expert topic 1301- arctic char
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January | February 2013EXPERT TOPIC - ARCTIC CHAR
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
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ARCTIC CHAR
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Iceland
A
rctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is
the most common and wide-
spread salmonid fish in Iceland.Aquacultureofthespeciesbegan
intheearly1900swithattemptstofertilise
andhatcheggs.However,thefirstendeavor
to feed Arctic char did not come until
1961 with the development of small-scale
growing facilities. In the1980s, researchers
discovered that lowoptimum temperature
requirements, madeArctic char a suitable
candidateforfarminginIcelandscoldwaters.
The number of farms increased in the
1990s thanks, in part, to a government
backedbreedingprogrammeinitiatedin1992.
However, the operation was not profitable
andseveral of the countrys 40 farms went
outofbusiness.
The country produced 500 tonnes of
Arctic char in 1995 which had risen to
3,000tonnesin 2009.Production decreased
between 2004-2006 due to bacterialkidney
diseaseandtheprohibitionofdistributionof
eggsandjuvenilesfromsomehatcheries.
In2008,thecountryexported700tonnes
of whole fresh Arctic char, 20 tonnes of
frozenchar,approx.600tonnesoffreshfilletsandabout500 tonnes of frozen fillets. The
export valueamountedto ISK 1,200million
in 2008. The export value of the species
amountedtoISL1,100millionin2008.Most
of the Arctic char produced in Iceland is
exportedtoEuropeandNorthAmerica.
Today,Iceland is the worlds largest pro-
ducer of Arctic char with more than 50
percentofthetotalpopulation.
There are around 15 land-based Arctic
charfarmsinIcelandandoneseacagefarm
inthelagoonLoninKelduhverfionthenorth-
eastcoast.
Production is mainly in land-based farms
usinggroundwater,withsmall-
er farms using geo-
ther mal wat er
to rea ch
optimal growth temperature. Larger opera-
tionsuse high-qualitybrackishwater pumped
directly fromonsite drill holes.This method
hastheadvantageofnaturalfilteringthewater
throughlayersof lava.
More information: http://lf.is/english.htm
January-February 2013 | IttIol AquAFeed | 51
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Norway,
Sweden &
Iceland
The cold waters of the rural
Northern periphery are well
suited toArctic char aquaculture.
Although annual production is
small,ataround5,000tonnes,interestinthe
speciesisincreasing.
ProfEvaBrnns,professorattheSwedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden,
explainswhy,itisaverypopularspeciesfor
restaurantsandconsumerswithahighervalue
thansalmonandrainbowtrout.Ithasamore
arcticandcleantouch.
Funded by the European RegionalDevelopment Fund within the Northern
Periphery Programme, Sustainable
AquacultureofArcticchar(Northcharr)isa
collaboration between partners in Norway,
Sweden and Iceland. Started in 2007, the
2
Canada
ArcticcharareraisedonacommercialscaleintheYukonTerritory,Manitoba,
Ontario,Quebec,NovaScotia,andPrinceEdwardIsland,Canada.
ResearchintothesuitabilityofArcticcharasafarmedspeciesbeganin
Canadainthelate1970withtheFisheriesandOceansCanada'sFreshwater
InstituteandtheHuntsmanMarineScienceLaboratory,leadingtheway. Inadditionto
theirlowoptimumtemperaturerequirements,itwasexpectedthatArcticcharcouldbe
analternatespeciestoRainbowTrout.
FarmingofArcticcharinCanadahasemergedbeyondthedevelopmentstagebut
productionremainssmall.Farmershavedifficultyselectingcharthatconsistentlyperform
wellbecauseofitscomplexgeneticmakeup.
Arcticchararefednutrient-dense,drypelletswithfishmealandfishoilmakingupthe
majorityofthefeed.Carotenoidsarealsoaddedtofeedstohelpachievethedistinctive
red-pinkflesh.
Thefishareraisedinland-basedsystems.Eggsarehatchedwithinspecialisedhatchery
facilities,wherethefishremainuntiltheyreachapproximately100grams.Althoughthey
takealmostayear toreach100grams,Arcticchar growquicklyduring thegrow-out
phase,reachingmarketweightof1-2.5kginthenextyear.
More information: www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculturehttp://aquaculture.ca
ImagescourtesyofOddmundGoete
52 | IttIol AquAFeed | January-February 2013
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project aimed to explore the development
of Arctic char aquaculture in the northern
peripheryofEurope.
ProfBrnnssays,theprogrammefocused
oncollectinggeneralinformationaboutArctic
charinallofEurope-bothwildandfarmed
char.Northcharrfocusedonpossibilitiesand
limitationsofthegrowingArcticcharfarming.
Participants in the project were mainly
researchers and stakeholders in established
Arcticcharprojectsandhavetakenpartina
pan-EuropeannetworkonArcticchar.
Northcharr took a holistic approach to
providestakeholdersintheNorthernperiph-
erywith tools to improve thedevelopment
of Arctic char production. There was an
emphasisonusingsustainablefeedingredients
and developing welfare criteria for farming
andslaughter.
The projecthad threekeyaims: toiden-
tify production potential and bottlenecks;
developsolutionsto potentialproblemsand
toprovidethestructuretoenablegrowthand
development.The production potential stage involved
gathering annual informationon production,
production technology, fish stocks, health
status, legislation, production strategies and
staffqualifications.Bottleneckswereclassified
according to country and technology. This
informationwillbeusedtocoordinateR&D
effortsandformthebasisforestablishingbest
practiceprotocolsforthespecies.
Researchershighlightedfivemainproduc-
tionissues:egg survivalandbroodstock, feed
composition, feed delivery, environmental
impact and water treatment. Each problem
wasaddressedindividuallyandsolutionswere
drawn from previous research into brood-
stock handling, feeding practice, optimised
temperature regimes, slaughtering and envi-
ronmental impact. For example, to tackle
feed composition, a test-feeding schedule
fortypicalfarmingconditionswasperformed
usingdifferentdiets.
The researchers tested a Baltic loop.Nutrientswerecollectedfromtheeutrophic
BalticSeathroughmussels,spratandyeastsor
othermicroorganisms,madeintofeedandfed
toArcticcharfarmedinthenutrientdepleted
water reservoirs in northern Sweden. This
product isan exampleofthe Robin Hood
modelwherenutrientsaretakenfromarich
area,inthiscasetheBalticSea,andusedina
poorarea,inthiscaseSwedishlakes.Results
from these small-scale tests found that this
feeding methods works as well as control
diets.
Prof Brnns points out that the study
backs up the idea that the use and reuse
ofproteinsourcesandnutrientshasa posi-
tive impact on ecological footprint, restores
balance in aquatic ecosystem and flow of
nutrients that can compete with present
commercialdietsingrowthperformanceand
price.
Intermsoffuturedevelopment,organisers
willcreateanetworkofinvestors,representa-tives of local communities and aquaculture
experts.Itishopedthispoolofsharedknowl-
edgewill contributeto theestablishmentof
newcompanies.
More information: www.northcharr.eu
"The cold waters of the rural Northern periphery are well suited
to Arctic char aquaculture. Although annual production is small,
at around 5,000 tonnes, interest in the species is increasing"
January-February 2013 | IttIol AquAFeed | 53
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