EXPLORATIONConquest and Colonies

REASONS FOR EXPLORATION Spirit of discover and innovation b/c of

Renaissance Money Get rid of middle man (Italian merchants) Faster routes to Asia Prestige Christianize Curiosity

NEW TECHNOLOGIES Compass Astrolabe Mapmaking

Cartographer Shipbuilding

Deep-draft ships Caravel

PORTUGAL The first Henry the Navigator Court of sailors Explored African coast Goal= route from

Africa to India Bartolomeu Dias

Cape of Good Hope Vasco Da Gama

Reached Calicut, India

SPAIN Christopher

Columbus Sail west to China Reached the

Caribbean Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan

Circumnavigate

EXPLORATION CONTINUES England

John Cabot- Canada Sir Francis Drake-

Western U.S. France

Jacques Cartier- St Lawrence River

Dutch Henry Hudson-

Northwest passage

SPAIN’S EMPIRE Settled colonies in

America Conquered the

Aztecs and Incas

THE CARIBBEAN First region settled by the Spanish

Hispaniola and Cuba Encomienda system

Colonists given land and NA to work land Colonists then had to teach NA about Christianity NA overworked and mistreated

Europeans brought diseases Smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, etc. NA had no resistance to diseases

CORTES VS. MOCTEZUMA Hernan Cortes, a conquistador Aztec emperor= Moctezuma II Aztecs

Rich and powerful Not popular among those they conquered Capital= Tenochtitlan

Cortes and unhappy NA soldiers conquered Aztec Empire

HOW DID CORTES DO IT? Malinche- translator

to Cortes Metal weapons and

heavy armor Horses- NA had

never seen horses before

Disease

PIZARRO AND PERU Wanted wealth from Inca Empire Inca Empire weakened by disease and

new ruler Pizarro asked Atahualpa to convert to

Christianity and give empire to Spain Atahaulpa refused and was killed Pizarro then easily took over the empire

GOVERNING THE AMERICAS Viceroys- officials to rule in king’s name Mined gold and silver NA population dropped more than 90% Bartolome de Las Casas- didn’t like

treatment of NA Replace NA slaves with African slaves

PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- imaginary

line through Atlantic West of line belonged to Spain East of line belonged to Portugal

Brazil= lots of jungles Made farming difficult Portuguese slow to settle the region

NEW FRANCE French settled in New France, aka Canada Lots of fish in North Atlantic Fox, lynx, otter, and other furs= hot

commodities in Europe French merely sent small groups of traders Didn’t enslave NA- intermingled French also explored south of Canada

Mississippi River Louisiana

DUTCH EXPLORATION Looking for trade opportunities New Netherland- Hudson River Valley New Amsterdam- New York City Dutch colonies in America remained

relatively small Dutch focused on developing colonies

in other parts of the world

BRITISH EXPANSION Jamestown- first

English colony Pilgrims came too in

1620 Plymouth,

Massachusetts English colonists

didn’t get along with NA

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR British started

settling on French territory

British did poorly at first

French eventually lost Surrendered Canada

and territory east of the Mississippi

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Exchanging of plants, animals, and

disease America- potatoes, corn, sweet

potatoes, or turkeys Europe- coffee, oranges, rice, wheat,

sheep, or cattle New foods- healthier Europeans- lived

longer Diseases once again killed millions

MERCANTILISM Nation’s wealth= nation’s

strength/power Wealth measured by amount of gold

and silver 2 ways to get wealth

Mining and favorable balance of trade Emphasis on establishment of colonies

Raw materials and new markets Put restrictions on colonies

CAPITALISM Economy run by private individuals and

companies Investors willing to take risks Joint-stock companies

Buying shares of stock in a company British East India Company

SLAVE TRADE Shortage of laborers led to slave trade NA killed by diseases and wars Indentured servants too expensive So, Africans became slaves in America Triangular trade

Goods from Europe to Africa- African slaves to America- American products to Europe

MIDDLE PASSAGE Slaves jammed into

tight quarters Chained together

and dark 3 to 6 weeks 10-20% died on

voyage

COLONIAL SLAVERY Most slaves worked on plantations Living conditions were harsh Enslaved Africans= property by law

No rights, no freedoms Reaction of slaves

Resisted by preserving culture Religion Rebellions Escape

EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE Millions died Deprived people of their freedoms Future leaders of Africa gone Divided Africans Slave labor boosted American colonies Those culture and descent spread in

Americas

THE END