exploration. by the early 1400s, europeans were ready to leave their borders. the renaissance...
TRANSCRIPT
• By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to leave their borders.
• The Renaissance brought new feelings of adventure and courage…along with education!
Prior to 1400s:
• little exploration except with the Muslim World
• MARCO POLO
• 1275- Italian Trader• -reached China!
After Renaissance…
• Europeans want to learn and trade!
• #1 Reason: Sources of New Wealth!
• The trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia fueled the need to find new sea routes to Asia!
• Italy had a stronghold on Asian and Middle Eastern Trade with its location.
TECHNOLOGY
• CARAVEL: sturdier vessel with triangular sails–Can sail against the wind
• NAVIGATION: Astrolabe: brass circle with rings marking off the degrees. The rings could measure latitude and determine how far north or south the ship was from the Equator.
• Magnetic Compass
PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY• 1st European country to establish
trading outposts along the West Coast of Africa
• Had strong government support of exploration
SPAIN
• envied Portugal
• 1492: Italian Sea Captain: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS convinced the Spanish Monarchs to finance his expedition.
• NIÑA, PINTA, and the SANTA MARIA: 1492
• Called inhabitants Los Indios (Indians)
• Claimed the land for Spain
• “Hispaniola” (D.R./Haiti)
• Columbus went over 4 times, 1 as an explorer, and 3 times as an Empire builder!
• The Spanish aimed to build COLONIES: lands controlled by another nation
AMERIGO VESPUCCI
• Italian
• financed by Portugal
• coast of South America and
• determined the land was not Asia
• New World! …named America (after him)
Ferdinand Magellan
• Portugal
• southern tip of S. America.
• died in the Philippines
• crew returned to Spain (3 years)• 1st to circumnavigate the globe! (1522)
OTHER NATIONS WANT INVOLVEMENT
• Dutch East India Company:
• Netherlands
• Trade in India (Portugal had dominated)
• Pushed out English as well.
• 1600: owned the largest fleet in the world.
• FRANCE & BRITAIN
• By 1700s, also had trading posts in Asia.
• Ports / trade areas only
• Asia remained relatively unaffected by European Influence.
• Few scholars openly challenged the accepted theories of the past
• GEOCENTRIC THEORY
– Earth - center of the universe, everything else moved around the Earth.
– Supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy (Greek)
Before the Scientific Revolution…
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Mid-1500s, new ideas challenged old
• …called the scientific revolution!
• Brought forth by exploration and learning done during the Renaissance
• Astronomy: the study of stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
COPERNICUS• On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Bodies
• HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: –sun is the center
of the universe
JOHANNES KEPLER• planets move in
elliptical orbits
• (not circles)
• Laws of planetary motion
• Solar System
GALILEO GALILEI• Astronomer, physicist,
mathematician & philosopher (the “father of modern science”)
• Supported Copernicus!
• Used his improved version of the telescope to help prove the sun was the center of the universe and that all other objects revolved around it
• Studied time using pendulums
– Weights hung to swing freely
• Gravity experiments
– Elaborated on work of Aristotle
– Determined that all objects fall at the same rate
THE CHURCH INTERFERES• The church felt its authority threaten by new
discoveries in science• Were especially against Heliocentric Theory
– God’s Earth was at the center of the universe
• Galileo was brought to trial in 1633 – Roman Inquisition found him “vehemently
suspect of heresy”– Galileo was forced to recant, held under
house arrest until he died in 1642
• 1771: Ban on printing his works lifted
• 1992: the year the Catholic Church finally acknowledged that Galileo was correct!
SCIENTIFIC METHOD• people began to base science on
observation and experimentation
• …not ancient authorities and the church
• Logical procedure for gathering information and testing ideas
1. Starts by deriving a problem or a question based on observation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis
4. Analyze and interpret data into a conclusion
EX: Isaac Newton: Laws of Motion and Gravity!
• Dr. William Harvey: discovered the heart pumps blood throughout the body
• Andreas Vesalius: dissected human corpses and published his observations.
• Provided a working understanding of how the body was composed
• Edward Jenner: Late 1700’s, discovered the small pox vaccine
MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS