experimental investigation of behavior of concrete …...sieve analysis sieve analysis was performed...

Experimental Investigation of Behavior of Concrete with E-Waste as

Coarse Aggregate under Compression

Mr. Mehul Verma1

Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus (JEMTEC),

48/4, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India

Mr. Bhupesh Rawat2

Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus (JEMTEC),


Dr. Shiv Kumar3

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus (JEMTEC),


Abstract

This paper is intended to study prospects of affirmative

consumption of recycled electronic waste in rigid pavements

as an alternative to coarse aggregates in specific ratio.

Electronic waste refers to electronic product which are

unwanted, non-working and have ceased to be of value to

their users[2,4]. In this information technology age

consumption of electronic equipment has increased up-to

many folds furnishing outcome as enormous numbers of

obsolete product i.e. e-waste. Direct disposal of these waste

contributes to environmental degradation [1,3]. Previously

various research studies emphasized on usage of e-waste in

rigid pavements as a substitute of coarse aggregates. In this

study effect of incorporation of grinded PCB (Printed

Circuit Board) sheet by partially replacing coarse aggregates

up-to 15 percent with constant interval of 5 percent was

assessed and result was compared with compressive strength

of conventional concrete [1,5].

Keywords: E-Waste, Printed Circuit Board (PCB), Rigid

Pavements, Compressive Strength.

Introduction

In this information technology era electronic equipment

have significant strong hold on every facet of life. Due to

rapid advancement in technology and marginal falling of

prices result of cut-throat competition, devices become

obsolete thus contributing to generation of e-waste in

enormous amount [11,7]. As electronic waste is recyclable

in nature but many worthless pieces has higher

transportation value higher than their scrap value, these are

disposed in an informal way [6,8,9]. These electronic

gadgets contain lethal metals and chemicals like lead,

cadmium, chromium, mercury, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC),

brominated flame retardants, beryllium, antimony and

phthalates [10,12]. Which can cause damages the nervous

systems, kidney, and bones, reproductive and endocrine

systems during long term exposure. As all international

& national forums have emphasized on sustainable

development it is need of an hour to find alternative material

to non-renewable sources. With increased industrialization

and growth of population there is an increase in demand for

traditional road construction materials such as bitumen,

cement, aggregate the need arises to replace materials which

are on the verge of getting exhausted [14]. Incorporation of

e-waste can furnish an economically viable and sustainable

substitute towards increasing demand for better road

construction [13]. In India e-waste is generally generated in

top metropolitan cities. In this project coarse aggregate are

partially replaced by electronic waste up to 5%, 10%, 15%

and are checked for its compressive strength and prospects

of e-waste consumption in rigid pavement are assessed [15].

Objective

To find an alternative method for disposal and management

of electronic waste in eco-friendly way.

To study the effect of partial replacement of coarse

aggregates by e- waste in concrete.

To study effect of addition of E-waste in concrete mix on

various test for strength of concrete mix.

To compare the properties of conventional concrete cubes of

rigid pavement layer with modified concrete cube

Material&Methodology

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and

electrically connects electronic or electrical components.

Components are soldered onto the PCB to both electrically

connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Basic PCB

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 10, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

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consists of a flat sheet of building material and a layer of

copper foil, laminated to the substrate. The substratemost

ordinarily employed in computer circuit boards may be a

optical fiber strengthened (fiberglass) epoxy with a copper

foil secured on to 1 or either side [16,17]. The written

circuits are made from copper, which is either plated or

etched away on the surface of the substrate to leave the

pattern desired. The copper circuits are coated with a layer

of tin-lead to stop oxidization. Contact fingers are plated

with tinlead, then nickel, and finally gold for excellent

conductivity. Purchased parts embody resistors, capacitors,

transistors, diodes, integrated circuit chips, and others.

Woven covering material materials provide the widest vary

and therefore the best management over thickness, weight

and strength of all forms of fiberglass textiles [18].

