W O R L D M E T E O R O L O G I C A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N

==============================================================

COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS

OPEN PROGRAMME AREA GROUP ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS

EXPERT TEAM ON SATELLITE SYSTEMS

ELEVENTH SESSION

GENEVA, SWITZERLAND

4-6 APRIL 2017

FINAL REPORT

WMO General Regulations

Regulation 42 Recommendations of working groups shall have no status within the Organization until they have been approved by the responsible constituent body. In the case of joint working groups the recommendations must be concurred with by the presidents of the constituent bodies concerned before being submitted to the designated constituent body.

Regulation 43 In the case of a recommendation made by a working group between sessions of the responsible constituent body, either in a session of a working group or by correspondence, the president of the body may, as an exceptional measure, approve the recommendation of behalf of the constituent body when the matter is, in his opinion, urgent and does not appear to imply new obligations for Members. He may then submit this recommendation for adoption by the Executive Council or to the President of the Organization for action in accordance with Regulation 9(5).

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The eleventh session of the Expert Team on Satellite Systems (ET-SAT-11) was held from 4 to 6 April 2017 in Geneva. The meeting reviewed the ET-SAT Terms of Reference and ET-SAT Work Plan for the period 2017-2018. The meeting also reviewed the status of actions from previous meetings The main outcome of the session was to deliver a follow-up discussion of a Vision of the space-based components of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) Vision in 2040 (WIGOS/Vision 2040). The meeting also discussed the progress of developments of the space module of the Observing System Capability and Analysis and Review tool (OSCAR/Space), and its long-term maintenance that should facilitate its use in support of future gap analysis studies.

Meeting documents is available: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/meetings/ET-SAT-11/ET-SAT-11.html

_________________________

ET-SAT-11 participants: From left to right (back to front): Fernando Belda, Stephan Bojinski, Riko Oki, Guennadi Kroupnik, Jack Kaye, Dieter Klaes, Sid Boukabara, Ivan petiteville, Albrecht von Bargen, Dohyeong Kim, Feng Lu, Wenjian Zhang, Hiroshi Kunimatsu, Ryo Yoshida (Not on this picture: Toshiyuki Kurino).

FINAL REPORT

1. OPENING OF THE MEETING 1.1. Welcome and Introduction of participants The session opened at 9.00 on Tuesday 4 April in Room 8 Jura in WMO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland. The meeting was chaired by Jack A. Kaye (NASA, USA). The Assistant Secretary General, Wenjian Zhang, welcomed the participants (See Annex 1) and provided opening remarks on behalf of the Secretary-General. In his opening remarks, he stressed that space-based observation was addressed within the WMO Space Programme in the broad perspective of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) include the improvement of monitoring and prediction services over polar and high mountain areas for energy and water cycle observation. The Director of Observing and Information Systems Department, Fernando Belda, informed the participants that the sixteenth session of the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS-16) was held 23-29 November and decided to establish the CBS Expert Teams with Terms of Reference. The ET-SAT is part of the Open Programme Area Group on Integrated Observing Systems (OPAG-IOS), together with the Inter-Programme Expert Team on Satellite Utilization and Products (IPET-SUP), the Inter-Programme Expert Team on Observing System Design and Evolution (IPET-OSDE) and other expert teams focusing on surface-based observation. The ET-SAT and these other teams all report up to the WMO CBS through the Implementation-Coordination Team on Integrated Observing Systems (ICT-IOS). Three main activities shall be pursued in 2017 in accordance with the new members and new Terms of Reference of ET-SAT: (1) Vision of WIGOS space-based components in 2040, (2) Implementation of Sustainable Maintenance/Validation Scheme for OSCARS/Space Database V.2, and (3) Gap Analysis The ET-SAT Chairman, Jack A. Kaye (NASA, USA) welcomed the participants and noted that there has been significant activity in the launch of earth observing satellites and instruments from the member agencies over the past year. The ET-SAT is actively working to facilitate a dialogue between, satellite providers, satellite users, and the wider WMO system, enabling improved information flow among all, and taking care to avoid duplication of effort with other existing entities, especially CEOS and CGMS. ET-SAT can thus also inform activities of the WMO Space Programme and provide information that WMO leadership and staff can use in planning for the WMO’s Consultative Meeting on High Level Policy on Satellite Matters. 1.2. Adoption of the agenda and working arrangements ET-SAT members approved the meeting agenda (See Annex 2). 1.3. ET-SAT Terms of Reference ET-SAT members reviewed the new Terms of Reference (See Annex 3) of ET-SAT. Chair pointed out that ET-SAT offers an opportunity for space agencies to directly address WMO requirements. 1.4. Election of Rapporteur

Sid Boukabara of NOAA/NESDIS volunteered as a rapporteur for the session. 1.5. Chairman’s report

The ET-SAT Chairman, Jack A. Kaye (NASA, USA) welcomed the participants. The Chairman pointed out multiple new capabilities in space coordination required;

- learning to use new data types - WIGOS Vision 2040 to be submitted to EC-70 to approve final version for WMO Cg-18 in

2019 - EGOS-IP (IP towards Vision) to be developed by 2021

2. FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS FROM PREVIOUS MEETINGS

The status of actions from ET-SAT-10 was summarized in Annex 4 which showed that actions #10.1, 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4 were completed by ET-SAT-11. It was agreed that the Actions #8.08 and 8.15 were closed and should be replaced by Permanent Actions in the annual work plan of ET-SAT, which would be followed up in a web meeting. It was re-emphasized the benefits of OSCAR/Space, and pointed out that WMO could be a unifying force for the coordination of existing fragmentation in the similar database in CGMS and CEOS. 3. STATUS REPORT FROM THE MEMBERS 3.1. Report from CMA

Feng Lu of CMA reported on recent development and plans of CMA satellite program. In 2016, CMA have held a series of consultative meetings on future satellite programmes. Output of forum is “3+x” configuration for CMA future Leo constellation. The new generation CMA Geo satellite was launched on Dec,2016, the satellite and ground segment is under a one year post launch test, the test product will share with international science community. The TanSat, a joint CO2 observation mission of MOST and CMA, CMA handle the ground segment and data achieving system. The FY-3D satellite will be launched on November 2017. 3.2. Report from CSA

Guennadi Kroupnik of CSA reported on Canadian Space Agency program updated. A11.1: The Secretariat offers to facilitate Canadian full membership in CGMS in light of RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM). 3.3. Report from DLR

Albrecht von Bargen of DLR reported on German Contributions to Earth observation updated. 3.4. Report from ESA

Ivan Petiteville of ESA reported on ESA’s contribution to Earth observation updated.

3.5. Report from EUMETSAT

Dieter Klaes of EUMETSAT reported on the mandate of EUMETSAT. EUMETSAT is fulfilling its mandate providing space observations for operational meteorology and climate monitoring in operating geostationary and sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellites through mandatory programmes. Additional optional programmes provide further observations for altimetry and oceanography. EUMETSAT makes available data from partner agencies’ satellites to the user community through third party programmes. The current fleet of operational geostationary spacecraft comprises the four satellites of the Second Generation of Meteosat (MSG), Meteosat-8, Meteosat-9, Meteosat-10 and Meteosat-11. Since February 2017 Meteosat-8 is providing Indian Ocean data Coverage (IODC) in the frame of an international partnership. The EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS) provides data from sun-synchronous polar orbit with currently two satellites: Metop-B, the second of a series of three satellites, launched in September 2012 and currently the prime satellite, and Metop-A, the first of the series, in orbit since October 2006. These satellites are part of the Initial Joint Polar System (IJPS) together with the US. Metop-C, the third satellite of this programme is scheduled for launch in October 2018. EUMETSAT’s first optional programme continues to provide data from the Jason-2 satellite since summer 2008. The follow on satellite Jason-3 was successfully launched and commissioned in 2016 and is now providing the reference altimetry mission. Jason-2 is in an interleaved orbit. To assure continuity in the mandatory missions the development of Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) is ongoing. The EPS-SG EPS Second generation) programme is now under full development. In the frame of the Copernicus Programme EUMETSAT operates the Sentinel-3A satellite, which was launched in February 2016. EUMETSAT is providing operational marine products from the Sentinel-3A satellite. Sentinel-3B, a second satellite, is scheduled to be launched end of 2017. 3.6. Report from JAXA Riko Oki of JAXA reported on JAXA’s contribution to Earth observation updated. 3.7. Report from JMA

