exploration - 7th/8th grade social...

SS8H1 – The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of

European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia.

EXPLORATION

While the Native American traditions were developing in

America, European nations were in competition with one

another for wealth and military might.

Lesson One (SS8H1b) – The student will evaluate the impact of European contact on

Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and

the explorations of Hernando De Soto.



The most powerful kingdoms were:






PORTUGAL


SPAIN






FRANCE







ENGLAND






In the 1200’s, explorer Marco Polo traveled the known

world and brought news of fantastic riches and spices in

the east (the east was simply called India).






For centuries, Europeans traveled Polo’s route – the Silk

Road – to trade with the East.






By the 1400s, the Silk Road was controlled by Muslims and

was infested with bandits. It was no longer safe for

Europeans to travel the Silk Road.






European kingdoms began to look for another way to

reach the East. They looked to the sea.






Prince Henry “the Navigator”, ruler of Portugal, was

committed to being the first to reach India by sea.






Prince Henry “the Navigator” believed the quickest way to

sail to India was to go south, around Africa.






Alarmed by Portugal’s early success, the Spanish rulers,






King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, were desperate to

find a water route to India. To help Spain, they hired

Christopher Columbus.






Columbus believed that the earth was much smaller than

most people believed, and that Asia was much larger. He

believed the quickest way to India was to sail west.






On October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on the island of






San Salvador, off the coast of North America. Believing he

had found India, he called the inhabitants Indians.

In all, Columbus made four trips to North America, but he

always believed, until he died, that he had found India.






The rulers of Spain, however, soon realized that Columbus

had discovered a “New World.” They began to send






Spanish explorers, called conquistadors (conquerers), to take

control of their newly discovered lands.

To prevent a war for empire between two Catholic nations,

the head of the church, Pope Alexander VI, drew the






Line of Demarcation in 1493, dividing the unexplored

world between Spain and Portugal.

Spanish

Claims

Portuguese

Claims






Without realizing it, Pope Alexander VI ensured that, for at

least the next century, Spain would be the dominant world

power.






The Spanish claimed all of the lands in the “New World” and

named it La Florida (“the island of flowers” – early Spanish

explorers believed Florida was an island).






In 1540, Hernando De Soto, with 600 conquistadors,

became the first European to explore the interior of

Georgia.






Leaving the Spanish base in the Caribbean, he marched across the

entire southeast in search of gold, became the first to look upon

the Mississippi River, and was ultimately killed by hostile Indians.






In 1565, the Spanish moved their colonial capital to St. Augustine,

on the Florida peninsula. From there, they began to set up missions

on the Atlantic Coast in order to convert the Indians to

Catholicism.






Spanish missions were established throughout Georgia’s barrier

islands, including Cumberlain, St. Simons, and Sapelo Islands.






Unfortunately, the Spanish presence had many terrible, unintended

consequences, for the Native American cultures, permanently

changing them.

1. Native Americans were often forced to accept European

religion.

2. Thousands of Native Americans were enslaved by the

conquering Spanish and relocated to other Spanish colonies.

3. Perhaps millions of Native Americans were killed by

Spanish weapons and, more significantly, Spanish diseases like

smallpox.






4. Some tribes (ex., the Careb & Arawok) were killed into

extinction.




7. Columbus called the Native Americans “Indians”



The Spanish had three major motivations during their

explorations of the “New World”

(remember them as the “Three G’s”):

Lesson Two (SS8H1c) – The student will explain reasons for European exploration

and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French,

Spanish, and British in the southeastern area.



G G G


explorations of the “New World” (remember

them as the “Three G’s”):






1. GOD:

Spain wanted to spread the faith of the Roman Catholic

Church to the Native Americans, by force if necessary

(a religious motivation).









2. GOLD:

Spain wanted to acquire wealth, primarily gold and

precious jewels, from the “New World” for the benefit

of the Spanish Empire

(an economic motivation).









3. GLORY:

Spain wanted to acquire new lands in order to expand

the Spanish Empire

(an military motivation).









By the early 1500s, a German mapmaker gave a new name

to the “New World”. Naming it after the explorer

Amerigo Vespucci, the land was called America.






Other nations, particularly France and England, were not

willing to allow Spain alone to benefit from gains in the






“America.”

Most Europeans believed in mercantilism, the belief that

there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world. The






more that Spain acquired, the less that France and

England would be able to acquire.

PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION IN

NORTH AMERICA

SPAIN

The World ’ s Wealth

PORTUGAL ENGLAND

FRANCE






With the exception of a small portion of land in South

America (modern-day Brazil), the Portuguese were

forbidden to settle in the “New World” because of the

Line of Demarcation.