Sieve Analysis Sieve analysis was performed to segregate

all the different size of aggregate. As different size

aggregate 20mm, 19mm, 16mm, 12mm, 10mm and 8mm

are required to construct pavement. Different size of PCB

board was grinded. As the result of grinding we get different

compositions from 150 microns to 16mm. Size of 150 to

600 micron was used as filler material and rest of all were

used as aggregate. All the different size compositions were

segregated with help of sieve analysis. Various CC cubes

were casted and cured thereafter testing for compressive

strength was carried out [14].

Table1: Concrete mixture specifications of cube

Concrete Cube

Parameters

Weight

of

cement

(kg)

Weight of

aggregate

(kg)

Weight

of sand

(kg)

Weight

of

e-waste

(kg)

Standard mix 1.36 4.76 2.05 0

Modified mix

with 5%

replacement

1.36 4.52 2.05 0.238

Modified mix

with 10%

replacement

1.36 4.28 2.50 0.476

Modified mix

with 15%

replacement

1.36 4.04 2.50 0.714

Figure1:Grinded and Sieved PCB board chips.

Compressive strength test is used to calculate the strength of

concrete containing varied E-waste contents at the age of

seven, 14, 28 days respectively. Cube specimens are forged

for locating the compressive strength of specimens on

seven, 14, 28 days for each mix specification following the

standard test procedures with the help of cube testing

machine [5, 6].

Figure 2: Casted Concrete Cube Specimens


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Figure 3:Curing of Concrete Cube specimens

Result & Discussion

After curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days, all specimens were

taken to the lab and compressive strength of cubes were

measured on CTM machine. Compressive strength of all 10

specimensof each category was tested and results obtained

were compared with the standard cubes of M20 grade [9].

The resultsobtained after testing of cubes of M20 grade

compared with the strength of modified mix cubes, shows

the minor increase in the compressive strength shown in

table 2 and graph 1. It not only utilizes the e-waste but it

also imparts in increasing the strength of concrete [13].

Whereas the replacement of 10 and 15% shows

negative impact. It decreases the strength of concrete.

Table 2: Compressive Strength of Conventional cubes vs

modified mix cubes (5%)after 7 Days curing.

Specimens Strength of

conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube with

5% e-waste (KN)

Specimen 1 17.32 19.89

Specimen 2 17.49 19.71

Specimen 3 17.20 19.92

Specimen 4 17.28 19.77

Specimen 5 17.29 19.75

Specimen 6 17.44 19.93

Specimen 7 17.34 19.73

Specimen 8 17.37 19.79

Specimen 9 17.26 19.72

Specimen 10 17.47 19.85

Figure4:strength of conventional cube and modified mix

cube after 7 days of curing.

Table 3: Strength Conventional cubes vs modified mix cube

(with 5% replacement of e-waste) after 14 Days curing.

Specimens

Strength of

conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of modified

cube with 5%

e-waste (KN)

Specimen 1 23.26 27.55

Specimen 2 23.16 27.58

Specimen 3 23.32 27.42

Specimen 4 23.24 27.49

Specimen 5 23.27 27.52

Specimen 6 23.37 27.47

Specimen 7 23.34 27.51

Specimen 8 23.18 27.45

Specimen 9 23.39 27.53

Specimen 10 23.18 27.59


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Figure 5: Strength of conventional cube and modified mix


Table 4: Strength Conventional cubes vs modified mix

(with 5% of replacement of e-waste) after 28 Days curing.


conventional cube

(KN)

Strength of

modified cube

with 5% e-

waste (KN)

Specimen 1 24.64 29.18

Specimen 2 24.53 29.26

Specimen 3 24.77 29.28

Specimen 4 24.75 29.12

Specimen 5 24.59 29.06

Specimen 6 24.72 29.17

Specimen 7 24.55 29.06

Specimen 8 24.67 29.22

Specimen 9 24.58 29.19

Specimen 10 24.69 29.05

Figure 6: Comparative strength of conventional cube and

modified mix (5%) cube after 28 days of curing.