Ryo Yoshida of JMA reported on status on the Himawari satellite program. The Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite series, Himawari, started with GMS launched in 1977 and has been playing an important role for weather services and disaster risk reduction in Asia and the western Pacific. The current satellite, Himawari-8, has been in operation since July 2015, and Himawari-9, launched in November 2016, has started in-orbit standby since 10 March 2017. Himawari-9 will continue in-orbit standby until 2022 and then will be operational until 2029 as a successor to Himawari-8. Both Himawari-8/9 carry the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), which is one of the new-generation GEO imagers with improved spatial and temporal resolutions and increased spectral bands. JMA ensures consistent and contiguous observation over 14 years by those two satellites. To assure that various users can access AHI data, JMA has built two major data dissemination methods, HimawariCloud and HimawariCast. The HimawariCoud service provides the full set of the Himawari Standard Data to NMHs through a cloud server on the Internet. The HimawariCast

service disseminates data through the communication satellite JCSAT-2B, which followed JCSAT-2A in July 2016. The service provides AHI full-disk data as well as other data including NWP and in-situ observation data. All of those data can be displayed with the SATAID software developed by JMA, and thus the service can effectively assist weather monitoring and analysis in NMHSs. As of January 2017, the numbers of countries using HimawariCast and HimawariCloud are 30 and 23 respectively. 3.8. Report from KMA Dohyeong Kim of KMA reported on the current and future satellite systems based on the national space development plan of Korea. The first geostationary satellite of Korea is COMS(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite), launched on June 26, 2010, multi-purposed satellites including 5 channel meteorological imager and the first Geostationary Ocean Color Imager of which the spatial resolution is 0.5 x 0.5 km2 operated by Korea Ocean Satellite Center. The future Geo-Kompsate-2A (hereafter GK2A) planning to launch in the end of 2018 will carry the next generation imager, AMI (Advanced Meteorological Imager), and will be utilized in the area of weather, climate and environmental monitoring etc with the 52 baseline meteorological products developed by domestic developers. GK2A data will be disseminated by broadcast as well as landline. All 16 channels data with full resolution will be broadcasted via UHRIT, and also maintain H/LRIT broadcast corresponding to COMS five channels. Via landline, cloud service is now under development and renovated web-based service system is also under development (completed in 2018). The future low earth orbit satellite for meteorological use is now under feasibility test until the end of 2017. The development of LEO satellite will kicked off in 2018 aiming to launch in 2022. The proposed instrument will be MW sounder such as ATMS-like. 3.9. Report from NASA

Jack Kaye of NASA reported on recent activities at NASA relative to the activities of its Earth Science Division. In particular, he noted the 12/16 launch of its first venture class satellite, the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), a constellation of eight small satellites to study winds in tropical cyclones, the 2/17 launch of two instruments to the International Space Station (ISS) (Lightning Imaging Sensor, Stratosphere Aerosol and Gas Experiment III), and the launch of a CubeSat (Radiometer Assessment using Vertically Aligned Nanotubes) from NASA’s In-space Validation of Space Technology program. . He also noted selections of additional venture class instruments (Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols and Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats) in 3/16, GeoCarb in 12/16), as well as the termination of two previously operating missions – the Rapid Scat instrument aboard iSS (11/16) and the Earth Observation-1 satellite (3/17). He also reviewed the status of the Administration’s preliminary FY18 budget request, which called for termination of several missions in development. He also briefly reviewed remaining planned launches of large missions and CubeSats, recent selections in the research program for the Satellite Calibration Interconsistency Study, that supports the intercomoparison of data from NASA and non-NASA satellite missions, and the US Participating Investigator program, that supports US investigators participating in activities for non-US missions; in this most recent round, the selected investigators

will be engaged with satellites from Europe (EUMETSAT, ESA, EC) and Korea. He addressed additional activities concerning surface-measurement networks and airborne campaigns that complement the satellite observations and provide calibration/validation opportunities as well. 3.10. Report from NOAA

Sid-Ahmed Boukabara of NOAA reported on the status, health and schedules of the main NOAA satellite missions, both polar and geostationary, namely JPSS and GOES-R series respectively, as well as their imminent launches. NOAA is continuing its legacy of contributing to the global observing system by providing geostationary and polar-orbiting observations, and engancing the quality of these data. The polar coverage from NOAA refers to the afternoon crossing time orbit, with data from microwave and hyperspectral infrared sounders, as well as high resolution imagers. The latest in this series (Suomi NPP) was reported to be healthy and providing excellent data. Note that the risk of an afternoon data gap , which was feared in the past, became significantly decreased. On the geostationary side, GOES-R (now called GOES-16) had been launched prior to the ET-SAT meeting, in November 2016, and its data was being intensively assessed before declaring it operational. GOES-16 images were presented as part of the NOAA briefing (from sensors: Imager ABI, solar monitoring SUVI, Lightning GLM), , highlighting that the data from all sensors was of good quality. The next in the series GOES-S, s planned for launch in March 2018. The post-launch activities being undertaken in NOAA were presented, as well as the products being generated and on how to access them. Sid reported that JPSS-1 was on track to be launched on time (note that since the meeting took place, JPSS-1 had indeed been launched on November 2017, and is now called NOAA-20). COSMIC, being a joint mission between different partners including NOAA, was also reported on by Sid, highlighting that the launch has been postponed to the later part of the year. Sid also reported on the Next-Gen satellite architecture of constellations being studied in NOAA/NESDIS, for deployment in the 2030-2050 timeframe. This architecture is still being optimized and is expected to investigate the usefulness of exploiting comemrcially-available satellite data. 4. STATUS REPORT FOR DRAFTING WIGOS VISION OF SPACE-BASED WIGOS COMPORNENTS IN 2040 (WIGOS VISION/SPACE 2040)

The WMO Secretariat reported the present status of drafting the Vision for WIGOS/Space 2040, and future schedule for finalizing. ET-SAT members then reviewed the latest version of Vision/Space 2040 and were invited to provide comments; Comments: NOAA: ownership by commercial entities not emphasized; recognize balloons and other high-altitude platforms; highlight the RRR process; line between R&D and operational missions increasingly blurred, convergence (ADM-Aeolus, EPS-SG instruments); address fragmentation of coordination mechanisms – WMO, CEOS, CGMS; have four components but only three tables; change wording of Component 2 (also backbone); could call Component 4 “enhancing” JMA: It would be useful to make the definition clearer on application area that the vision addresses. The current vision states in its introduction that the vision is formulated in anticipation in the 14 application areas, but this application areas are defined only on the WMO website, which would easily be changed over time.

JMA: It would also be useful if there is a brief overview of the typical socio-economic benefit of the satellites for meteorological and non-meteorological fields, such as disaster risk reduction, transport, agriculture and fisheries; SAR also has function to detect land deformation caused by volcanic activity or major earthquake. CSA: Hydrometeor profiles will be available by 2040 using active systems. It would be useful to have statement on 3D cloud fields in document. Importance of standardized data formats and standardized data fidelity. It is important to express requirements for opening the existing archives to train artificial intelligence (currently only general statement on Big Data) EUMETSAT: It should be stressed on the operational continuity, overlap between missions, maintain archives. It would be useful to demonstrate socio-economic value. DLR: A “data quality” would be useful as a driver. Frequency protection is important for data transmission, not only sensing. WMO SP: A “data quality” is important in two senses; transparency and fidelity (low uncertainty). A more data-driven society, users expect information as to fidelity / quality of the data and derived products. There is increasing pressure on observational data quality to make an impact. KMA: in spite of very detailed and specific contents in the Tables (component 1 to 3), the text is not detailed as referred in the Tables. That means there is not enough linkage between text and tables. In additions, current geophysical variables are same in the vision 2040, thus it needs the evolution of user requirement on geophysical variables as well in accordance with revolutionary evolution of satellite systems. As a point of GSICS group, there are two requirements: one is the explicitly inclusion of “GSICS” in the context of vision 2040 even though there is the concept of inter-calibration in Session 3. Another one is the inclusion of the need of high accurate reference instrument for the absolute calibration, such as CLARREO. Through the discussion, ET-SAT extracted the following new actions, recommendations and notes: A11.2: Space agencies reps should provide needs, requirements, related to ground based measurements, to help with the WIGOS surface component (for validation, etc). A11.3: Stimulate the changes to the WIGOS 2040 vision (space components) (1) Ensure the emergence of near-space satellites (high altitude observing systems) are accounted

for) (2) Capture the fact that there is a trend to leverage commercial space platform opportunities for

EO purposes (3) Mention that in the future, it is expected that distinction between R&D and Operational

missions will likely be more blurred. (4) Establish consistency between text and tables (4 components versus 3) (5) Rename the labels of the different components: such as: backbone-defined, backbone-

flexible/critical, path finders and backbone-enhancing (6) Suggest separating cloud radar from precipitation radar (7) Suggest dropping or toning down mention of WMO resolution 40 and replace with statement

highlighting importance of data sharing instead

(8) Highlight that hydrometeors profiles (ice, rain) are envisioned to become operationally available by future observing systems

(9) Absolute calibration mission should likely be part of the 2040 vision/constellation. This is especially important given the trend for increase in small satellites and distributed constellations.

