exploration of forest based products for enterprise...

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Exploration of forest based products for enterprise development: Case study of Ratanpuri-Bara; Chandranigahapur-Rautahat and

Handikhola-Makawanpur, Central Nepal

WWF

Land Degradation Project‐GEF

Baluwatar, Kathmandu

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Contents

ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................... III

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................................................................. 2

2 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 RATANPURI VDC, BARA .................................................................................................................................. 4

2.1.1 Socio‐economic status .......................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.2 Land use type ........................................................................................................................................ 4

2.1.3 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................ 5

2.1.4 Status of Forests and its resources ........................................................................................................ 5

Source: Field survey, 2014 ................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1.5 Status of NTFPs and Forest Based Enterprises ....................................................................................... 7

2.1.6 Conclusions: .......................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2 HANDIKHOLA VDC, MAKAWANPUR ................................................................................................................. 11

2.2.1 Socio‐economy .................................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.2 Land Use pattern ................................................................................................................................ 11

2.2.3 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.4 Status of Forest resource .................................................................................................................... 12

2.2.5 Forest Based Enterprises ..................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.6 Conclusion: ......................................................................................................................................... 16

2.3 CHANDRANIGAHAPUR VDC, RAUTAHAT ........................................................................................................... 17

2.3.1 Socio‐economy .................................................................................................................................... 17

2.3.2 Status of Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 18

2.3.3 Status of Forest resource .................................................................................................................... 18

2.3.4 Status of NTFPs and Forest Based Enterprises ..................................................................................... 20

2.3.5 Conclusion: ......................................................................................................................................... 23

3 RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY: ........................................................................................................ 23

ANNEX 1.A: CHECKLIST APPLIED FOR THE FGDS ................................................................................................. 25

ANNEX 2.B: CHECKLIST APPLIED FOR THE FGDS ................................................................................................. 31

ANNEX 3: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN FGDS IN RATANPURI, BARA ........................................................................ 32

ANNEX 3: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN FGDS IN HANDIKHOLA, MAKAWANPUR ...................................................... 34

ANNEX 4: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN FGDS IN CHANDRANIGAHAPUR, RAUTAHAT ............................................... 36

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Acronyms BZCF Buffer zone community forest

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

CF Community forest

CFUG Community Forestry User Group

FGD Focus group discussion

Ha/ha Hectare

HH Households

Ka Kattha (20th fragmentation of 1 Bigha)

KI Key informant

MAP Medicinal and aromatic plant

NTFP Non-timber forest products

VDC Village Development Committee

WWF World Wildlife Fund

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1 INTRODUCTION

WWF Nepal is initiating activities on sustainable land management through local participation in four VDCs of four districts in central Nepal where the issues of land degradation in Chure range is more critical. The project is of three years duration starting from January 2014 and ending in December 2016. The project intervenes for sustainable management of agropastoral land and integrated landscape management in forested areas at its working sites.

The project is expected to improve management in at least 2,500 ha of agropastoral lands and 5,000 ha of Chure Sal and Mixed forest areas in strategic project locations throughout the four pilot Chure Range districts by 2016.

In Nepal, participatory forest management has been proved as one of the best model to conserve the forest and bioresources and foster the rural livelihoods. Local forest based entrepreneurship development is observed as one of the best strategy for improving livelihood of people, especially forest dependent communities by providing alternative means of employment, income together with reducing dependency on forest. With this recognition, Government of Nepal has been promoting forest based

enterprise based on locally available resources, and cultivation of market based forestry crops (both timber and NTFPs) in and around forest area. In line with the national experience, “Sustainable Land Management in Chure Range, Nepal”, a project being implemented by WWF Nepal together with MoFSC, MoAD, MoSTE and MoLRM has adopted different approaches for rural livelihood improvement including entrepreneurship development.

1.1 Rationale

The elementary tenet of participatory forestry (esp community forestry) has been shifted from basic forest product supply to support in income generation, entrepreneurship development and employment generation. With this consideration, the conventional model of participatory forest operational plan is not sufficient for optimum use of available opportunity of participatory forestry. Therefore, the project has intended to explore and identify forest based products and take an initiative to prepare entrepreneurship development plan of selected local forest user groups. The entrepreneurship development plan serves as a reference document for community based enterprise to

plan the steps, set priorities, allocate resources, and determine appropriate tools for management

estimate amount of resources required seeking financial options (business loans, grants) and to reduce the risk of investment.

