experimental investigation on the effect of injection ... by day the fossil fuel energy reserves are...

ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES

ISSN: 1995-0772 Published BYAENSI Publication EISSN: 1998-1090 http://www.aensiweb.com/ANAS

2017 April 11(4): pages 418-427 Open Access Journal

ToCite ThisArticle: J.M. Babu, Dr.R.Velu, N. Chaitanya Teja, Sudarshan Raju., Experimental Investigation On The Effect Of Injection Pressure On Diesel Engine Performance And Emissions When Operated With Lotus Bio Diesel And Its Blending. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. 11(4); Pages: 418-427

Experimental Investigation On The Effect Of Injection Pressure On Diesel Engine Performance And Emissions When Operated With Lotus Bio Diesel And Its Blending

1J.M. Babu, 2Dr.R.Velu, 3N. Chaitanya Teja, 4Sudarshan Raju

1Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai-600062. 2Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai-600062. 3,4Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai-600062. Received 28 January 2017; Accepted 22 April 2017; Available online 1 May 2017

Address For Correspondence: J.M. Babu, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai-600062. E-mail: [email protected], Contact: +91 9884 82 7012

Copyright © 2017 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for ScientificInformation (AENSI Publication). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT Day by day the fossil fuel energy reserves are depleting, price of the fuel was increasing, burning of fossil fuel causes global warming greenhouse effect and acid rains. Hence it is the time to search for an alternate fuel which can replace the fossil fuels. There are many alternate fuels like Ethanol, Methanol, LPG, CNG, Hydrogen, Vegetable oils and bio diesel blending. For this experimental work lotus bio diesel has been selected for testing purpose. Lotus bio diesel is new bio diesel which has not been tested on diesel engine or any other engine as of now. Lotus Bio diesel has been generated from the lotus seed oil through mechanical expeller followed by transterification process. The tests conducted on Kirloskar TV1, 4 stroke, direct injection, water cooled diesel engine, the rated power is 5.2 KW at 1500 rpm. The engine has equipped with an eddy current dynamometer. The electrical loading has been applied from 0% to 100% with an interval of 25%. Injection pressure is varied from 180 bar to 240 bar with an interval of 20 bar. The bio diesel was blended with diesel at B10, B20 and B30 in volume. The results show that as the injection pressure increases the fuel consumption was decreasing especially at 220 bar and B20 blending which is1.22 kg/hr whereas the highest fuel consumption was 1.33 kg/hr at B30 blending at all injection pressures. The highest brake thermal efficiency was 37.97 obtained at B 10 blending at 180 bar injection pressure. It was also observed that as the injection pressure increases the carbon monoxide is decreasing, as the blending percentage increases the carbon monoxide was decreasing since bio diesel quantity is increasing, bio diesel is a cleaner fuel. KEYWORDS: Injection pressure, Lotus bio diesel, Transterification, Exhaust emissions, Diesel engine.

INTRODUCTION

The Diesel engines are popular for their fuel efficiency, durability and reliability. Diesel engines are gaining

an increasing share of the light duty applications worldwide. India is one of the fastest developing countries with

a stable economic growth. Fuel consumption is directly proportionate to the demand. India depends mainly on

imported fuels due to lack of fossil fuel reserves and it has a great impact on economy. It is the single biggest

drain on the foreign exchange reserves of the country. An increase of $1 per barrel of crude oil prices adds $425

million to Indian oil import bill (Anonymous, 2005). India has to look for an alternative for alternative fuels in

order to sustain the growth rate. The physical, combustion and auto ignition properties of vegetable oils are almost

419 J.M. Babu et al., 2017/Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. 11(4) April 2017, Pages: 418-427

similar to those of diesel fuels and hence can be used in diesel engines with little or no engine modifications.

However, high viscosity and low volatility being inherent properties of most of such vegetable oils produced from

plants (seeds), constraining their direct use in engines without any modifications. Bio-diesel is a promising

alternative compared to other alternative fuels for our Diesel needs. India has to look for an alternative for

alternative fuels in order to sustain the growth rate. Bio-diesel is a promising alternative compared to other

alternative fuels for our Diesel needs. With vast vegetation and land availability, certainly bio-diesel is a feasible

source of fuel for Indian conditions. Recent studies and research have made it possible to extract bio-diesel at

economical costs and quantities. Biodiesel is a non-toxic and renewable in nature. Further advantages over petro-

diesel include higher cetane number, no Sulphur emission, low aromatics, low volatility and the presence of

oxygen atoms in the fuel molecule, higher Cetane rating, lower engine wear and Low fuel consumption. According

to the report entitled “comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions” published by

Environmental Protection Agency, US (2002), biodiesel fuel burns up to 70% cleaner with 93% lower total HC,

50% lower CO and 45% lower particulate matter in comparison with conventional diesel fuel . It can be observed

that the efficiency of the engine increases by the utilization of Bio-diesel. Therefore biodiesel will have a great

impact on Indian economy. Diesel engine plays a crucial role in the field of power, propulsion and energy. The

emission and performance characteristics of diesel engines depends on factors like amount of fuel injected, fuel

injection pressure , fuel injection timing, profile of combustion chamber, injector nozzle hole, fuel spray pattern.

The function of a fuel injection system in a diesel engine is to achieve a higher degree of atomization and utilize

the full charge to enhance the evaporation in a very short time to achieve complete combustion.