(10) Big data expected by 2040 is likely going to require AI processing (machine learning) (11) Data Quality –information and traceability- (improvement) should be added as one of the

driving factors in defining the 2040 vision (similar to improved resolution etc) Perhaps remove specific references to specific frequencies (as in table, for 6 GHz). To be consistent with high level vision. Also remove references to specific mission names. Also because this belongs better in implementation plan A11.4: Seek clarification on 2040 vision implementation plan (Scope? once vision approved? Timeline? Lead?). A11.7: ET-SAT conveys concerns and request WMO to raise the RFI issue and list specific issues (C band, etc) to appropriate venues (WMO teams in charge of this, ITU, etc). R11.3: ET-SAT encourages methane focused mission R11.4: ET-SAT recommends best efforts should be made by R&D agencies to make data as usable by operational users as possible (latency, sustainability, etc). Note that this is expected to improve chances for operational users’ adoption and chances for follow on missions being approved (for those missions with added-value). R11.6: Recommendation to have a joint meeting with the Surface Component team leading the WIGOS 2040 vision and/or at least exchange of drafts to ensure awareness and coordination. An alternative or in addition to mutual invitations to respective meetings. R11.7: Recommend to WMO to provide a timeline of milestones and deliverables expected from ET-SAT regarding the WIGOS 2040 vision: review process, merging Surface/Space, joint meetings, final review, approval, presentations to community, etc. Also recommended is the schedule of vision 2040 updates (or 2050/60 vision initiation, etc.) as well as the schedule of gap analyses expected. N11.1: Concern raised at ET-SAT-11 about the discrepancy between CGMS baseline and vision regarding precipitation radar. N11.2: Societal benefits will be more and more routinely required to justify EO satellites. 5. OSCAR/SPACE DATABASE V.2 The WMO Secretariat gave a demonstration of a new version v2.0 of the Observing Systems Analysis and Review Tool/Space (OSCAR/Space), which was released in September 2016. It was recognized that OSCAR/Space was widely used by ET-SAT member agencies and users. With the new version, it was felt that the value of OSCAR/Space would further increase. It was also recognized that setting up a maintenance and management structure to ensure sustained operations of the resource is a current priority. The ET-Sat members encouraged the Secretariat to secure resources to maintain this service of great benefit to the space provider and user community, and it was proposed to set up a “Support Team” and a “Scientific and Technical Advisory Team” for OSCAR/Space. Engagement of satellite operators in CGMS as well as key user communities such as International Science Working Groups is critical in this regard.

A11.5: Provide WMO with potential names for a consultant to help support OSCAR maintenance. A11.6: ET-SAT members asked to provide, as much as doable and possible, a link to the commercial satellite providers in the corresponding countries, in order to provide WMO OSCAR information on private satellite operators. R11.5: ET-SAT recommends sustained/reinforcement of WMO OSCAR maintenance in light of multiplication of satellites and users driven needs to maintain up to date info in OSCAR. 6. RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS

The ET-SAT members were invited to review and update the status of the identified critical issues on space-based global observing system to be discussed in CGMS-45 for risk assessment and gap analysis on global continuity. The following items, identified as risky in the previous document for CGMS-43, are reviewed for updating information and possible recommendations. a) Geostationary coverage of Indian Ocean b) Transition to GOES-R in South America c) Geostationary infrared sounding (hyperspectral on some slots) d) Imagery and sounding on early morning orbit e) Continuity of afternoon primary missions f) Radio-occultation g) Altimetry h) Active ocean surface wind measurement (scatterometer wind data) i) Earth Radiation Budget j) Limb sounding.

ET-SAT recognized that four items; a), b), d), and e) were considered no longer an issue: a) Coverage ensured by the concurrence of several satellites (i.e. Meteosat-8, INSAT-3D, Electro-L N2 and FY-2), also providing redundancy for contingency and data availability satisfactory; b) NOAA has undertaken to disseminate selected GOES-R images by GNC-A; d) FY-3E will be launched in 2018; e) The p.m. orbit is served by three satellite series, JPSS, Meteor-M and FY-3, that provide redundancy as a safeguard against large service interruptions. ET-SAT recognized that an item on spectral gaps on future hyperspectral sounders was considered an issue (See Annex 5). 7. ET-SAT WORK PLAN FOR 2017-18 ET-SAT approved the work plan for 2017-18 (See Annex 6) and adopted the following new recommendations: R11.1: ET-SAT Recommends Data Policy Discussion to lead to guidance for Space agencies in light of emergence of commercial providers of satellite data. R11.2: ET-SAT recommends Higher level discussion between WMO and other international committees (CEOS, CGMS, GEO, etc) to clarify roles and improve coordination/avoid overlap as much as possible.

8. ANY OTHER BUSINESS

The meeting recommended holding a web meeting before CGMS-45 in order to update the gap analysis, and a face-to-face meeting during the first half of 2018. Collaboration between IPET-SUP and ET-SAT is essential, and a future joint meeting could be a possibility. 9. SUMMARY OF ACTIONS AND CONCLUSION The list of actions and other major conclusions was reviewed and adopted, subject to finalization after the meeting (See Annex 7). The main outcome of the meeting will be reported to the CBS by the OPAG IOS Chair. 10. CLOSING OF THE MEETIONG The meeting was closed at 16h30 on Thursday 6 April 2017.

____________________

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS KAYE, Jack A. (Chair) NASA Science Mission Directorate United States of America Tel: +1 202 358 2559 Fax: +1 202 358 3172 Email:jack.a.kaye@nasa.gov KIM, Dohyeong (Co-Chair) Senior Researcher Satellite Planning Division, National Meteorological Satellite Center Korea Meteorological Administration Republic of Korea Tel: +82 70 7850 5705 Fax: +82 43 717 0210 Email: dolong@korea.kr BOUKABARA, Sid-Ahmed (Rapporteur) Senior Data Assimilation Scientist National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) United States of America Tel: +1 301 683 3615 Fax: +1 301 683 3616 Email: Sid.Boukabara@noaa.gov Von BARGEN, Albrecht Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) German Aerospace Center Earth Observation Germany Tel: +49 228 447 218 Fax: +49 228 447 747 Email: albrecht.von-bargen@dlr.de KLAES, Dieter (for Bojan Bojkov) EUMETSAT Eumetsat Allee 1 D-64295 Darmstadt Germany Tel: Fax: Email: dieter.klaes@eumetsat.int

KROUPNIK, Guennadi Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Canada Tel: +1 450 926 6492 Fax: +1 450 926 4576 Email: guennadi.kroupnik@asc-csa.gc.ca KUNIMATSU, Hiroshi Senior Supervisor for Satellite Operations Satellite Program Division Japan Meteorological Agency Japan Tel: +81 332018677 Fax: +81 332171036 Email: kunimatu@met.kishou.go.jp OKI, Riko Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Satellite Applications Mission Directorate Earth Observation Research Center Japan Tel: +81 5033623823 Fax: +81 298682961 Email: oki.riko@jaxa.jp PETITEVILLE, Ivan, Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes Coordination Office European Space Agency Italy Tel: +39 694180567 Fax: +39 694180353 Email: Ivan.Petiteville@esa.int LU, Feng Director of Office of System Program and Planning (OSPP) National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration China Tel: + 86 1068409494 Fax: +86 1062175936 Email: lufeng@cma.gov.cn YOSHIDA, Ryo Satellite Program Division Japan Meteorological Agency Japan Tel:+81 332018677

Fax: +81 332171036 Email: r_yoshida@met.kishou.go.jp WMO SECRETARIAT Mail address: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7bis, avenue de la Paix, Case Postale 2300, CH-1211 GENEVA-2, Switzerland Fax: +41 22 730 80 21 ZHANG, Wenjian Assistant Secretary General Tel: +41 22 730 8400 Email: wzhang@wmo.int BELDA, Fernando Director, Observing and Information Systems Department Tel: +41 22 730 8035 Email: fbelda@wmo.int KURINO, Toshiyuki Chief, Space-based Observing System Division Tel: +41 22 730 8228 Email: tkurino@wmo.int Bojinski, Stephan Scientific Officer Satellite Utilization and Products Division Tel: +41 22 730 8319 Email: sbojinski@wmo.int