Photo: Degraded Chure

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It is understood that due to lack of appropriate business capacity of local community, local forests have not been able to produce sustainable goods and services that ultimately hindering the inclusive growth of rural communities. Therefore, exploring and assessing forest based product for enterprise development and preparation of business plan supports to address issue of sustainable resource management, harvesting, technological and marketing related issue. For this purpose, the project intended to explore forest based resources for enterprise development in three VDCs and prepare entrepreneurship development plan of the best two selected local forest user groups focusing on resource, social, environmental, marketing, financial, and management aspects of entrepreneurship to identify the area of intervention and ensure sustainability.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this assignment include the following: Explore and identify potential forest based products for enterprise development in the

three VDCs of project districts Prepare entrepreneurship development plan of two local forest user groups in 2

project districts focusing resource optimization and enhancing market competitiveness and sustainability

1.3 Materials and Methods Area description: The assignment covers Chure and its adjacent areas in Bara, Rautahat, and Makwanpur districts representing Chure area from central and eastern development region. Overview of the study area are presented in the following chapter. The VDCs are purposively selected in line with the project need. VDC wards that do not lie in the Chure foothills are not included as the site for the interventions of the project activities. The project includes five wards in Hadikhola VDC (1, 4, 7, 8, and 9), and Ratanpuri (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) and three wards in Chandranigahpur (1,3, 4) VDC.

Figure 1: Map study area

Methodology: In this regard, the study was carried out executing Participatory, Consultative and Facilitative approach. Effective communication with client and stakeholders was maintained in course of accomplishment of the assignment.

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The methods ranged from extensive desk review of past field reports, project reports and other relevant documents governing the status, distribution, value chain analysis, trade and feasibility mapping of NTFP/MAPs enterprises in Nepal in general and the Chure region in particular. For field data collection, series of FGDs were conducted in the field. Overall eight FGDs were carried out in all forest user groups administering closed and open ended questionnaires (Annex 1).

CFUG selection for entrepreneurship plan development: The selection of CFUG and potential species for enterprise development is done by execution of different criteria. Series of consultations with local people, government authorities, politicians, CFUG executive members were also done in the process. Key informants as teachers, local politicians, collectors, harvesters and other were carried out. List of people participated in FGDs is given in Annex 2. In order to select community forest for business plan development, the key criteria applied were the following:

Peoples’ and community forest beneficiaries interest

Area of production of MAP/ NTFPs

Productivity

Resources availability (raw materials)

Potential for cultivation promotion

Access to infrastructures as road and market

Sustainability of production etc.

For the selection of feasible species for enterprise development following criteria were applied; Abundance, time of production Economy/enterprise potential Market demand, community preference Trade volume in recent years

Score in whole number from 1 to 3 is assigned under each criterion. The highest score (3) is assigned to the most favorable characteristic and lowest (1) to the unfavorable. This report is limited to the information of only those wards that are in the working area of the project and checklist was administered only with the CFUGs that lie in those wards.

Photo: FGD in Ratanpuri

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2 FINDINGS

2.1 Ratanpuri VDC, Bara

2.1.1 Socio-economic status The VDC covers 8401 Ha of land. The VDC lie in the Chure range. There are 1406 HHs in the study wards with total population of 7059 (Male-3386 and Female 3673). Table below presents the ward wise demographic profile of the study area. Table 1: Ward wise population of Ratanpuri VDC Ward No. HH Total population Male Female 3 161 831 391 440 4 227 1,091 532 559 5 213 1,091 534 557 6 236 1,161 575 586 7 196 837 382 455 8 244 1,268 584 684 9 290 1,611 779 832 1406 7,059 3386 3673

Source: CBS, 2011

2.1.2 Land use type Land use pattern of the VDC shows that more than half of the land is covered by forest followed by one fourth of the land with agricultural practice. Table 2: Land use of study area (ha) Ward No Forest Shrub

Land Grass Land

Agriculture Waterbody/Sand Total Area (ha)

3 230 47 32 337 47 693 4 863 94 48 432 48 1485 5 1347 170 8 264 164 1953 6 611 185 18 289 12 1115 7 532 157 1 214 39 943 8 187 22 3 144 77 433 9 697 67 46 190 21 1021 Total 4467 742 156 1870 408 7643

Source: WWF, 2014

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2.1.3 Agriculture Baseline study conducted in Ratanpuri-Bara depicts that there no landless households are found but the problem of land tenure persists. The survey also presented that there are 80 percent HH with less than 10 Ka of land followed by 19 percent of HH with 11 to 40 Ka of land remaining one percent have more than 40 Ka of land.