Spanish

Claims

Portuguese

Claims






FRENCH EXPLORATION IN

NORTH AMERICA

The French ignored Spain’s claim to all of “America” and

began to send explorers of their own.






• The French Explorer, Verrazano,

 explored the North American coast in

1524, possibly reaching Georgia.

• In 1603, Samuel de Champlain

 founded a very profitable fur trade in

North America. He called his settlement

Quebec and claimed much of North

America for France, calling it “New

France.”

• In 1682, Sieur de La Salle claimed

the  Mississippi River region for France,

establishing New Orleans and Mobile.

The French were unable

to compete with the military might of Spain in the

southeast. After the slaughter of the






French at Fort Caroline in 1565, they largely avoided

encounters with the Spanish.






ENGLISH EXPLORATION IN

NORTH AMERICA

In 1497, the English ignored Spain’s claims to the “New

World” and explorer John Cabot to North America. Cabot

told of bountiful fish and massive forests, but his

explorations were a failure after he was lost at sea.






With limited money and distracted by problems at home,

the English would not return to the “New World” for over

a hundred years.

Cabot ’ s ship, The Matthew






In the 1530’s, English King Henry VIII forced the

Catholic Church out of England and declared himself to

be the leader of the Church of England (or the Anglican

Church).






Spain considered it its national and Christian duty to

conquer England and force it to return to the Catholic

Church.

In 1588, the largest fleet in human history, the Spanish

Armada, was launched in order to invade and conquer

England.






In one of the great military failures in all of human

history, the Spanish Armada was trapped in a ferocious sea

storm and was destroyed, nearly in its entirety.






Spain never recovered from the failure. Though the

Spanish Empire was still large, the defeat of the Spanish

Armada was a death blow that would cause the Empire to

crumble.






England, now ruled by Queen Elizabeth I, was in a

position to take advantage of Spanish weakness and

emerge as the new world power.






By 1607, the first permanent English settlement was

established at Jamestown.

By the 1660’s, England had established 12 colonies along

the eastern coast of North America.






In 1732, on the eve of the founding of Georgia, North

America was divided between the claims of three nations.






La Florida

New France

British Colonies




8. The first permanent English settlement in America was at _________.



What do you remember about…

European exploration in Georgia???

1. The three Spanish goals/motivation for exploration in the “New World” were

____________________.

2. Named after explorer Amerigo Vespucci, the “New World” was called _______.

3. The French explorer who established the fur trade at Quebec was _________.

4. The French explorer who founded New Orleans was ________.

5. France referred to its claims in the “New World” as __________.

6. Under King Henry VIII, the Catholic Church was replaced with the ______________.

7. In 1588, Spain launched the ______________ in a failed attempt to conquer England.









1. The three Spanish goals/motivation for exploration in the “New World” were God,

Gold, and Glory.

2. Named after explorer Amerigo Vespucci, the “New World” was called _______.















Gold, and Glory.

2. Named after explorer Amerigo Vespucci, the “New World” was called America.















Gold, and Glory.


3. The French explorer who established the fur trade at Quebec was Champlain.














Gold, and Glory.



4. The French explorer who founded New Orleans was La Salle.













Gold, and Glory.




5. France referred to its claims in the “New World” as New France.












Gold, and Glory.





6. Under King Henry VIII, the Catholic Church was replaced with the Church of England.

(or Anglican Church)











Gold, and Glory.







7. In 1588, Spain launched the Spanish Armada in a failed attempt to conquer England.









Gold, and Glory.







7. In 1588, Spain launched the Spanish Armada in a failed attempt to conquer England.

8. The first permanent English settlement in America was at Jamestown.






What do you remember about… European

exploration in Georgia???






Which European nation colonized each area?

A. Spain

B. France

C. England







A. Spain

B. France

C. England

B







A. Spain

B. France

C. England

B

C







A. Spain

B. France

C. England

B

C

A







A. Spain

B. France

C. England

B

C

A

B



ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS:

In what ways do the study of exploration show

us that conflict causes change? How did

conflict between Europeans and Native

Americans cause the Native Americans to

change? How did conflict between Spain and

England cause change in North America?

Acknowledgements

Hodge, Cathy M. Time Travel Through Georgia. Athens, GA: WesMar Incorporated

DBA/Voyager Publications, 2005.

Jackson, Edwin L., Mary E. Stakes, Lawrence R. Hepburn, Mary A. Hepburn. The

Georgia Studies Book: Our State and the Nation. Athens, GA: Carl Vinson

Institute of Government, 2004.



Marsh, Carol. The Georgia Experience: 8th Grade Social Studies Teacher’s Edition

Student Workbook. Peachtree City, GA: Gallopade International, 2008.

exploration - 7th/8th grade social...

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