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 2 AGENDA

1. OPENING OF THE MEETING

1.1 Welcome and introduction of participants 1.2 Introduction of participants 1.3 Approval of agenda and working arrangements 1.4 ET-SAT Terms of Reference 1.5 Election of Rapporteur 1.6 Chair’s report

2. FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS FROM PREVIOUS MEETINGS

3. STATUS REPORT FROM THE MEMBERS

4. VISION OF SPACE-BASED WIGOS COMPONENTS IN 2040

4.1 Review and update the draft VISION/Space2040 v.1.1 4.2 Identification of key ET-SAT messages to the draft VISION/Space 2040

5. OSCAR/SPACE DATABASE V2

5.1 Introduction to OSCAR/Space V.2 5.2 Implementation of sustainable maintenance/validation scheme of OSCAR/Space v.2

6. RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS

6.1 Reviewing Working Paper for CGMS-45

7. ET-SAT WORK PLAN FOR 2017-18

8. ANY OTHER BUSINESS

9. SUMMARY OF ACTIONS AND CONCLUSION

10. CLOSING OF THE MEETING

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 3

ET-SAT TERMS OF REFERENCE (Approved by CBS-16 in November 2016)

(a) Under the direction of the chairperson of the OPAG-IOS, undertake tasks and provide

advice on and support for the implementation of the WIGOS framework and the priority

activities of the WIGOS pre-operational phase;

(b) Assess and document, in the framework of the WMO Rolling Review of Requirements,

the actual and planned capabilities of operational and R&D satellites constituting the

space-based component of WIGOS and their adequacy to meet the WMO requirements

for satellite data and products. This will be achieved in considering the information

provided by participating agencies as well as the outcome of the Coordination Group for

Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites

(CEOS), including, for example, the progress of CEOS constellations. The feedback from

WMO should be communicated to CGMS and CEOS;

(c) Provide technical advice with respect to both operational and R&D environmental

satellites to assist in the implementation of integrated WMO-coordinated observing

systems;

(d) Assess progress of R&D and demonstration satellite systems, and identify opportunities

and/or problem areas concerning satellite technology and plans;

(e) Oversee the development and review of OSCAR so that it meets the needs of WIGOS

for information concerning space-based observing system capabilities for both

programmatic and technical aspects of the systems;

(f) Coordinate with IPET-SUP and other relevant teams on satellite related matters;

(g) Provide advice and support to the chairperson of OPAG-IOS, and report on all activities

relevant to its Terms of Reference.

(N.B. Highlighted terms were newly added by CBS-16)

______________________

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 4

ACTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM ET-SAT-10

Action Status

Action 10.1: Secretariat to update ET-SAT-10/Document 3.1 taking into account the comments from ET-SAT-10 and subsequent feedback from the WIGOS Space 2040 Workshop. (December 2015)

Completed

comments and feedback from the WIGOS Space 2040 Workshop held on 18-20 November 2015, WMO meetings held in the January-April 2016 time frame and comments from CGMS-44 were reflected for updating the draft Vision of WIGOS Space-based Components in 2040

Action 10.2: The Secretariat to report at ET-SAT-11 on the plan to maintain OSCAR/Space. (ET-SAT-11)

Completed

Action 10.3: The Secretariat and the Chairman to schedule virtual meetings to discuss and implement the future work plan of ET-SAT (Spring and Fall 2016).

Completed

Action 10.4: The Secretariat and the Chairman to schedule a virtual meeting to discuss the issues related to COPUOS discussions, presented in ET-SAT-10/Doc. 6 (December 2015).

Completed

letter sent out on 25 November 2016

Two actions from the 8th ET-SAT meeting, Actions 8.08 and 8.15 (below) were closed and should be replaced by Permanent Actions in the annual work plan of ET-SAT:

- Action 8.08: Each ET-SAT member to check the information in OSCAR regarding the missions under responsibility of his/her respective agency: new missions, change of status (approval, launch, cancellation, termination), schedule, payload content, etc.

- Action 8.15: Each ET-SAT member to review the “evaluation” part of the “Capability

review” in OSCAR for the climate/weather/water applications (i.e. ignoring Space Weather for the time being), in particular for the capabilities corresponding to his/her field of expertise. (Action to be redefined in the new version of OSCAR)

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 5

CGMS-45 WMO-WP-11 15 May 2017 Prepared by WMO Agenda Item: 5.1.1 Discussed in WG III

RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS In response to CGMS Recommendation 41.14

HLPP reference: 1.1.6

This WP aims at supporting the discussion on global continuity and risk analysis by the Working Group on Operational Continuity and Contingency Planning (WG III). It is heavily based on the Gap analysis maintained by WMO in the Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool (OSCAR), available at https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/gapanalyses.

The items identified as risky in the previous document CGMS-43 WMO-WP-14 are reviewed for updating information and possible recommendations. Four items are considered no longer an issue. An item on Spectral gaps on future hyperspectral sounders has been added.

The current asset of the Gap analysis maintained in OSCAR is provided in Appendix.

Actions proposed: Working Group III members are invited to review and update the status of the identified critical items, to inform on any new risk that should be monitored, and to advise on mitigation actions.

CGMS-45 WMO-WP-11

RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS

This working paper is an update of CGMS-43 WMO-WP-14, that introduced the issues at the time considered at risk:

a) Geostationary coverage of Indian Ocean

b) Transition to GOES-R in South America

c) Geostationary infrared sounding (hyperspectral on some slots)

d) Imagery and sounding on early morning orbit

e) Continuity of afternoon primary missions

f) Radio-occultation

g) Altimetry

h) Active ocean surface wind measurement (scatterometer wind data)

i) Earth Radiation Budget

j) Limb sounding.

In CGMS-43 WMO-WP-14, the issues were introduced and briefly described, with indication of the possibilities for future mitigation. In this WP, after an updated description of the risks, the current situation is presented, as resulting from the WMO OSCAR Gap analysis at https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/gapanalyses at the end of March 2017. A short description of the current structure and contents of the OSCAR Gap analysis is provided in Appendix.

Comments to the described situation are offered, with draft recommendations, when appropriate. Out of the 10 problem areas previously identified, 4 items seem to be no longer an issue.

The updated list of recommendations is:

GEO coverage of Indian Ocean

Proposed to be no longer an issue.

Transition to GOES-R in South America

Proposed to be no longer an issue.

Geostationary infrared sounding

JMA, NOAA and KMA to implement hyperspectral sounding on the next generations of Himawari, GOES and GEO-KOMPSAT satellites.

Imagery and sounding in early morning

Proposed to be no longer an issue.

Continuity of afternoon primary missions

Proposed to be no longer an issue.

Radio-occultation NOAA to bring to success the effort to implement COSMIC-2B.

Altimetry CNES (for SWIM and KaRIN) and JAXA (for SHIOSAI) to continue and intensify their efforts on large-swath altimetry.

Active ocean surface wind Roscosmos and ISRO to manifest their long-term plan for the follow-on of Meteor-M N3 and OceanSat-3.

Earth Radiation Budget CMA to investigate whether it is feasible to install ERM-2 on FY-3F. ERB instruments to be considered for future generations of GEO.

Limb sounding Plans for limb sounding in IR and MW to be considered.

To these, an additional item has been added:

Spectral gaps on future hyperspectral sounders

GSICS to provide baseline specification for the inter-calibration of IR imagers

Updated statement of the problems, analysis of the scenario and conclusions/recommendations are described in the following table.

Risk area

Status at CGMS-44

Situation as in March 2017 ( based on

OSCAR/Space/Gap Analyses: https://www.wmo-

sat.info/oscar/gapanalyses)

Status at CGMS-45

Geostationary

coverage of Indian Ocean

A44.08 (to CMA, EUM, ISRO,

ROSH) on IODC: CLOSED CGMS agencies in the IODC

region (CMA, EUMETSAT, ISRO,

ROSHYDROMET) to support the distribution of essential data to IODC users

via their existing dissemination methods

(CMACast, EUMETCast, GTS, Internet, etc).

A44.09 (CGMSSEC, EUMETSAT, CMA, ISRO,

ROSH) on IODC: OPEN

CGMSSEC with EUMETSAT to coordinate with CMA, ISRO and ROSH and update the

table on IODC essential data and products

(essential as per WMO Res. 40)

Meteosat-8 replaced Meteosat-7 for IODC at

41.5°E since 1 February 2017. NRT data available via EUMETCast. DCS available.

INSAT-3D. Position: 82°E. a) Launched in 2013, expected EOL ≥2021.

b) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT. DCS available.

