONOGRAPHY

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Doppler ultrasound device

Ultrasonic Doppler device FlowDopDoppler sonography is a special ultrasonic examina-tion method. It is used to measure the velocity of the blood in the vessels. The measured signal is displayed in a continuous frequency spectrum. The difficult interpretation of the color coded spectra can be explained in an illustrative way with the FlowDop. Contrary to medical Doppler devices the complete signal generation and processing is pursu-able. The correlation between device and measured parameters on one side and the physiological and pathophysiological blood flow on the other side can be displayed illustratively. Ultrasonic Doppler device FlowDop

Equipment for US Doppler applicationsIn addition to the ultrasonic device, the Doppler sonography equipment includes a realistic arm phantom, a microcontroller-driven pump, a Doppler fluid and a pen-shaped ultrasonic 2 MHz sensor. The arm phantom with integrated vessels and stenosis enables a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological examinations . The pump MultiFlow generates continuous and pulsed flows with variable flow and pulse rates to simulate venous and arterial blood flow in periph-eral vessels. A specific blood mimicking liquid is used as Doppler fluid in the tube system. The ultrasonic Doppler sensor is especially designed for measure-

Doppler software FlowViewThe software FlowView shows the signal process-ing step by step starting with the HF signal of the ultrasonic wave. The current low frequency Doppler signal (frequency spectrum) is calculated by means of the Fourier transformation. The correlations of the different parameters of the Doppler spectrum with the physical basics of the Doppler sonography are shown. Furthermore it enables the assessment of blood flow curves by calculation of indices. Thereby the selection of suit-able device parameters can be trained as well as the estimation of diagnostic parameters.

Training set 7: Doppler sonography

Software view while measuring a pulsatile flow

ments with the arm phantom. The pen-like shape and the small sensor area result in a good handling and an adequate local resolution. The delay line with an angle of 30° creates a constant Doppler angle and a sufficient frequency shift.

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DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY

Blood flow investigations

Training at the arm phantomThe arm phantom allows an introduction into the methods of ultrasonic Doppler diagnostics. These methods demand a high degree of knowledge of Doppler sonography and its results. With the arm phantom it is possible to demonstrate the fundamental principles and functioning of the methods. In the experiments, the students can measure typical spectra of continual or pulsating blood flow. By means of the curves measured, the flow, pulse and resistance index can be calculated. Additional measurements include the determining

Temporary occlusion of a blood vessel

Pulsatile flow

Turbulent flow shortly behind a stenosis

Laminar flow directed away from the sensor

Laminar flow directed towards the sensor

Colored Doppler frequency spectra

of the average and maximum flow velocity within a flow profile. In the area of the stenosis, the increased flow components can be detected in positive and negative direction before and after the narrowing of the vessel. Using a blood pressure cuff, Doppler mea-surements of the occlusion pressure for the charac-terizing of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases can be demonstrated.

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DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY

CT control unit & CT scanner

Equipment for mechanical scanningWhen combining the echoscope GS200 or GS200i with a mechanical scanner and its control unit, a ultra-sonic computer tomograph or a B-mode scanner can be set up. This equipment enables a series of experi-ments to illustrate the generation of cross section images like computer tomograms or B-mode images.To deepen the knowledge of ultrasonic measur-ing technology, e.g. in the training of medical technicians, the scanner can also be used for the measurement of sound field characteristics such as beam width, focus zone, intensity distribution and near-field length of an ultrasonic probe. Training set 9: ultrasonic CT and scanning methods

CT control unit UCT200

CT control unit UCT�00The UCT200 is the control unit for the CT scanner. It controls the linear shift or rotational movement of the sample/sensor holder of the scanner. By means of rotary switches direction of travel and/or rotation and speed of travel and/or rotation can be controlled manually.When connecting the UCT200 to a computer over its USB interface, the device can be addressed and controlled via the GS-EchoView program. In this way ultrasound measurements of the echoscope can be adjusted and synchronized to the rotation or shift of a sample or sensor mounted at the scanner.

CT scannerThe mechanical CT scanner is controlled by the control unit UCT200. For CT scans the scanner possesses a magnetic sample table where test objects can be attached to. The sample table is turned via a step-per motor with exact angle positioning. A second stepper motor carries out the linear shift with a spatial resolution of < 10 µm. The complete slide is adjustable in height. In this way the area of investiga-tion of a sample can be chosen.The sample table can also act as holder for GAMPT ultrasonic single-element sensors to make B-mode scans free of motion arti-facts or as holder for a GAMPT hydrophone to make amplitude scans of the sound field of a GAMPT single-element sensor. Mechanical B-mode scan

of the breast phantom

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COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY

Ultrasonic computer tomography

GAMPT ultrasonic CTX-ray CT, MRT and PET are computer-aided imaging methods that are used in medical, industrial and research fields of application. Radiation absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance or particle emission are used to generate cross-sectional images by means of measurable physical quantities. Ultrasonic computer tomography is another CT method.

Transducer

Transducer Receiver

Receiver

Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3

X-ray CT

GAMPT US-CT

Object Object Object

ObjectObject

Object

Comparison between x-ray CT and GAMPT ultrasonic CT

Computer tomography step by stepIndependent of the imaging method, the evaluation algorithms are identical and even any occurring artifacts are comparable. The program GS-EchoView is designed to illustrate the several phases of the formation of a computer tomography step by step.The whole CT measurement can be understood from the first shot to a total line scan to the superposition

of line scans by means of the CT algorithm to the complete computer tomogram. For demonstrating the difference between attenua-tion and time of flight as measuring parameters, the GAMPT CT sample possesses areas of different attenu-ation (left tomograms in the screenshots below) and sound velocity (right tomograms in the screenshots.

Screenshot of the complete CT scan with amplitude and velocity tomograms (above) and filtered images (below)Screenshot with the first line scan (above) and the result-

ing tomogram images of this first step (below)

In ultrasonic CT the attenuation of ultrasonic signals is measured in the object under test instead of at-tenuation of X-rays. Moreover, time of flight or veloc-ity of the ultrasonic signal between the transmitter and receiver can be measured with ultrasonic CT as an additional variable. Through evaluation of several simultaneously measured parameters, ultrasonic computer tomography is able to provide additional information for an object under test.

With our ultrasonic CT the transmitter and receiver are fixed. Intensity attenuation and the time of flight are only measured at one location. For every angle, the attenuation values of the object and the sound transition times are measured at several positions. For that purpose, the object under test is moved forward and backward between the transmitter and receiver. After such a scan the object is rotated instead of the transmitter-receiver system before the next scan is started.

11For experimental manuals visit www.gampt.de or your local distributor

COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY

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GAMPT mbHHallesche Straße 99FD-06217 MerseburgGermanyPhone: +49 - 34 61 - 2 78 69 10Fax: +49 - 34 61 - 2 78 69 11 01info@gampt.de