• Explain the changes that the Industrial Revolution brought to American life.

• Discuss the importance of Samuel Slater’s cotton mill.

• Describe the growth of industry in the United States after 1812.

• Identify important developments in factories and the problems that factory life caused.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Industrial Revolution – a time period during which machines gradually took the place of many hand tools

• factory system – brought workers and machinery together in one place

• capitalist – a person who invests capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit

• Francis Cabot Lowell – an American who, with other capitalists, built a factory where spinning and weaving were done in the same building

Terms and People (continued)

• mass production – the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects

• interchangeable parts – identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way Americans lived?

In early America, most people worked as farmers and made the goods they needed at home.

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, many people began working in factories and buying manufactured goods.

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, women spun thread and wove cloth at home.

These processes were very time-consuming.

The Industrial Revolution began in the British textile industry in the 1700s.

A series of innovations changed the way fabric was made.

In the 1760s, the spinning jenny sped up the thread-making process.

In 1764, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, a spinning machine powered by running water rather than human energy.

To house the large machines, manufacturers built textile mills on the banks of rivers.

There were disadvantages to building factories on riverbanks:

• In a dry season, the machines had no power.

• Most factories were far from cities, and labor was hard to find in rural areas.

In 1790, Arkwright built the first steam-powered textile plant.

The steam-powered plant had advantages over water-powered plants.

Factories could now be built in cities, where

young women and children

provided cheap labor.

The steam engine was a

reliable source of power.

The new mills created a new way of working, known as the factory system.

Instead of spinning at home as time permitted, textile workers had to begin and end work at specific hours at the factories.

Workers now had to keep up with the machines instead of working at their own pace.

British mill owners turned to capitalists to get the money they needed to build spinning factories and machines.

By 1784, British workers were producing 24 times as much thread as they had in 1765.

1765 1784

Britain forbade skilled workers to leave the country in order to keep their technology a secret.

But in 1789, an apprentice in one Arkwright’s factories did just that.

Samuel Slater memorized the plans of Arkwright’s machines and then sailed to New York.

Slater joined forces with a wealthy merchant, Moses Brown, who had rented a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

There, Slater built a spinning machine based on his memory of Arkwright’s machines.

Slater’s successful mill marked the beginning of American industrialization.

In the U.S., industrialization began in the Northeast, where there were merchants who had the capital to build factories.

But U.S. industry did not grow significantly until the War of 1812, when Americans could no longer rely on imported goods.

This was one of the most important developments in American industry, called mass production.

Before the 1800s, skilled craftsworkers made goods by hand, and when a part broke, they had to make a unique piece to fix the product.

But American inventor Eli Whitney devised a system of interchangeable parts in the 1790s.

Manufacturing became more efficient, and the prices of many goods dropped.

People bought more goods, and U.S. industry expanded to satisfy their needs.

U.S. Industry

Soon afterwards, in 1793 Eli Whitney, an American, gave a further boost to the textile industry. Whitney invented

the cotton gin. The cotton gin was a machine that speeded up the process of cleaning cotton fibers. The machine

took out the seeds from the cotton.

At dawn, 11-year-old Lucy Larcom woke to a At dawn, 11-year-old Lucy Larcom woke to a factory bell she quickly ate breakfast and hurried factory bell she quickly ate breakfast and hurried

to her job at a spinning mill. Years later she to her job at a spinning mill. Years later she described her experience:described her experience:

“The buzzing and hissing and whizzing of the “The buzzing and hissing and whizzing of the pulleys and rollers and spindles and flyers around pulleys and rollers and spindles and flyers around me often grew tiresome …I could look across the me often grew tiresome …I could look across the

room and see the girls moving backward and room and see the girls moving backward and forward among the spinning frames, sometimes forward among the spinning frames, sometimes

stooping, sometimes reaching up in their arms, as stooping, sometimes reaching up in their arms, as their work required.”their work required.”

The Lowell Mills

Beginnings • Before the War of 1812, Francis Cabot Lowell saw the latest weaving machines in England.

• Back in the U.S., Lowell built an improved version of the English machines.

A New Kind of Mill

• Lowell opened a mill in Waltham, Massachusetts, where spinning and weaving were done in the same building.

The Town of Lowell

• After Lowell’s death in 1817, his partners built more factories.

• They also built a new town to improve the lives of their workers.

The new factories were staffed with “Lowell girls” from nearby farms, who received an education during their off-duty hours.

Unlike the Lowell girls, most factory workers had to tolerate harsh conditions.

• American textile mills, coal mines, and steel foundries hired children as young as 7 to work long hours in unsafe conditions.

• By 1880, more than a million children between the ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay.

Factory Conditions

Environment • Conditions in factories were appalling.

• Factories were poorly lit with little fresh air.

Injuries • Many workers were injured by machines not designed to protect them.