INSAT-3DR. Position; 74°E (commissioning).

c) Launched in 2016, expected EOL ≥2024. d) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT.

DCS available.

INSAT-3DS. Position: TBD.

e) planned launch ≥2022, expected EOL ≥2029.

Electro-L N2. Position 76°E. f) Launched in 2015, expected EOL ≥2022.

g) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT. DCS available.

FY-2H, Position 86.5°E. a) Launched on 2017, expected EOL ≥2022.

b) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT. DCS available.

- Coverage ensured by the

concurrence of several satellites (i.e. Meteosat-8, INSAT-3D, Electro-L N2 and

FY-2), also providing redundancy for contingency.

- Data availability satisfactory.

Long-term continuity secured.

proposed to be no longer

an issue.

Transition to The receiving stations for GOES-13 or GOES-14 to ensure service at -NOAA has undertaken to

GOES-R in South America

GOES will change to the new standard (GRB) introduced with GOES-R. The overlap

period with the current standard (HRIT and LRIT)

will be very short.

Receiving stations in South

American risk to experience a gap in the availability of GOES images.

75°E till ≥2017. GOES-R launched on 19 November 2016.

Being under commissioning at 89.5°W.

GOES-S to follow in ≥2018. East position (75°E) to be covered by GOES-R

≤2018. Implementation and testing of GRB stations in

South America, NOAA has planned early dissemination of a selection of GOES-R data by GEONETCast-Americas (GNC-A).

disseminate selected GOES-R images by GNC-A.

Proposed to be no longer an issue.

Geostationary infrared

sounding (hyperspectral

on some slots)

Hyperspectral sounding from GEO is basic for high-

vertical-resolution, frequent temperature and humidity

profiling, and derived winds.

After the experience initiated with FY-4A, other GEO

programmes will follow, but current plans leave

uncovered over one half of the Earth’s surface.

FY-4, first launch occurred on 10 December 2016, is equipped with GIIRS (Geostationary

Interferometric Infrared Sounder). MTG-S, first launch planned for ≥2023, will be

equipped with the hyperspectral IRS (Infra-Red Sounder).

Electro-M, first launch planned for ≥2025, will

be equipped with IRFS-GS (Infra-Red Fourier-transform Spectrometer, Geostationary).

These systems will cover the range of longitudes from ~ 30°W to ~ 130°E at the equator.

Hyperspectral sounding is currently not planned for GOES, Himawari and GEO-

KOMPSAT satellites (range of longitudes from ~ 100°E to ~ 40°W at the equator). The gap will last up to at least ~ 2036 (GOES), ~ 2031

(Himawari) and ~ 2030 (GEO-KOMPSAT).

- According to the current plans, hyperspectral sounding will be missing over ~ 55% of

the Earth surface (more before 2025).

- It is recommended that JMA, NOAA and KMA implement hyperspectral

sounding on the next generations of Himawari,

GOES and GEO-KOMPSAT satellites.

Imagery and

sounding on early morning

orbit

R44.14 (CGMS Space

Agencies) : OPEN CGMS agencies to maintain

the constellation of at least three polar orbits

(early morning, morning,

Current programmes and plans are based on:

Mid-morning orbit (9:30-10:30 LST) Metop and follow-on Metop-SG

Meteor-M and follow-on Meteor-MP FY-3G (will be launcehed in 2020(TBD));

Early-afternoon orbit (13:30-15:30 LST)

SNPP and follow-on JPSS

Proposed to be no longer an issue.

and afternoon), each with full sounding capabilities (IR and

MW). The overpass times of operational

satellites with sounding capability (IR and

MW) should be coordinated between agencies to maximize their

value.

CGMS‐44 WGII ‐ For

reference: WG III should discuss this and come up with

results at CGMS‐45.

Meteor-M and follow-on Meteor-MP FY-3D (launced in 2017) FY-3F (will be launcehed in 2020(TBD));

Early-morning orbit (5:30-07:00 LST) FY-3E (will be launcehed in 2018)

No exact plan for DMSP follow-on

Continuity of afternoon

primary missions

The p.m. orbit is served by three satellite series, JPSS,

Meteor-M and FY-3, that provide redundancy as a

safeguard against large service interruptions.

Continuity is necessary to

mitigate the risks from adapting acquisition and

processing chains when a satellite is replaced by its successor in the series.

Planning in the afternoon orbit is envisaged as follows:

NOAA: SNPP: 2011 to ≥2017 JPSS-1: September 2017 to ≥2024

JPSS-2: ≥2021 to ≥2028 JPSS-3: ≥2026 to ≥2033 JPSS-4: ≥2031 to ≥2038.

RosHydroMet: Meteor-M N2-1: ≥2017 to ≥2022 Meteor-M N2-3: ≥2020 to ≥2025

Meteor-M N2-5: ≥2022 to ≥2027 Meteor-MP N1: ≥2021 to ≥2028.

CMA: FY-3D: ≥2017 to ≥2022 FY-3G: ≥2021 to ≥2026.

Proposed to be no longer

an issue.

Radio- -COSMIC-1 has Radio-occultation payloads are carried or planned - Although the total number

occultation demonstrated the value of a regular distribution of radio-occultation soundings, as

only a dedicated constellation can provide.

-The number of active satellites in COSMIC-1 is

continuously decreasing to two.

-Payloads hosted on single-

shot satellites also are valuable, provided that their

data are made openly available.

-The full COSMIC

constellation to replace COSMIC-1 and extend the

coverage of low latitudes is extremely important.

on operational satellites series and single-shot satellites; and on dedicated constellations.

Operational satellite series:

Metop (GRAS, ~650 soundings/day) and Metop-SG-A / SG-B (RO, ~1100 soundigs/day

per satellite) FY-3 e.m., a.m. and p.m.; and FY-3RM

(GNOSS, ~1100 soundings/day per satellite) Meteor-M a.m. and p.m. (Radiomet, ~750

soundings/day per satellite) and Meteor-MP

a.m. and p.m. (ARMA-MP, ~2000 soundings/day per satellite)

JASON CS/Sentinel-6A&B (Tri-G, ~2000 soundings/day)

Total soundings/day: up to ~10,000,

continuity ensured

Single-shot satellites:

KOMPSAT-5 (AOPOD, ~600 soundings/day) OceanSat-2 (ROSA, ~250 soundings/day) GRACE(BlackJack, ~150 soundings/day) and

GRACE-FO (Tri-G, ~300 soundings/day) TerraSAR-X and TSX-NG (IGOR, ~200

soundings/day) TanDEM-X (IGOR, ~100 soundings/day) SEOSAR/Paz (ROHPP, ~250 sounding/day)

Megha-Tropiques (ROSA, ~650 soundings/day) Total soundings/day: up to ~2000, continuity

not foreseen.

Constellations: COSMIC-1 (2 sats survived) (IGOR, ~600

soundings/day), high-inclination orbits COSMIC-2A (6 sats) (TGRS, ~6600

soundings/day), low-inclination orbits) COSMIC-2B (6 sats) (TGRS, ~6600

soundings/day), high-inclination orbits).

of radio-occultation soundings/day from operational and, at periods,

single-shot satellites, is substantial, the contribution

from dedicated constellations in drifting orbits is

fundamental for the regularity of distribution.

- COSMIC-2A in low-orbit is

basic for balanced distribution across latitude. The funding

for COSMIC-2B is not secured. Potential gap is in the polar regions.

- Noting that COSMIC-2A is close to launch.

Altimetry -Altimetry is the primary mission for ocean circulation and accurate geoid

determination. -After a few decades of

utilisation mainly for geodesy and climate, the use has

been extended to NWP and operational oceanography.

-The viewing capability

limited to the nadir requires many satellites for

implementing a coverage suitable for daily operations.

-Many satellites imply many

providing Agencies, thus intensive inter-agency

cooperation for orbit coordination and data exchange.

-Extension to small-scale application (coastal zone,

sea-state) pushes development towards (relatively) large-swath by

multi-beam radar or interferometry.

Several satellites embarking radar altimeters are currently in orbit or planned:

In the “geodetic orbit” (1336 km altitude, 66°

inclination): JASON-2 and JASON-3 (2008 to ≥2021),

with Poseidon-3 A/B JASON-CS-A and JASON-CS-B (≥2020 to

≥2033), with SRAL (with along-track SAR capability)

In sunsynchronous orbits: at 10:00 LST: Sentinel-3A and Sentinel 3B

(2016 to ≥2024) with SRAL (along-track

SAR capability). at 06:00 LST: SARAL (2013 to ≥2018) with

Altika

at 07:00 LST: CFOSAT and CFOSAT-FO (≥2018 to ≥2027) with SWIM (large

swath)

In other drifting orbits:

CryoSat-2 (2010 to ≥2017) with SIRAL (with along-track SAR capability)

COMPIRA (mission concept, ≥2019 to ≥2024), with Altimeter and SHIOSAI (large swath).

