exploiting l1 knowledge in l2/english teaching: teacher education possibilities geetha durairajan...
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Exploiting L1 Knowledge in L2/English Teaching: Teacher Education Possibilities
Geetha Durairajan
Professor, Department of Testing and Evaluation
EFLU, Hyderabad
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Paper Organization
Background InformationArticulation of the ProblemThe SolutionIts Teacher Education Implications
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Nature of Language Use in India Societally and individually multilingual
at the grassroots level
Linguistically diverse with multilingualism as a positive force. (Multilinguality is the norm)
Educational: three language formula
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English Speaker in India:Images and Perceptions
L2 learner is deficient and must approximate to native speaker norms
L2 learner has an interlanguage system which will get fossilized
L1 and L2 are 2 systems and the twain shall never meet
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Language Use in Educational Space
Use of L1 in the L2/English Classroom is like a white lie.
Cannot be avoided, cannot be advocated either Language Classrooms: Domestic Watertight
compartments Think and write in one language (avoid
interlanguage)
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Use of L1 in Traditional Classrooms
By the Teacher
For classroom management
- give instructions
- maintain disciplineTo elicit student responses To explain word meaning To teach grammarFor error correction
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By the student
To reply To answer in classTo state that they do not know the answerTo talk to each other
Use of L1 in Traditional Classrooms
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Outcome
Monolithic and monolingual language classrooms. (Mohanty, 2006)
No recognition of Multilinguality which includes attitudes, anxieties, social ties, abilities and resources
Multilingualism is only about the process and result of language acquisition
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Nature of L2 User
The second language (L2) user is a particular kind of person in her own right with her own knowledge of the two languages
She is not a monolingual with an added L2 with separate knowledge of Ll and L2
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Nature of L2 Teaching
Learning/teaching an L2 is not just about teaching the student how to add a few rooms to a house by building an extension at the back; it is like the rebuilding of internal walls. It implies that in some ways the construction of the house itself will change. Trying to put languages in separate compartments in the mind is doomed to failure since the compartments are connected in many ways.
Cook, V. 2001
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Cognitive Benefits of Bilingualism
Verbal originality (nouniness)
Verbal divergence (bilingual languaging)
Semantic relations (family, fruits)
Divergent thinking (different kind of creativity)
(Jessner 2006)
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A new Approach to Language Teaching
Deliberate use of the L1 by the teacher in the English classroom, not to translate or explain, but tap world knowledge or knowledge of L1
Use it as a positive resource and appreciate child’s linguistic resources
Enable ‘capabilities’ and value the functionings these language users can achieve
Teach the student as well to use it as a resource and not be ashamed of it or apologize for it.
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Research Work Done All regional medium students Class 4, year 2 of English: Assamese
medium teaching of vocabulary. Class 9, teaching of writing, Telugu medium,
opinion as personal narrative Under-graduate literature class, (studied
through Bangla medium in school)never read primary sources; only guide books
teaching of the notion of irony in the short story
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A few examples
Vocabulary known and used (class 4)knowledge of time words, morning, noon,
night, evening, day, month, year, calendaryesterday, tomorrow, today
Weather: sunny, rainy, spring, rainy hot, coldKinship terms;Deictic markers: this, that, those, these..
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Nouns and Adjectives (class 9, writing)
Pre test: habbit, a bad habbit, cancer..
Post test: knowledge, child, entertainment, happiness, physical fitness
my favourite game, my playing friends
Verbs: pre test:is, was has.. Post test: improve, enjoy, meet, play, spend, causes,
and like) Main verb+ gerund : practice running, likes playing
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Irony in plot, character and narrative tone. Text aimed at: Pride and Prejudice. Bangla text, simple English text, complex Bangla text,
Bangla text in English Translation, Indian Literature in English., (and last of all, P & P)
Could mark places in the text where irony is to be found in Pride and Prejudice.
Could not write about irony.
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Implications for Teacher Education
Will need to Raise teacher’s own self awareness of multilinguality and
language capability
Help the teacher go ‘meta’ on her own language use (could use translation as a teaching technique)
Teach about these concepts in content classes
Moot the possibility of a language education teacher training programme
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Thank you
Multilingual Question Time