experimental research
TRANSCRIPT
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
(Experimental Research)
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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Best research methodology to establish cause-and-effect relatonships among variables
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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Tests hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships.
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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Dependent VariableIndependent Variable
Experimental or Treatment Variable
Criterion or Outcome Variable
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Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research
A. Comparison of groups
• 2 groups (experimental & control grps)
• experimental group receives treatment
• control group does not receive treatment
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Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research
B. Manipulation of the independent variable
• The independent variable may be established as one form of the variable versus another
Example: A study comparing the learning by doing method with lecture method in TLE.
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Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research
B. Manipulation of the independent variable
• The independent variable may be established as the presence versus absence of a particular form
Example: A study comparing the use of DLP versus no DLP in teaching history.
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Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research
B. Manipulation of the independent variable
• The independent variable may be established as varying degrees of the same form
Example: A study comparing the effects of different contact hours on students interest in Mathematics.
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Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research
C. Randomization
• Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.• Random assignment:
- individual participants have the chance of being assigned to any of the two groups
- eliminates extraneous variables
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3 things to remember about randomization
Randomization
1) takes place before the experiment begins
2) is a process of assigning or distributing individuals to groups not a result of such distribution
3) forms groups that are equivalent and differ only by chance
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GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
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Weak Experimental Designs
The One-Shot Case Study
A single group is exposed to treatment and a dependent variable is observed (measured) to assess the effect of the treatment
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Weak Experimental Designs
The One-Shot Case Study Design
X OTreatment Observation
(Dependent Variable)
Example: suppose you wish to see if a new textbook increasues student interest in your course (history, science, statistics, etc.)
Weakness: Absence if any control - researcher has no way of knowing if the results obtained at O are due to treatment X
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Weak Experimental Designs
The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
A single group is measured or observed before and after the treatment.
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Weak Experimental Designs
The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
O X OObservation
(Pretest)Treatment Observation
(Posttest)
Example: suppose you want to assess the effects of weekly counseling sessions on the attitudes of identified bullies in school
Weakness: Uncontrolled-for threats to internal validity that might explain the results of the posttest (Example: maturation, data collector characteristics, etc.)
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Weak Experimental Designs
The Static-Group Comparison Design
Two existing intact (static) groups are used
Also called nonequivalent control group design
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Weak Experimental Designs
The Static-Group Comparison Design
X O
O
Example: Suppose you want to test the effect of a new textbook in increasing interest of students in class. Find two intact groups, assign the new textbook to one class and have the other class use the regular textbook, then measure the degree of interest in both classes at the same time.
Weakness: Uncontrolled-for threats to internal validity (Vulnerable to maturity and location)
X - treatmentBlank space - control (with no treatment or with a different treatmen)O - observedDash - indicated that the two groups are not randomly assigned
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Weak Experimental Designs
The Static-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Two existing intact (static) groups are used
Pretest is given to both groups
Pretest score is subtracted from posttest score, permitting analysis of "gain or change"
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Weak Experimental Designs
The Static-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
O X O
O OWeakness: amount of gain often depends on initial performance
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True Experimental Designs
Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups.
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
Involves two groups formed by random assignment
One group receives treatment whike the other does not, then both groups are posttested
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group DesignTreatment
Group R X OControl Group R C O
R - random assignment of individals to groupsX - treatment/exposure to treatmentC - control groupO - observation (measurement) of the dependent variable
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Example
The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
100 randomly selected teachers
R50 teachers
XDance for
Peace Training-
Workshop
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness
Questionnaire
R50 teachers
CNo training
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness
Questionnaire
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
Involves two groups formed by random assignment
Both groups are pretested and posttested
Measurements or observations are collected at the same time for both groups
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group DesignTreatment
Group R O X OControl Group R O C O
R - random assignment of individals to groupsX - treatment/exposure to treatmentC - control groupO - observation (measurement) of the dependent variable
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Example
The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design
100 randomly selected teachers
R50 teachers
OPretest:
Faculty Self-Awareness
Questionnaire
XDance for
Peace Training-
Workshop
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness
Questionnaire
R50 teachers
OPretest:
Faculty Self-Awareness
Questionnaire
CNo training
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness
Questionnaire
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Solomon Four-Group Design
Involves random assignment of participants to four groups with two groups being pretested and two not
One of the pretested groups and one of the unpretested groups is exposed to treatment.
All four groups are posttested
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Solomon Four-Group DesignTreatment
Group R O X OControl Group R O C O
TreatmentGroup R X O
Control Group R C O
The first two groups represent the pretest-posttest control group design, while the last two groups represent the posttest-only control group design.
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ExampleThe Solomon Four- Group Design
100 randomly selected teachers
R25
teachers
OPretest:
Faculty Self-Awareness Questionnaire
XDance for
Peace Training- Workshop
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness Questionnaire
R25
teachers
OPretest:
Faculty Self-Awareness Questionnaire
CNo training
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness Questionnaire
R25
teachers
XDance for
Peace Training- Workshop
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness Questionnaire
R25
teachers
CNo training
OPosttest:
Faculty Self-Awareness Questionnaire
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True Experimental Designs
Random Assignment with Matching
Pairs of individuals are matched on certain variables (choice of variables to match is based on previous research, theory and/or experience of researcher)
Members of each matched pair are assigned to the experimental and control groups at random.
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design, Using Matched Subjects
TreatmentGroup Mr X O
Control Group Mr C O
Mr - Memhers of each matched pair are randomlyassigned to experimental and control groups
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True Experimental Designs
The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, Using Matched Subjects
TreatmentGroup Mr O X O
Control Group Mr O C O
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
No random assignment of participants or subjects
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
The Matching-Only Design
Participants (subjects) from intact groups are matched.
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
The Matching-Only Posttest-Only Control Group DesignTreatment
Group M X OControl Group M C O
M - Memhers have been matched but not randomly assigned
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
The Matching-Only Pretest-Posttest Control Group DesignTreatment
Group M O X OControl Group M O C O
M - Memhers have been matched but not randomly assigned
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
Counterbalanced Designs
Each group is exposed to ALL treatments in different order. Order is determined randomly.
Any number of treatments may be involved.
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Example
Three-Treatment Counterbalanced DesignGroup I X1 O X2 O X3 OGroup II X2 O X3 O X1 OGroup III X3 O X1 O X2 O
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
Time-Series Designs
Involve repeated observations or measuremetns over a period of time both before and after treatment.
01 O2 O3 O4 O5 X O6 O7 O8 O9 O10Basic Time-Series Design
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Factorial Designs
with or without random assignment of participants or subjects
Extend the number of relationships that may be examined in an experimental study.
The interaction of an independent variable with one or more moderator variables can be studied.
Moderator variables may be either treatment variables or subject characteristic variables.
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Example
Factorial Design (2 x 2 factorial design)
Treatment R O X Y1 O
Control R O C Y1 O
Treatment R O X Y2 O
Control R O C Y2 O
Y1 and Y2 - moderator variables with two levels
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Example
Factorial Design (2 x 2 factorial design)
X CY1
Y2
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Example
Factorial Design (2 x 2 factorial design)
X Learning by Doing
CLecture
Y1(Male)
Y2(Female)