Cooperation for data exchange is very active. EUMETSAT, that is responsible of distributing

oceanographic data from JASON 2 & 3 and Sentinel-3

- For the purpose of ocean topography and geodesy the availability of altimeters,

currently and in the long term, seems sufficient. The

along-track SAR capability enables accurate contour

detection of sea-ice.

- Applications marginally served are: sea-level in

coastal zones and sea-state, that require higher resolution,

frequent observation and timely data availability.

Active ocean surface wind measurement

(CGMS

Wind vectors on the sea surface has become an increasingly important input

for NWP.

Several satellites embarking radar scatterometers are currently in orbit or planned:

at 06:00 LST: HY-2A, HY-2B and HY-2E (2011

to ≥2025), with SCAT

- The coverage in the early- and mid-morning is provided by several satellites, some

belonging to operational series.

Baseline: Wind scatterometry over sea

surfaces (at least two

orbital planes))

Correspondingly, the number of satellites equipped with radar scatterometer has

steadily increased.

Since sea-surface wind is

also valuable for nowcasting, NRT data availability has

become a stringent requirement, that needs to be faced by tight cooperation

between the Agencies responsible of the various

systems.

at 06:00 LST: FY-3E and FY-3H (≥2018 to ≥2028) with WindRad

at 07:00 LST: CFOSAT and CFOSAT-FO

(≥2018 to ≥2027) with SCAT at 08:45 LST: ScatSat-1 (2016 to ≥2021),

with OSCAT at 09:30: Metop-A, Metop-B and Metop-C

(≥2006 to ≥2024) with ASCAT; and Metop-SG-B1, Metop-SG-B2 and Metop-SG-B3 (≥2022 to ≥2043), with SCA

at 12:00 LST: Meteor-M N3 (≥2021 to ≥2026) with SCAT

at 12:00 LST: OceanSat-3 (≥2018 to ≥2023) with OSCAT

drifting orbit: HY-2C, HY-2D, HY-2F and HY-2G

(≥2019 to ≥2027), with SCAT.

Cooperation for data exchange is very active.

EUMETSAT, responsible for Metop, has taken over the NRT distribution of HY-2 and OcenSat/ScatSat data after agreement with

NSOAS and ISRO.

- In the late-morning / early afternoon the commitment to long-term continuity after

Meteor-MP N3 and OceanSat-3 has not yet been expressed

Earth Radiation

Budget

Although ERB was measured

since the earliest stage of space meteorology, it was

still considered a scientific issue till recently.

With the increasing

importance of the climate issue and the interest of NWP

(before, for model validation, now for initialisation), ERB measurement from space

has become a stringent requirement.

However, because of the

The situation of ERB measurements is as follows.

Short- and Long-wave broad-band from LEO: at 06:00 LST: FY-2E and FY-H (≥2018 to

≥2028) with ERM-2 at 10:15 LST: FY-3C (1913 to ≥2018) with

ERM-1

at 10:30 LST: Terra (1999 to ≥2017) with CERES

at 13:30 LST: Aqua (2002 to ≥2017) with CERES

at 13:30 LST: SNPP (2011 to ≥2017) with

CERES; and JPSS-1, JPSS-2, JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 (≥2017 to ≥2038) with RBI

drifting; Megha-Tropiques (2003 to ≥2017),

- As concerns broad-band ERB

in LEO, the long-term plan is based on FY-3 in early

morning, and JPSS in early afternoon. - This might not be sufficient

to deal with the diurnal variation affected by rapidly-

evolving clouds and water vapour.

- GEO observation is

supposed to complement LEO for diurnal variation but, in

the long-term, is only planned

historical background, the current and planned satellite system architecture is not

optimal for ERB.

A focused effort is needed,

both to optimise the observing systems, and to

structure the procedures for the specifically severe problems of intercalibration.

with ScaRaB.

Short- and Long-wave broad-band from GEO or L1

at 4°W-10°E: Meteosat-9, Meteosat-10 and Meteosat-11 (2005 to ≥2022) with GERB

at 0°: Electro-M N3 (≥2029 to ≥2039) with ERBR

at 41.5°E: Meteosat-8/IODC (2017 to ≥2019) with GERB

at 76-78°E: Electro-M N1 and Electro-M N2

(≥2025 to ≥2035) with ERBR at L1: DSCOVR (2015 to ≥2025) with NISTAR.

Solar irradiance at TOA from LEO SORCE (2003 to ≥2017), total (TIM) and

spectral (SIM)

TCTE (2013-2017), TOTAL(TIM) TSIS-1 on the ISS (≥2018 to ≥2023), total

(TIM) and spectral (SIM) FY-3A, FY-3C (2013 to ≥2018) with SIM-1,

and FY-2E and FY-H (≥2018 to ≥2028) with

SIM-2.

Solar irradiance at TOA from GEO or Molniya:

Electro-L N1, Electro-L N2, Electro-L N3, Electro-L N4, Electro-L N5 (2011 to ≥2034) with GGAK-E/ISP-2M

Electro-M N1, Electro-M N2, Electro-M N3 (≥2025 to ≥2039) with GGAK-E/ISP-2M

Arctica-M N1, Arctica-M N2, Arctica-M N3, Arctica-M N4 and Arctica-M N5 (≥2017 to ≥2030) with GGAK-E/ISP-2M.

for Electro-M, covering only Europe and Asia.

- DSCOVR observes all

longitudes, but only in daylight, and its long-term

future is not known.

- Solar irradiance at TOA, in

the long-term, is planned for FY-3 in GEO and Electro L/M and Arctica in GEO and

Molniya.

- The most evident gaps for

ERB are the lack of broad-band radiometry from LEO in mid-morning, and the poor

longitudinal coverage from GEO.

Limb sounding Major missions for limb sounding (e.g., Envisat with

SCIAMACHY, MIPAS and GOMOS) are no longer

active, and many others

The situation of limb sounding is as follows:

Missions operating beyond their expected EOL:

SCISAT (2003 to ≥2017) with ACE-FTS (SWIR, MWIR and TIR) and MAESTRO (from UV to

NIR, by sun occultation)

- The long-term scenario indicates that, limited to SW

sounding, sufficient coverage will be provided by JPSS,

Meteor-MP and FY-3. This is

(e.g. Aura with TES and MLS) are being operated beyond their expected EOL.

Future plans for limb sounding are focusing on

ozone, whereas the requirements from

atmospheric chemistry, particularly for climate and global environment, include

many more species.

TIMED (2001 to ≥2017) with TIDI (wind in thermosphere and mesosphere by high-resolution VIS/NIR spectroscopy)

SNPP (2011 to ≥2017) with OMPS (from UV to NIR)

Aura (2004 to ≥2017) with TES (MWIR and TIR) and MLS (MW up to 2500 GHz)

Odin (2001 to ≥2017) with OSIRIS (UV to NIR) and SMR (MW up to 580 GHz).

Just-launched or planned missions:

SAGE-III on the ISS (2017 to ≥2022), UV to SWIR, operating by sun occultation

ICON (≥2017 to ≥2022) with MIGHTI (wind and temperature in the thermosphere by high-resolution VIS/NIR spectroscopy)

JPSS-2, JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 (≥2021 to ≥2038) with OMPS (from UV to NIR)

Meteor-MP N1 and N2 (≥2021 to ≥2030), with ACS (from UV to SWIR)

FY-3F (≥2019 to ≥2024) with OMS (UV and

VIS).

sufficient for ozone and a few aggressive species.

- There is no plan for IR, that

includes several green-house species, and important ozone-

affecting species such as CFC’s and HNO3.

- Because of the lack of MW limb sounders, the OH and HCl will be missing.

Spectral gaps

on future hyperspectral

sounders

CGMS-43 WGII (R43.01):

Open (HLPP #3.1); CGMS members to consider

removing spectral gaps from future IR hyperspectral sounders to support GSICS

inter-calibration of IR imagers.

GSICS to provide a baseline

specification of the future IR hyperspectral sounders for

the inter-calibration of IR imagers.

Reference; VISION FOR THE GOS IN 2025 ( Approved by CBS-XIV and Adopted by EC LXI in June 2009) “Improved calibration and inter-calibration will be achieved through mechanisms such as GSICS.”