Table 3: Proportion of HH having area of land (%) Category Percent Less than 10 Ka 8011 to 40 Ka 19More than 40 Ka 1

Source: Baseline survey, 2014 ; WWF

The baseline survey reflected that the food production was adequate for less than six months for all households indicating meager food sufficiency status. It is found that people borrow, take loans and or engage in some work to cope with the food deficiency. In Ratanpuri, all HHs responded that they borrow food to cope with food deficiency.

2.1.4 Status of Forests and its resources Mainly three types of forests are abundant in the region. Among these type, natural forest is of highest proportion followed by natural/plantation and mono plantation. Altogether, three types of management modalities exist in the area. Majority of the respondents have stated that forests are either managed under local leadership by villagers, managed by group and government and or solely by government.

As per WWF sources, there are 9 community managed forests in the study VDCs and a total of 1739 ha of land is managed under the system. The total HHs affiliation with the CFs is 1967. Table below presents the details of the CFUGs and the respective areas under their management. Table 4: Record of community managed forestry in study VDCs Name of CFUG Area HHs Pashupati 190.5 174 Buddhajyoti 188.8 222 Kalki 182.8 194 Dharapani 199.6 262 Kailashpati 194.6 119 Shivashaktiswori 195.2 168 Radha Krishna 197.8 270 Lalbabaiya 192.8 290 Janahit 196.9 268 Total 1739 1967

Source: Households Survey, 2014

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Status of forest products from the community forest of Ratanpuri VDC is as shown below. Several timber and firewood species like Sal, Saaj, Asna, Karma, Sissoo, Khair, and Jamun are found in the community forests. The community is highly dependent on the forest resources for their livelihood. The highest dependency is on timber and firewood. Timber is used for housing and furniture industry, whereas the firewood is used for cooking purposes. They extract timber, firewood, fodder, fibre from the forests. The approximate area of different area in different CFs and approximate stock in presented in the following table: Table 5: Status of Forest products S.N

Forest Name Address

Total Area (ha.)

Area (ha) Forest Products Natural Forest

Plantation

Barren

Species Name

Apprx. Area (ha)

App. Stock(cu.ft)

1 Shree Pashupati CF

Ratanpuri-3

190.5 65.5 5 20 Sal - -

Asana - - Karma - - 2 Kalki CF Ratanp

uri-5 182.84 173.7 -

9.14

Sal 86 35000

Asana 30 21000 Jamun 15 12000 3 Buddha Jyoti

CF Ratanpuri-4

188.5 188.5 - - Sal 60.5 25000

Asana 20 12000 Khayar 17 8000 Karma 91 40000 4 Janahit CF Ratanp

uri-9 196.92 196.92 - - Sal 60 30000

Asana 19 15000 Karma 80 40000 Others 31 35000 5 Dharapani

CF Ratanpuri-7

199,559

179,559

- 10 Sal 150 -

Sisso 15 - Khayar - - 6 Shree Shiva

Shaktishori CF

Ratanpuri-7

192.2 137 15 40 Sal - -

Sisso - - Khayar - - Others - - 7 Lal Bakaiya

CF Ratanpuri-9

192.86 192.86 - - Sal 42 20000

Karma 56 35000 Asana 35 27000

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Banji 18 23000 ku

Kath 41 30000

8 Radha Krishna CF

Ratanpuri-8

198.67 192.67 - 6 Sal 60 30000

Asana 20 15000 Karma 80 40000 Simal 32 35000

Source: Field survey, 2014

2.1.5 Status of NTFPs and Forest Based Enterprises People also rely on various medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from the nearby forests. The main species of MAP/NTFPs are Kurilo, Amriso, Bamboo Amala, Harro, Barro, Bel etc. The status of production area of MAPs and NTFPs their approximate area of production and stock with status is presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Status of NTFP in the Forests of Ratanpuri VDC S.N

Forest Name NTFP Commercial forest Product Species Apprx.

Area (ha)

App. Stock (kg)

Species

Apprx. Area (ha)

App. Stock(cu.ft.)