• Business owners provided no payments to disabled workers.

Length of Workdays

• Factory workdays lasted 12 or 14 hours.

• By 1844, workers were demanding shorter days, but they did not get them until many years later.

Section Review

Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz

• Identify the problems faced by Americans moving westward.

• Describe the impact of the building of the Erie Canal.

• Discuss the debate over slavery and the Missouri Compromise.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Daniel Boone – a famous early pioneer who helped clear the Wilderness Road

• turnpike – a toll road

• corduroy road – a road made of sawed-off logs laid side by side

• canal – a channel that is dug across land and filled with water

• Henry Clay – a senator who persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise

How did Americans move west, and how did this intensify the debate over slavery?

New roads, turnpikes, and canals enabled northerners and southerners to move west.

Westward expansion threatened to upset the balance between free and slave states and moved the nation closer to civil war.

By the 1750s, the Scotch-Irish and the Germans of Pennsylvania had begun to settle the backcountry.

During colonial times, the backcountry between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains was considered the western frontier.

The road crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky.

In 1775, Daniel Boone and others cleared the Wilderness Road, a new route to the West.

The Wilderness Road became the main route across the Appalachians.

By the early 1800s, western populations swelled as immigrants moved west.

From 1792 to 1819, eight states joined the Union.

Traveling west was not easy, because settlers used paths worn by animals as their roads.

These roads were unpaved, dotted with tree stumps, and easily washed out by rain.

Some capitalists decided to build better roads so commerce could flow more easily.

Private companies began to build turnpikes.

Travelers on these roads had to pay a toll in order to pass.

In marshy areas, wagons traveled on corduroy roads, which were hazardous to horses.

¢

¢

¢

In 1795, a private company in Pennsylvania built a turnpike between Lancaster and Philadelphia.

The Lancaster Turnpike was the first long-distance stone road in the United States.

Traveling by road was slow, however, and people began to think about building canals so they could ship goods by water.

Work on the Erie Canal, which would connect the Hudson River and Lake Erie, began in 1817.

The workers that built the canal were mostly Irish immigrants.

Because the land in upstate New York is not level, locks were built to raise or lower boats in the canal.

The Erie Canal was very successful.

• Because it was at the end of the canal, New York soon became the richest city in the United States.

• Within two years of its opening in 1825, the Erie Canal had paid for itself.

• It sparked a surge of canal building.

Westward expansion strengthened the United States, but it also caused disagreements over the extension of slavery.

In 1819, the United States consisted of 11 “free states,” which prohibited slavery, and 11 “slave states,” which permitted slavery.

Free States Slave States

However, Missouri had been seeking admission to the United States as a slave state since 1817.

Northerners did not want to add a slave state to the United States.

It was important to maintain a balance between representation of slave states and free states in the Senate.

A solution to the problem presented itself when Maine, a state that prohibited slavery, applied for admission to the Union.

In 1820, Senator Henry Clay persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise.

• Maine was admitted as a free state.

• The Louisiana Territory north of the southern Missouri border would be free.

• Missouri was admitted as a slave state.

• Southern slave owners could pursue escaped slaves into free states.

For the North For the South

The compromise preserved the balance of power between slave and free states.

The Missouri Compromise revealed how much sectional rivalries divided the Union.

In time, the issue of slavery would split the United States.

Southerners were unhappy that Congress was making laws about slavery.

Section Review

Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz

• Describe the feeling of national unity that followed the War of 1812.

• Explain how Congress tried to strengthen the national economy.

• Discuss how Supreme Court rulings supported federal power and economic growth.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Henry Clay – Kentucky Congressman who favored federal action to improve the economy

• John C. Calhoun – South Carolina Congressman who opposed high tariffs

• Daniel Webster – Massachusetts Congressman who aligned with Clay and Calhoun

• charter – a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

Terms and People (continued)

• dumping – selling goods in another country below market prices

• contract – an agreement between two or more parties that can be enforced by law

• capitalism – the economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market

• interstate commerce – trade between two or more states

How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings?

President Monroe’s term in office is known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”

During this era, the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court all acted to increase federal authority.

Republican James Monroe won a landslide victory in the 1816 presidential election.

The Federalist Party lost power.

Within a few years, it disappeared completely.

President Monroe’s two terms in office

became known as the “Era of Good

Feelings.”

• Monroe promoted national unity.

• The old arguments of the War of 1812 seemed to fade away.

• He ran unopposed for re-election in 1820.

After 1815, many Americans believed the government should take action to improve the economy.

Three influential Congressmen favored federal action.

Clay spoke for the West. He argued for better roads and canals to transport goods.

Calhoun spoke for the South. He opposed high tariffs because they raised the price of goods.

Webster spoke for the Northeast. He supported high tariffs as a way of protecting industry.

In 1811, the charter of the first Bank of the United States ran out.