APPENDIX - INFORMATION ON THE OSCAR GAP ANALYSIS

1. Structure of the OSCAR Gap analysis

The Gap analysIs is split according to two options:

by Variable

by Mission.

2. Gap analysis by Variable

The Gap analysis by Variable is simply implemented by plotting in temporal bar charts the instruments (past, current and planned) capable (in principle) to measure the addressed Variable. Currently, there are 122 EO and 69 SW variables addressed. They are split according to 11 Domains:

Basic atmospheric

Clouds and precipitation

Aerosol and radiation

Ocean

Sea ice

Land surface

Solid Earth and magnetic field

Atmospheric chemistry

Ionospheric disturbances

Energetic particles and solar wind

Solar monitoring.

After selecting the Domain and the desired Variable, the timeline is displayed, showing the relevant instruments, ordered by orbital information (GEO longitude or ECT or inclination). The overall measurement quality is imported from the originating instrument page.

The bar chart is followed by the full list of instruments potentially capable of measuring the Variable, with indication of the overall measurement quality and the possible operational limitations.

3. Gap analysis by Mission

The Gap analysis by Mission is designed as a response to the long-term “Vision” developed by CGMS and WMO to serve as guidance for future development. The following Missions are currently defined in OSCAR/Space:

Multi-purpose VIS/IR imagery from LEO

Multi-purpose VIS/IR imagery from GEO

IR temperature/humidity sounding from LEO

IR temperature/humidity sounding from GEO

MW temperature/humidity sounding from LEO

MW temperature/humidity sounding from GEO

MW imagery

Radio occultation sounding

Earth radiation budget from LEO

Earth radiation budget from GEO

Sea-surface wind by active and passive MW

Radar altimetry

Ocean colour imagery from LEO

Ocean colour imagery from GEO

Imagery with special viewing geometry

Lightning imagery from GEO or LEO

Cloud and precipitation profiling by radar

Cross-nadir SW spectrometry (for chemistry) from LEO

Cross-nadir SW spectrometry (for chemistry) from GEO

Cross-nadir IR spectrometry (for chemistry) from LEO

Cross-nadir IR spectrometry (for chemistry) from GEO

Limb-sounding spectrometry

High-resolution imagery for land observation

Synthetic Aperture Radar

Space weather: solar activity monitoring

Space weather: solar wind and deep space monitoring

Space weather: magnetospheric particle monitoring

Space weather: ionosphere and magnetosphere monitoring

Gravity field measuring systems

Precise positioning

Data Collection Systems and Search-and-Rescue

For each Mission the main instrument characteristics which are necessary to measure the desired variables of the Mission are listed. Depending on these contributing technical features, the various instruments relevant for the Mission are rated.

The timeline of instruments contributing to the Mission is displayed, ordered by orbital information (GEO longitude or ECT or inclination). The instrument is rated according to the level of compliance with the mission objective.

The bar chart is followed by the full list of instruments contributing to the Mission. As regards the list of Missions, it should be noted that:

the Space weather missions, recently introduced, are handled only in a preliminary way;

as the EO missions are being carried forward for quite some time, their analysis is rather consolidated. Neverheless, it might be appropriate to review their objectives in the light of recent technological developments and changing user requirements.

Table 1 - Geophysical variables processed in OSCAR in the Earth observation area 122 entries (end of March 2017)

Domain: Basic atmospheric Domain: Sea ice

13 Atmospheric temperature 135 Sea-ice cover

161 Specific humidity 136 Sea-ice elevation

162 Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) 138 Sea-ice thickness

179 Wind (horizontal) 139 Sea-ice type

80 Height of the top of PBL

81 Height of the tropopause Domain: Land surface

164 Temperature of the tropopause 96 Land surface temperature

181 Wind speed over the surface (horizontal) 149 Soil moisture at surface

183 Wind vector over the surface (horizontal) 148 Soil moisture (in the roots region)

216 Atmospheric density 15 Biomass

66 Fraction of vegetated land

Domain: Clouds and precipitation 172 Vegetation type

36 Cloud top temperature 98 Leaf Area Index (LAI)

35 Cloud top height 107 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

37 Cloud type 60 Fire fractional cover

27 Cloud cover 62 Fire temperature

26 Cloud base height 61 Fire radiative power

34 Cloud optical depth 144 Snow status (wet/dry)

32 Cloud liquid water (CLW) 143 Snow cover

33 Cloud liquid water (CLW) total column 145 Snow water equivalent

28 Cloud drop effective radius 150 Soil type

29 Cloud ice 95 Land cover

30 Cloud ice (total column) 97 Land surface topography

31 Cloud ice effective radius 69 Glacier cover

67 Freezing level height in clouds 70 Glacier motion

101 Melting layer depth in clouds 71 Glacier topography

127 Precipitation (liquid or solid) 85 Ice sheet topography

128 Precipitation intensity at surface (liquid or solid)

1 Accumulated precipitation (over 24 h) Domain: Solid Earth and magnetic field

99 Lightning detection 68 Geoid

46 Crustal plates positioning

Domain: Aerosol and radiation 45 Crustal motion (horizontal and vertical)

6 Aerosol Optical Depth 72 Gravity field

5 Aerosol mass mixing ratio 73 Gravity gradients

2 Aerosol column burden 171 Geomagnetic field

3 Aerosol effective radius

9 Aerosol type Domain: Atmospheric chemistry

173 Aerosol volcanic ash 108 O3

174 Aerosol volcanic ash (Total column) 109 O3 (Total column)

51 Downward short-wave irradiance at TOA 16 BrO

168 Upward spectral radiance at TOA 17 C2H2

169 Upward long-wave irradiance at TOA 18 C2H6

167 Upward short-wave irradiance at TOA 19 CFC-11

141 Short-wave cloud reflectance 20 CFC-12

52 Downward long-wave irradiance at Earth’s surface 23 CH4

50 Downward short-wave irradiance at Earth’s surface 24 ClO

54 Earth’s surface albedo 25 ClONO2

55 Earth’s surface short-wave bi-directional reflectance 38 CO

170 Upward long-way irradiance at Earth’s surface 39 CO2

100 Long-wave Earth surface emissivity 43 COS

126 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 76 H2O

65 Fraction of Absorbed PAR (FAPAR) 21 HCHO

22 HCHO (Total column)

Domain: Ocean 77 HCl

110 Ocean chlorophyll concentration 78 HDO

42 Colour Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) 84 HNO3

117 Ocean suspended sediments concentration 102 N2O

111 Ocean Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient (DAC) 103 N2O5

121 Oil spill cover 104 NO

134 Sea Surface Temperature 105 NO2

133 Sea surface salinity 106 NO2 (Total column)

112 Ocean dynamic topography 120 OH

40 Coastal sea level (tide) 122 PAN

142 Significant wave height 131 PSC occurrence

48 Dominant wave direction 140 SF6

49 Dominant wave period 146 SO2

176 Wave directional energy frequency spectrum 147 SO2 (Total column)

Table 2 - Geophysical variables processed in OSCAR in the Space weather area 69 entries (end of March 2017)

Domain: Ionospheric disturbances Domain: Solar monitoring

214 Aurora 247 EUV flux

212 Electric Field 262 EUV flux spectrum

56 Electron Density 298 EUV sky image

279 Ionospheric plasma density 255 Gamma-ray flux

88 Ionospheric plasma velocity 254 Gamma-ray flux spectrum

89 Ionospheric Radio Absorption 82 Heliospheric image

90 Ionospheric Scintillation 257 Radio-waves

91 Ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) 151 Solar Ca II-K image

183 Wind vector over the surface (horizontal) 178 Solar coronagraphic image

216 Atmospheric density 256 Solar electric field

58 Solar EUV flux

Domain: Energetic particles and solar wind 245 Solar EUV flux spectrum

299 Alpha particles differential directional flux 152 Solar EUV image

300 Alpha particles integral directional flux 253 Solar gamma-ray flux

44 Cosmic ray neutron flux 252 Solar gamma-ray flux spectrum

221 Cosmic ray neutron flux spectrum 153 Solar H-alpha image

217 Electron differential directional flux 276 Solar Lyman-alpha flux

218 Electron flux density 275 Solar Lyman-alpha image

57 Electron flux energy spectrum 154 Solar magnetic field

219 Electron integral directional flux 155 Solar radio flux

264 Electrostatic charge 59 Solar radio flux spectrum

225 Heavy ion angular flux energy and mass spectrum 301 Solar radio image

271 Heavy ion differential directional flux 240 Solar UV flux

79 Heavy ion flux energy and mass spectrum 238 Solar UV flux spectrum

226 Heavy ion integral directional flux 241 Solar UV image

87 Interplanetary magnetic field 258 Solar velocity fields

130 Proton differential directional flux 265 Solar VIS flux

220 Proton integral directional flux 234 Solar VIS flux spectrum

215 Radiation Dose Rate 235 Solar VIS image

157 Solar wind density 156 Solar white light image

158 Solar wind temperature 184 Solar X-ray flux

159 Solar wind velocity 249 Solar X-ray flux spectrum

160 Solar X-ray image

243 UV flux

304 UV flux spectrum

244 UV sky image

251 X-ray flux

250 X-ray flux spectrum

263 X-ray sky image

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 6

ET-SAT WORK PLAN FOR THE PERIOD 2016-2019 (UPDATED: APRIL 2017)