1 Shree Pashupati CF

- - - - - -

2 Kalki CF Barro 38 27000 - - - Amala 0.7 700 - - - Bel 1.3 2500 - - - 3 Buddha Jyoti CF Amala 0.5 80 Masala 10 - Harro 0.7 90 Kurilo 0.7 - Bel 0.5 185 Amriso 0.5 - - - - - - - 4 Janahit CF Harro 1 2500 Kurilo 10 - Barro 10 4000 Amriso 5 - Bel 5 2000 Bambo

o 8 -

5 Dharapani CF Amala - - Amala - - Harro - - Kurilo - - Barro - - Amriso - - Chiraito - - - - - 6 Shree Shiva

Shaktishori CF Amala - - Amala - -

Harro - - Kurilo - - Barro - - Amriso - - Chiraito - - Mango - - 7 Lal Bakaiya CF Harro 1.5 2000 Sal 9 3400 Barro 1 1500 Karma 7 4200

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Amala 2 2700 Asana 11 2100 8 Radha Krishna

CF Harro 1 2500 Kurilo 5 -

Barro 10 4000 Amriso 5 - Bel 5 2000 Bans 7 -

Source: Field Survey, 2014

Among the NTFPs, it is revealed through the discussions with the local residents that the major one collected from the local forests are Amala, Bel, Harro, Barro, , Kurilo and Bamboo. These products are either consumed locally or are traded in the local market. The information on actual traded quantity and price is limited. Since, no enterprises were running in the area, commercial production of NTFPs is limited. Although number of NTFP traders, workers and refiners are found in some CFUGs. Interest of community for enterprise development is categorized in to three category as High, Medium and low and presented as follows (Table 7).

Table 7: Status of Forest based enterprises and other resources

S.N Forest Name

Forest product Traders

Trader Outside CFUG

Carpenter

NTFP Trader

Trader Outside CFUG

NTFP Refiner

Community Interest for ED

1 Shree Pashupati CF - - 10 - - -

M

2 Kalki CF - - - - - - M

3 Buddha Jyoti CF - - - 5 - -

M

4 Janahit CF - - 7 - - - L

5 Dharapani CF - - 25 - - -

H

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Shree Shiva Shaktishori CF 2 2 7 25 5 3

L

7 Lal Bakaiya CF 0 0 6 0 0 0

L

8 Radha Krishna CF - - 10 - - -

H

Based on the criteria mentioned in the methods that were applied to all the CFs, it is concluded that Radhakrishna CF is the potential CF for enterprise development in Ratanpuri VDC.

The selection of CF is then followed by the selection of species for enterprise development. In the process first of all most of the plant species (NTFPs and MAPs) found in the study districts were listed down. Among the listed plant species, seven most important species were identified through series of consultations with locals and other stakeholders. The FGDs and KIs proposed Radhakrishna CF for the development of enterprise. The current status of the NTFPs and MAPs in the CF is as presented below.

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Focused group discussions revealed following species as the potential product for the enterprise development. Among the listed species bamboo as source of rattan products has high potential in terms of enterprise development.

Table 8: Status of potential species for commercialization in Radhakrishna CF SN Potential Species Area (ha) Quantity produced 1 Harro 1 2500 2 Barro 10 4000 3 Amala - - 4 Bel 5 2000 5 Kurilo 5 - 6 Amriso 5 - 7 Bamboo 7 -


Score in whole number from 1 to 3 is assigned under each criterion. The highest score (3) is assigned to the most favorable characteristic and lowest (1) to the unfavorable. Table 9: Weightage of NTFP and MAP species SN

Local Name

Abundance

Time of Production

Economy/ enterprise potential

Market demand

Community Preference

Trade Volume in past yrs

Total score

1. Kurilo II III II III II II 14 2. Amala II II II II I II 11 3. Bel II II II II I II 11 4. Barro II II II II I II 11 5. Harro II I II II III II 11 6. Amriso II II III III I II 12 7. Bambo

o II II III III III II 15


Bamboo, Kurilo, and Amriso were scored highest and were sought as potential species for enterprise development in the CF. Among the highest scored species Rattan products are preferred by the community to be developed as enterprise in the area.

2.1.6 Conclusions: There are eight CFUGs handed over to the community in the project area of Ratanpuri VDC. People's livelihood depends on the agriculture along with timber and non-timber forest products of the nearby forests. The major NTFPs and MAPs are found in all CFUGs are Amala, Bel, Harro, Barro, Kurilo and Bamboo. There are around seventy five percent of the HHs directly or indirectly rely on timber and non-timber forest products. People collect the NTFP/MAPs for their household use and also to sell in the local market. Peoples' access to the regional and international markets is limited. The prospect of enterprise development in

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the area is high due to availability of resources, market etc. Among the eight CFUGs, Radhakrishna CFUG of Ratanpur- 8 is chosen as the potential CFUG for enterprise development at the first phase. The criteria applied while choosing the CFUGs are Peoples’ and Community Forest beneficiaries interest, Area of production of MAP/ NTFPs, Productivity, Resources availability (raw materials), Potential for cultivation promotion, Access to infrastructures as road and market, Number of traders and NTFP collectors, Sustainability of production etc.