Table 5: Strength Modified mix cubes after 7 Days curing

with 10% replacement


conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube

with 10% e-

waste (KN)

Specimen 1 17.32 16.14

Specimen 2 17.29 16.22

Specimen 3 17.36 16.25

Specimen 4 17.28 16.18

Specimen 5 17.49 16.03

Specimen 6 17.24 16.09

Specimen 7 17.44 16.11

Specimen 8 17.27 16.12

Specimen 9 17.26 16.29

Specimen 10 17.27 16.19


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Figure 7:Strength of conventional cube and modified mix





conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube with

10% e-waste (KN)

Specimen 1 23.26 22.22

Specimen 2 23.16 22.25

Specimen 3 23.12 22.17

Specimen 4 23.24 22.32

Specimen 5 23.27 22.16

Specimen 6 23.17 22.29

Specimen 7 23.14 22.35

Specimen 8 23.28 22.18

Specimen 9 23.29 22.14

Specimen 10 23.38 22.39

Figure7:Strength of conventional cube and modified mix





conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube

with 10% e-

waste (KN)

Specimen 1 24.64 23.45

Specimen 2 24.53 23.42

Specimen 3 24.77 23.39

Specimen 4 24.75 23.57

Specimen 5 24.59 23.55

Specimen 6 24.72 23.33

Specimen 7 24.55 23.41

Specimen 8 24.57 23.38

Specimen 9 24.58 23.56

Specimen 10 24.79 23.34


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conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube with

15% e-waste (KN)

Specimen 1 17.32 15.24

Specimen 2 17.29 15.15

Specimen 3 17.40 15.02

Specimen 4 17.48 15.05

Specimen 5 17.39 15.32

Specimen 6 17.24 15.11

Specimen 7 17.44 15.36

Specimen 8 17.27 15.38

Specimen 9 17.46 15.21

Specimen 10 17.27 15.19

Figure 9: strength of conventional cube and modified mix


Table 10: Strength Modified mix cubes after 14 Days

curing with 15% replacement


conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube

with 15% e-waste

(KN)

Specimen 1 23.26 20.82

Specimen 2 23.16 20.80

Specimen 3 23.32 20.74

Specimen 4 23.14 20.96

Specimen 5 23.27 20.79

Specimen 6 23.17 20.99

Specimen 7 23.34 20.75

Specimen 8 23.38 20.85

Specimen 9 23.19 20.86

Specimen 10 23.18 20.75


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cube after 14 days of curing

Table 11: Strength Modified mix cubes after 28 Days

curing with 15% replacement


conventional

cube (KN)

Strength of

modified cube

with 15% e-

waste (KN)

Specimen 1 24.64 21.98

Specimen 2 24.53 21.31

Specimen 3 24.67 21.87

Specimen 4 24.75 21.91

Specimen 5 24.59 21.82

Specimen 6 24.72 21.95

Specimen 7 24.55 21.85

Specimen 8 24.57 21.97

Specimen 9 24.58 21.92

Specimen 10 24.79 21.84



Figure 4:Result After Testing


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Conclusion

This study is carried out to find the prospects of utilization

of e-waste in rigid pavement by partially replacing coarse

aggregate. It was observed that the compressive strength of

concrete is found increased when coarse aggregate is

replaced by 5% with Electronic waste. But when we

increase the percentage of e-waste like 10 percent and 15

percent, the compressive strength of concrete found

decreasing. The compressive strength of concrete gradually

decreases when fine aggregate is replaced beyond 15% with

electronic waste. The replacement of coarse aggregates with

e-waste helps us to study the effect of e- waste on

conventional concrete. E-waste used act as modifier agent to

improve the overall strength and stability of pavement. We

can replace coarse aggregate with the e-waste concrete in

order to increase strength of the concrete in a feasible

technique by decreasing manufacturing cost. In this study

we found and recommend that 5% e waste can be added to

the concrete mix without compromising the strength

properties.

Reference

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