No. Task (ToR) Deliverable/Activity Status Comment

1

Under the direction of the chairperson of the OPAG-IOS, undertake tasks and provide advice on and support for the implementation of the WIGOS framework and the priority activities of the WIGOS pre-operational phase

2

Assess and document, in the framework of the WMO Rolling Review of Requirements, the actual and planned capabilities of operational and R&D satellites constituting the space-based component of WIGOS and their adequacy to meet the WMO requirements for satellite data and products. This will be achieved in considering the information provided by participating agencies as well as the outcome of the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), including, for example, the progress of CEOS constellations. The feedback from WMO should be communicated to CGMS and CEOS

Perform gap analyses (i) in the CGMS baseline, (ii) against the Vision of the GOS/ WIGOS space-based component systems, to inform WMO Members on a regular basis Perform gap analyses in areas of specific or evolving interest to WMO, such as hydrology, atmospheric composition, space weather

- ET-SAT will review Gap analysis prepared by WMO Secretariat based on OSCAR/Space (future gap and present gap)

- ET-SAT reviewed the draft WMO WP for CGMS on gap analysis based on CGMS base line

3

Provide technical advice with respect to both operational and R&D environmental satellites to assist in the implementation of integrated WMO-coordinated observing systems

Guide the development of the Vision of the WIGOS space-based component systems in 2040, in coordination with IPET-OSDE; Support WMO information needs on satellite systems, including CBS and WMO Programme guidance material (e.g., Manual on WIGOS)

ET-SAT Chair will join TT of Vision 2040 for integration of Vision/Space and Surface Updating the draft by taking into consideration of comments from CEOS and ET-SAT members by the end of May. Further development by the review of WMO Technical Commissions, other science communities by the end of August. The latest draft will be presented in EUMETSAT Conference.

4

Assess progress of R&D and demonstration satellite systems, and identify opportunities and/or problem areas concerning satellite technology and plans

Present and discuss novel sensor, mission or space technology concepts and their potential utility to WMO Discuss radio frequency issues and highlight them to the SG-RFC as appropriate Keep abreast of developments regarding private operators of basic satellite systems, and provide guidance to WMO

- The latest information e.g. novel sensor, mission was provided through ET-SAT members` reports

- Topics on radio frequency interference will be discussed in virtual meeting

5

Oversee the development and review of OSCAR so that it meets the needs of WIGOS for information concerning space-based observing system capabilities for both programmatic and technical aspects of the systems

Check the information in OSCAR/Space regarding the missions under responsibility of his/her respective agency: new missions, change of status (approval, launch, cancellation, termination), schedule, payload content, etc. (Permanent “Action 8.08”) Review the “evaluation” part of the “Capability review” in OSCAR for the climate/weather/water applications (i.e. ignoring Space Weather for the time being), in particular for the capabilities corresponding to his/her field of expertise. (Permanent “Action 8.15”)

Released OSCAR/Space Version 2.0 in September 2016 ET-SAT provided comments and advice, especially on long-term maintenance of OSCAR/Space

6

Coordinate with IPET-SUP and other relevant teams on satellite related matters

To hold Joint Session with IPET-SUP in 2018 on Gap Analysis, Vision 2040 and OSCAR/Space Version 2.0

7

Provide advice and support to the chairperson of OPAG-IOS, and report on all activities relevant to its Terms of Reference

(N.B. Highlighted terms were newly added by CBS-16)

ET-SAT-11/Final Report, Annex 7 ACTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND NOTES FROM ET-SAT-11

Action Actionee Deadline Status

A11.1: The Secretariat offers to facilitate Canadian full membership in CGMS in light of RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM)

WMO Secretariat

ET-SAT-12 Open

A11.2: Space agencies reps should provide needs, requirements, related to ground based measurements, to help with the WIGOS surface component (for validation, etc)

ET-SAT Members

ET-SAT-12 Open

A11.3: Stimulate the changes to the WIGOS 2040 vision (space components) (1) Ensure the emergence of near-space satellites

(high altitude observing systems) are accounted for)

(2) Capture the fact that there is a trend to leverage commercial space platform opportunities for EO purposes

(3) Mention that in the future, it is expected that distinction between R&D and Operational missions will likely be more blurred.

(4) Establish consistency between text and tables (4 components versus 3)

(5) Rename the labels of the different components: such as: backbone-defined, backbone-flexible/critical, path finders and backbone-enhancing

(6) Suggest separating cloud radar from precipitation radar

(7) Suggest dropping or toning down mention of WMO resolution 40 and replace with statement highlighting importance of data sharing instead

(8) Highlight that hydrometeors profiles (ice, rain) are envisioned to become operationally available by future observing systems

(9) Absolute calibration mission should likely be part of the 2040 vision/constellation. This is

WMO Secretariat

with help from ET-SAT Members

ET-SAT-12 Open

especially important given the trend for increase in small satellites and distributed constellations.

(10) Big data expected by 2040 is likely going to require AI processing (machine learning)

(11) Data Quality –information and traceability- (improvement) should be added as one of the driving factors in defining the 2040 vision (similar to improved resolution etc)

(12) Perhaps remove specific references to specific frequencies (as in table, for 6 GHz). To be consistent with high level vision. Also remove references to specific mission names. Also because this belongs better in implementation plan

A11.4: Seek clarification on 2040 vision implementation plan (Scope? once vision approved? Timeline? Lead?)

ET-SAT

Members

ET-SAT-12 Open

A11.5: Provide WMO with potential names for a consultant to help support OSCAR maintenance

ET-SAT Members

ET-SAT-12 Open

A11.6: ET-SAT members asked to provide, as much as doable and possible, a link to the commercial satellite providers in the corresponding countries, in order to provide WMO OSCAR information on private satellite operators

ET-SAT Members

ET-SAT-12 Open

A11.7: ET-SAT conveys concerns and request WMO to raise the RFI issue and list specific issues (C band, etc) to appropriate venues (WMO teams in charge of this, ITU, etc)

ET-SAT Chair ET-SAT-12 Open

Recommendations Actionee Deadline Status

R11.1: ET-SAT Recommends Data Policy Discussion to lead to guidance for Space agencies in light of emergence of commercial providers of satellite data

ET-SAT-12 Open

R11.2: ET-SAT recommends Higher level discussion between WMO and other international committees (CEOS, CGMS, GEO, etc) to clarify roles and improve coordination/avoid overlap as much as possible

ET-SAT-12 Open

R11.3: ET-SAT encourages methane focused mission

ET-SAT-12 Open

R11.4: ET-SAT recommends best efforts should be made by R&D agencies to make data as usable by operational users as possible (latency, sustainability, etc). Note that this is expected to improve chances for operational users adoption and chances for follow on missions being approved (for those missions with added-value).

ET-SAT-12 Open

R11.5: ET-SAT recommends sustained/reinforcement of WMO OSCAR maintenance in light of multiplication of satellites and users driven needs to maintain up to date info in OSCAR.

ET-SAT Chair

ET-SAT-12 Open

R11.6: Recommendation to have a joint meeting with the Surface Component team leading the WIGOS 2040 vision and/or at least exchange of drafts to ensure awareness and coordination. An alternative or in addition to mutual invitations to respective meetings.

WMO Secretariat

ET-SAT-12 Open

R11.7: Recommend to WMO to provide a timeline of milestones and deliverables expected from ET-SAT regarding the WIGOS 2040 vision: review process, merging Surface/Space, joint meetings, final review, approval, presentations to community, etc. Also recommended is the schedule of vision 2040 updates (or 2050/60 vision initiation, etc) as well as the schedule of gap analyses expected.

ET-SAT Chair

ET-SAT-12 Open

Notes Status

N11.1: Concern raised at ET-SAT-11 about the discrepancy between CGMS baseline and vision regarding precipitation radar.

N11.2: Societal benefits will be more and more routinely required to justify EO satellites.