Bamboo is selected as the best species for enterprise development in the CFUG. The species for enterprise development is then chosen applying criteria as Abundance, Time of Production, economy/enterprise potential, Market demand, Trade Volume in recent years. Enterprise literacy and other conflicts as land tenure and Chure conservation issues in current situations are some limitations.

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2.2 Handikhola VDC, Makawanpur

2.2.1 Socio-economy Hadikhola VDC lies in Makwanpur district of the Central Development Region. The VDC lie in the Chure range. There are 3676 HHs in the VDC with total population of 18415 (Male-8890 and Female 9525). Table below presents the ward wise demographic profile of the study area. The study covers five wards 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 with the area of 8452 ha. Chepang, Bankariya and other disadvantaged ethnic groups reside in the VDC. Table 100: Ward wise population of Hadikhola VDC Ward No.

Household Total Population Male Female

1 382 1,823 852 971 2 415 2,017 977 1,040 3 351 1,796 880 916 4 597 3,013 1,485 1,528 5 180 902 434 468 6 446 2,173 1,043 1,130 7 548 2,990 1,455 1,535 8 390 1,847 860 987 9 367 1,854 904 950 TOTAL 3,676 18,415 8,890 9,525

Source: CBS, 2011

2.2.2 Land Use pattern Land use pattern of the VDC shows that more than half of the land is covered by forest followed by one fourth of the land with agricultural practice. The area of Shrubland and grassland is the least. Table 11: Land use of study area (ha) VDC Ward

No Forest

Shrub Land

Grass Land

Agriculture Waterbody/Sand

Total Area (ha)

Hadikhola 1 898 2 1 252 121 1274 4 1077 14 1 495 152 1739 7 1993 2 5 623 197 2820 8 1061 0 0 288 114 1463 9 810 9 21 186 130 1156

Total 5839 27 28 1844 714 8452 Source: WWF, 2014

2.2.3 Agriculture Baseline study conducted in Hadikhola depicts that there are 3.1 percent households are landless and there is also the problem of land tenure. The survey also presented that there are 80 percent HH with less than 10 Ka of land followed by 35 percent of HH with 11 to 40 Ka of land remaining 12 percent have more than 40 Ka of land.

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Table 12: Proportion of HH holding area of land (%) Category Percent Category Percent With land 96.9 Less than 10 Ka 53Without land 3.1 11 to 40 Ka 35Total 100.0 More than 40 Ka 12


According to the baseline survey the food production was adequate only for less than six months for all households indicating meager food sufficiency status. It is found that people borrow, take loans and or engage in other types of work to cope with the food deficiency. In Hadikhola all HHs responded that they borrow food to cope with food deficiency.

2.2.4 Status of Forest resource There is presence of mainly Bufferzone community forests (BZCF) in the VDC with protected area-Parsa Wildlife Reserve. There are 10 Bufferzone community managed forests in the study VDCs and a total of 3604 ha of land is managed under the system. The total HHs affiliation with the CFs is 2861. Table below presents the details of the CFUGs and the respective areas under their management.

Table 13: List of community managed forests in the VDC S.N Name Area HHs Population Total

Male Female 1 Janahit BZUG, Hadikhola 1,2 434.62 184 595 588 1183 2 Chetana BZUG, Hadikhola-1,

Chakari 164.60 148 442 413 855

3 Gaurisankar BZUG, Hadikhola-1, Goganpani

322.00 234 800 650 1450

4 Janakalyan Kalika BZUG, Hadikhola-1, Goganpani

293.89 135 317 352 847

5 Manakamana BZUG, Hadikhola-4 422.00 211 722 661 1399 6 Lokhit BZUG, Hadikhola-4,

Bhundrungkhola 284.00 120 395 352 847

7 Masine Shanti BZUG, Hadikhola-7, Masine

575.15 517 1697 1612 3309

8 Churiyamai BZUG, Hadikhola-8 426.00 316 913 939 1852 9 Lokpriya BZUG, Hadikhola 8 & 9 423.51 640 1876 1840 3716 10 Panchakanya BZUG, Hadikhola-9 258.93 356 1044 1034 2078 Total 3604.70 2861 8801 8441 17536