When the fuel is supplied by the injection pump it exerts sufficient force against the spring to lift the nozzle

valve, fuel is sprayed into the combustion chamber in a finely atomized particles. After fuel from the delivery

pump gets exhausted; the spring pressure pushes the nozzle-valve back on its seat. For proper lubrication between

nozzle valve and its guide a small quantity of fuel is allowed to leak through the clearance between them and then

drained back to fuel tank through leak of connection. In present diesel engines, fuel injection systems have

designed to obtain higher injection pressure. So, it is aimed to decrease the exhaust emissions by increasing

efficiency of diesel engines. When fuel injection pressure is low, fuel particle diameters will enlarge and ignition

delay period during the combustion will increase .This situation leads to increased pressure and the engine

performance will decrease. When injection pressure increases fuel particle diameters will become small. Since the

mixing of fuel and air becomes better during ignition period. Engine performance will increase if injection

pressure is too high, ignition delay period becomes shorter. So, in the current study for testing bio fuel extracted

from lotus seeds has been selected for testing. The selection criteria for this fuel is because no one has tested the

engine performance with this fuel and it is non-edible oil.

The experimental investigation has been performed on the engine on the engine which is specified in table-1

by varying the injection pressure from 180 bar to 240 bar with an interval of 20 bar and the bio fuel blending

.

Fig. 1: Experimental setup

Experimental setup:

Table 1: Engine specifications

Manufacturer Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., India.

Model TV1

Engine naturally aspirated

Single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine

Bore / stroke / compression ratio 80 mm / 110 mm / 17.5:1

Horse power 7HP

Speed 1500 rpm, constant

Cooling Water cooled


Injection pressure / advance 200 bar / 230 before top dead center

Dynamometer Eddy current (Make: Dynaspeed)

Type of starting Manually

Air flow measurement Air box with ‘U’ tube

Exhaust gas temperature RTD thermocouple

Fuel flow measurement Burette with digital stop watch

Governor Mechanical governing (centrifugal type)

Cylinder pressure / fuel line pressure 0-200 bar / 0-2000 bar (fixed 45 mm before the injector)

Resolution 0.1 bar for CP / 1 bar for FP

Type of sensor Piezo electric (5000 PSI for CP and 10000 PSI for FP)

Response time

4 micro seconds

Sampling resolution 1 degree crank angle

Crank angle sensor 360-degree encoder with resolution of 1 degree

Dynamometer Arm Length 185(mm)

Fig. 2: Diesel and bio diesel blends

The above figure shows the Diesel, Pure Bio diesel and its blends starts from B 10 to B 30. B 10 is nothing

but 10% Bio diesel and 90% diesel, B 20 is 20% bio diesel and 80% diesel, B 30 is 30% Bio diesel and 70%

diesel.

Fig. 5: Fuel Injection Pressure Measuring set up

The above set up is available is in Fuels & Lubricants Laboratory, Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai. The

fuel Injector is removed from the engine and fitted to this set up and tested for injection pressure which has 200

bar, this pressure is called as base line injection pressure or as per the Manufacturers design. Now a shim will be

added the fuel injector or a screw which is available on the head of the injector will adjusted slightly, hence the

spring tension is increased and pressure of the fuel injector will be high. The pressure is verified and it is 220 bar.


In the same way, the fuel injector pressure will be increased and tested every time before start of the testing.

Fig. 3: Cross section of a fuel injector

The above figure shows the various parts of a fuel injector, at the top portion an adjusting screw is available.

This screw can be adjusted and the fuel injection pressure can be varied as per desired level. The other method of

increasing the injection pressure is by adding a shim in spring area

Fig. 4: Fuel spray pattern

Variation of the injection pressure:

The fuel injection system is used to achieve a high degree of atomization in order to enable sufficient

evaporation in a very short time and to achieve sufficient spray penetration in order to utilize the full air charge

direct injection diesel engine. The fuel injection system must be able to meter the desired amount of fuel,


depending on engine speed and load and to inject that fuel at the correct time and with the desired rate. Further

on, depending on the particular combustion chamber, the appropriate spray shape and structure must be produced.

A supply pump draws the fuel from the fuel tank and carries it through a filter to the high-pressure injector. During

this phase of the project, injection pressure is varied from 180 bar to 240 bar with an interval of 20 bar. The

injection pressure of this Kirloskar diesel engine is 180 bar. The injection pressure of the injector can be varied

by tightening or loosening the screw of the injector as shown in the figure 3. The injector pressure can be

determined with the help of a fuel injector measuring set up as shown in the figure 5.

Results:

Graph. 1: Load Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency at 180 bar.

From the above graph, it was observed that brake thermal efficiency was high for B 10 blending when

compared to B20 and B 30 as well as when compared with diesel also.

Graph. 2: Load Vs Hydrocarbons at 180 bar


Graph. 3: Load Vs Oxides of Nitrogen at 180 bar.


Graph. 5: Load Vs Hydro Carbon at 200 bar injection pressure




Graph. 8: Load Vs Hydro Carbons at 220 bar.




Graph. 11: Load Vs Hydro Carbons at 240 bar.



Conclusion:

The world is changing rapidly and so as the nature and atmosphere around us. Fuel is one of the prime needs

of human civilization and it will remain. We ourselves need to find our way around to make this wheel going.

One thing is for sure the petroleum fuel is not going to be there for all the time, it is just a matter of time when we

will feel the gravity of its lacking. So, it is good to make mind before it is too late. We must go renewable, a source

of energy which does not hamper the environment by any mean. And biodiesel is just the thing which we were

searching.

In our own effort, we came to know about some interesting facts and observations which broaden our

understanding towards bio diesel. Though our attempt is quite simple but that’s for sure a great start.

From our observations, we conclude that the lotus oil can be used as a fuel in this propulsion industry,

If the emissions need to be low then the B30 blending fuel can be suggested but, this fuel gives less power

when compared to the B20 blending fuel. If the power is the main perspective then the B20 blending fuel can be

suggested. The further investigation was can be carried out by increasing the fuel blending, by advancing the

injection timing and altering the inlet manifold inclinations by various combinations.

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