The second Bank of the United States was created in 1816. This boosted the economy.

State banks made too

many loans.

The economy suffered.

Spending increased and prices rose.

The bank closed.

After the WarBefore the War

The Embargo Act kept British goods out of

the U.S.

Another problem the U.S. faced after the War of 1812 was foreign competition.

British manufacturers looked to sell their goods in the U.S.

This helped American industry grow rapidly.

This caused the American economy to

suffer.

Britain produced goods more

cheaply than did the U.S.

Factory owners asked Congress for protection.

Many New England

businesses failed.

The British began dumping their goods into the American

market.

Tariffs helped Northern factories compete.

Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, which put a tax on many foreign products.

Tariffs forced southerners to pay more for goods.

Many Northerners supported tariffs.

Most Southerners opposed high tariffs.

By increasing the cost of imported goods, tariffs helped U.S. manufacturers compete with foreign manufacturers.

But the higher prices hurt consumers.

Henry Clay argued that high tariffs would benefit the entire country.

Clay’s plan, called the American System, was never fully put into practice.

Region

Benefits of Tariffs

North • Wealth for manufacturers

South and West

• Northern manufacturers could afford to buy their farm products

• Government could use revenue to improve infrastructure

The Supreme Court also promoted economic growth and federal power during this era.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

The court ruled that states had no power to interfere with federal institutions.

The state of Maryland tried to tax its branch of the federal Bank.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

The state of NH could not change the college’s contract.

The court ruled that the college’s charter was a private contract.

This ruling helped promote capitalism.

The court prevented New York State from regulating travel on the Hudson River.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce.

The Hudson flows through two states. Travel on the river is interstate commerce.

After Gibbons v. Ogden, no state could grant a monopoly to a steamboat company to use a river that divides two states.

This ruling strengthened the power of the federal government.

Section Review

Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz

• Explain why Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

• Describe how Spanish territories in the Americas gained independence.

• Explain why the Monroe Doctrine was issued.

• Discuss how Canada became self-governing.

Objectives

Terms and People

• cede – to give up

• Miguel Hidalgo – priest who organized an army of Native Americans that freed several Mexican provinces

• Simón Bolívar – leader in South America’s struggle for independence from Spain

• James Monroe – President of the United States from 1816 to 1824

Terms and People (continued)

• John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under President Monroe

• self-government – the right of people to rule themselves independently

How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect a new national confidence?

When members of Spanish and English colonies began to rebel, European countries ultimately failed to regain their power in the region.

President James Monroe stated that the United States firmly opposed European influence in the Americas.

In the early 1800s, Spain controlled a vast amount of territory in the Americas.

However, Spain’s control in Florida was weak.

Fugitive slaves could easily cross from southern plantations into Florida and join the Seminole Nation.

Together, they would often raid American settlements. Seminoles

Florida

Fugitive slaves

Southern plantations

In 1817, the U.S. sent Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves that had escaped to Florida.

Jackson went beyond his orders and seized two Spanish towns.

Spain could not protect Florida, so it decided to give up the territory.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

Spain’s colonies in Latin America wanted independence.

They were inspired by the revolutions

in America and France.

Mexico led the way in 1810.

Mexico became an independent monarchy in 1821, and by 1823 it became a federal republic.

Father Miguel Hidalgo organized an

army that freed several provinces.

Another revolution broke out in 1820.

Spain could not end the fighting.

In 1819, he defeated the Spanish in Columbia.

In South America, Simón Bolívar led several independence movements.

Today, this region includes:

He became president of the Republic of Great Columbia.

Venezuela

Ecuador

Columbia

Panama

Other colonies followed. By 1825, most parts of Latin America had thrown off European rule.

This led to the creation of many new Latin American countries.

France, Russia, and others

indicated they might help

Spain regain its colonies.

The future of these new countries was soon clouded.

The United States wanted to

protect trade with Latin America.

Britain agreed with the U.S. and wanted to issue a joint statement.

President James Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams did not want the U.S. to look like Britain’s junior partner.

President Monroe decided to issue a statement. President James

Monroe

In 1823, Monroe stated the Monroe Doctrine.

The Monroe Doctrine

The U.S. would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with Latin American nations.

As U.S. power grew, the Monroe Doctrine boosted U.S. influence in Latin America.

At first, the United States relied on Britain’s navy to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.

Americans were relieved that their southern borders were secure from European powers.

Canada was also a British colony. In 1791, it was divided into two parts.

Canadians also received more powers of self-government.

Upper Canada

Lower Canada

In 1837, both parts rebelled against British rule.

CanadaBritain ended the rebellions and unified the two parts in 1841.

Tension between the U.S. and Canada was high after the War of 1812.

The U.S. and Britain settled

border disputes with Canada from 1818 to

1846.

Eventually, the U.S. and Canada

established excellent relations.

Their relations remain strong to this day.

Section Review

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