Source: Households Survey, 2014 Status of forest products from the community forest of Handikhola VDC is shown in table 14 below. Several timber and firewood species like Sal, Saaj, Asna, Karma, Aamaro, Sissoo, Khair, and Jamun are found in the forests of the VDC. The community is highly dependent on the forest resources for their livelihood. The highest dependency is on timber and firewood. The timber is used for housing and furniture industry, whereas the firewood is used for cooking purposes. People extract timber, firewood, fodder, fibre from the forests. The approximate area of different area in different CFs and approximate stock in presented in the following table:

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Table 14: Status of forest products

S.N Forest Name Address

Area Forest Products

Natural Forest

Plantation

Barren

Species Name

Apprx. Area (ha)

App. Stock(cu.ft.)

1

Shree Panchakanya BZCF

Handikhola-9 155 0 3 Chanp 10 500

Asna 20 100 Sal 100 2400 Jamun 5 200

2 Shree Janahit BZCF

Handikhola-1 - - - Asana _ _

Jamun _ _ Chilaun

e _ _ Sal _ _

3

Shree Churiyamai BZCF

Handikhola-8 426 - - Sal 300 5000

ku Kath 100 500

4 Masine Shanti BZCF

Handikhola-7 525.15 50 - Sal 250 3500

Asana 105 1000 Chap 70 1000

Karam 45 500

5

Shree Jana Kalyan Kalika CF

Handikhola-1 - - - Sal - -

Chilaun

e - - Asana - -

Bhotdha

iro - -

6 Chetana BZCF

Handikhola-1 - - 2 Sal - -

Asana - - Chilaun

e - - Sallo - -

Jamuna - - Kadam - -

7

Shree Manakamana BZCF

Handikhola-4 - - - Sal 81.32 80.85

Asana 13.19 19.15 Chap 0.1 0

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People also rely on various medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from the nearby forests in Handikhola VDC. The main species of MAP/NTFPs are Kurilo, Amriso, Bamboo Amala, Harro, Barro, Bel etc. The status of production area of MAPs and NTFPs their approximate area of production and stock with status is presented in Table 15.

Table 15: List of Major NTFPs of the forests and their respective area and stock

2.2.5 Forest Based Enterprises Several timber and firewood species like Sal, Saaj, Aamaro, Harro, Barro, Sissoo, Khair, and Jamun are found in the forests of the forests of Hadikhola VDC. The community is highly dependent on the forest resources for their livelihood. The highest dependency is on timber and firewood. The timber is used for housing and furniture industry, whereas the firewood is used for cooking purposes. They extract timber, firewood, fodder, fibre from the forests. Apart from these, people also acquire medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from the forests.

S.N Forest Name Species App. Area (ha) App. Stock (Quintal)

1

Shree Panchakanya BZCF

Amala 5 2 Harro 5 10 Barro 5 15 Others 5 ---

2 Shree Janahit BZCF Harro - - Barro - -

Shree Churiyamai BZCF

Chiraito 8 10

Kurilo 5 30

Harro 5 10

Barro 5 10

4 Masine Shanti BZCF Harro 30 100

Barro 30 40

Amala 25 50

- - -

5

Shree Jana Kalyan Kalika CF

Chiraito - -

Gujgano - -

Jhyau - -

Kurilo - -

6 Chetana BZCF NA

-

-

7

Shree Manakamana BZCF

Barro 0.1 0

Photo: Bamboo products in household use

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S.N Forest Name

Forest Product Trader

Trader Outside CFUG

Carpenter

NTFP Trader

Trader Outside CFUG

Community Interest for ED

NTFP Refiner

1

Shree Panchakanya BZCF - - 6 - -

M -

2 Shree Janahit BZCF 0 0 7 - -

M -

3

Shree Churiyamai BZCF - - 15 - -

M -

4 Masine Shanti BZCF 2 - 15 5 -

M -

5

Shree Jana Kalyan Kalika CF 0 0 14 - -

M

-

6 Chetana BZCF - - - - -

M -

7

Shree Manakamana BZCF - - - - -

M

-

Again for the selection of potential species for enterprise development abundance, time of production, Market demand, Economy potential, community preference and trade volume in recent years are applied as follows:

Table 17: Weightage of NTFP and MAP species SN

Local Name

Abundance

Time of Production


Market demand



Total score

8. Kurilo II III II III II II 14 9. Amala II II II II I II 11 10. Bel II II II II I II 11

11. Barro II II II II I II 11 12. Harro II I II II III II 11 13. Amriso II II III III I II 12 14. Bambo

o II II III III III II 15


Bamboo, Kurilo, and Amriso were scored highest and were sought as potential species for enterprise development in the CF. Among the highest scored species bamboo products are preferred by the community to be developed as enterprise in the area. Since the forests of

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Handikhola VDC lie in the Buffer zone of Parsa wildlife reserve, it is difficult to develop forest based entrepreneurship without the consensus from the reserve authority. Therefore Hadikhola is need to be considered for second phase to develop community based entrepreneurship that uses forest products.

2.2.6 Conclusion: There are 10 CFUGs handed over to the community in the project area of Handikhola VDC. Peoples' livelihood depends on the agriculture along with timber and non-timber forest products of the nearby forests. The major NTFPs and MAPs are found in all CFUGs are Amala, Bel, Harro, Barro, Kurilo and Bamboo. There are around seventy five percent of the HHs they directly or indirectly rely on timber and non-timber forest products. People collect the NTFP/MAPs for their household use and also to sell in the local market. The prospect of enterprise development in the area is high due to availability of resources, market etc. However the regulatory issues hinder this area to enter in forest based entrepreneurship.

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2.3 Chandranigahapur VDC, Rautahat

2.3.1 Socio-economy Chandranigahapur VDC is located in Rautahat district of Central Development Region. The VDC lie in the foothill of Chure range. There are 5015 HHs in the VDC with total population of 26163 (Male-13030 and Female 13133). Table below presents the ward wise demographic profile of the study area. The study covers three wards 1, 3 and 4 with the area of 8452 ha. Table 18: Ward wise population of Chandranigahapur VDC

Ward No. Household Total population Male Female

1 1,470 7,343 3,611 3,732 2 364 1,866 917 949 3 835 4,487 2,271 2,216 4 505 2,556 1,224 1,332 5 791 4,244 2,185 2,059 6 300 1,601 831 770 7 322 1,662 837 825 8 156 951 464 487

9 272 1,453 690 763

TOTAL 5,015 26,163 13,030 13,133 Source: CBS, 2011

Land use pattern of the VDC shows that more two third of the land is covered by forest followed by one tenth of the land with agricultural practice. The area of Shrubland and grassland is the least. Table 19: Land use of study area (ha) Ward No Forest Shrub

Land Grass Land

Agriculture Waterbody/Sand Total Area (ha)

1 1570 21 22 378 240 2231 3 4876 232 5 359 156 5628

4 1190 76 21 201 115 1603

Total 7636 329 48 938 511 9462

Source: WWF, 2014

Photo: Typical house at the foothill of Chure in Chandranigahpur

18

2.3.2 Status of Agriculture Baseline study conducted in Chandranigahapur depicts that there are 9.5 percent households without their own land. The problem of land tenure also persisted in the area. The survey also presented that there are 75 percent HH with less than 10 Ka of land followed by 22 percent of HH with 11 to 40 Ka of land remaining 3 percent have more than 40 Ka of land.

Table 20: Proportion of HH having area of land (%) Category Percent Category Percent With land 90.5 Less than 10 Ka 75 Without land 9.5 11 to 40 Ka 22 Total 100.0 More than 40 Ka 3


According to the baseline survey the food production was adequate only for less than six months for all households indicating meager food sufficiency status. It is found that people borrow, take loans and or engage in other types of work to cope with the food deficiency.

2.3.3 Status of Forest resource There is presence of mainly community forests (CF) in the VDC. There are eight community managed forests in the project area in this VDC with a total of 1401.61 ha of land. The total HH affiliation with the CFs is 1807. Table below presents the details of the CFUGs and the respective areas under their management.

Table21: List of community managed forests in the VDC S.N Name Ward Area HH Population 1 Jana Ekata CF 1 121.52 210 1433 2 Jana Chahana CF 1 150.81 102 657 3 Shanti CF 1 194.10 238 1362 4 Kalapani CF 3 187.33 291 1703 5 Navabuddha 3 193.56 163 1008 6 Nileswornath CF 3 195.96 346 2122 7 Navadurga CF 4 159.50 67 443 8 Adarsha CF 4 198.83 390 2380 Total 1401.61 1807 11108

Source: WWF, 2014 Several timber and firewood species like Sal, Saaj, Asna, Karma, Sissoo, Khair, and Karam are found in the forests of the VDC (Table 22). The community is highly dependent on the forest resources for their livelihood. The highest dependency is on timber and firewood. The timber is used for housing and furniture industry, whereas the firewood is used for cooking purposes. They extract timber, firewood, fodder, fibre from the forests. The approximate area of different area in different CFs and approximate stock in presented in the following table:

19

Table 22: Status of Forest based products S.N

Forest Name Total Area (ha.)

Area Forest Products

Natural Forest

Plantation

Barren Species Name

App. Area (ha)

App. Stock (cu.ft.)

1 Nileshwor Nath CF

195.96 195.96 - - Sal 90 -

Karma 30.0 -

Jamun 20.0 -

Asana 10.0 -

2 Namo Buddha CF

193.56 128.75 64.81 - Khayar 50.1 -

Sal 60.8 -

Sisso 40.9 -

Asna 35.6 -

3 Kalapani CF 112 18 69.25 21.25 Sisso 45.0 -

Khayar 22.2 -

Karma 15.0 -

Jamun 5.0 -

4 Navadurga CF

159.6 100 0.5 59.45 Khayar 40.0 -

Sal 15.0 -

Banjh 10.0 -

Saajh 10.0 -

5 Janachahana CF

150.81 95.81 29 26.19 Sisso 10.0 -

Karma 5.0 -

Asna 20.0 -

Others 70.0 -

6 Shanti CF 194.1 179,385 - 15 Karma 15.0 -

Jamun 20.0 -

Sajh 20.0 -

Sindure 40.0 -

7 Adarsha CF 198.83 25 162.8 11 Sisso 90.0 -

Khayar 70.0 -

Asna 3.0 -

Karam 2.0 -

20

2.3.4 Status of NTFPs and Forest Based Enterprises

People also acquire and depend on medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from the forests. Among the NTFPs, it is revealed through the discussions with the locals that the major one collected from the region are Amala, Bel, Harro, Barro, Kurilo and Bamboo. These products are either consumed locally or are traded in the local market. The information on actual traded quantity and price is limited. Since, no enterprises were running in the area, commercial production of NTFPs is limited.

Table 23 : Status of MAP/ NTFPs in the CFs of Chandranighapur VDC

S.N

Forest Name

NTFP Commercial forest Product

Species Apprx. Area (ha)

App. Stock (kg)

Species

Apprx. Area (ha)

App. Stock(cu.ft.)

1 NileshworNath CF Kurilo 10 - - - -

Bhorla 5 - - - - Amala 3 - - - -

2 Namo Buddha CF Kurilo 0.5 - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Kalapani CF Kurilo 2 - Sisso 60 -

Amriso 8 - Amris

o 8 - Bamboo 6 - Bans 7 -

- - - - - -

4 Navadurga CF Bel 10 - - - -

Amala 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5 Janachahana CF Bamboo 4 - Sisso 20 -

- - - Bans 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6 Shanti CF Daiejor 1 - Sajh 25 -

Photo: Local bamboo nursery

21

ni

- - - Karma 20 - - - - Jamun 25 - 7 Adarsha CF Amriso 4 - Sisso 110 -

Bamboo 1 - Amris

o 10 -

Besar 0.5 - Bambo

o 10 - Kurilo 0.5 - - - -


Among the NTFPs, it is revealed through the discussions with the locals that the major one collected from the region are Amala, Bel, Harro, Barro, , Kurilo and Bamboo. These products are either consumed locally or are traded in the local market. The information on actual traded quantity and price is limited. Since, no enterprises were running in the area, commercial production of NTFPs is limited. Although number of NTFP traders, workers and refiners are found in some CFUGs. Interest of community for enterprise development is categorized in to three category as High, Medium and low and presented as follows (Table 24).


SN

Name of CF Trader Outside CFUG

Carpenter

NTFP Trader

Trader Outside CFUG

NTFP Refiner

Community Interest in ED

1 NileshworNath CF

- - 10 - - M

2 Namo Buddha CF

- - 1 - - M

3 Kalapani CF 5 13 22 - - M

4 Navadurga CF

- - 4 13 13 M

5 Janachahana CF

2 2 20 30 4 M

6 Shanti CF 3 2 30 25 6 H 7 Adarsha CF - 6 46 - - H The application of above mentioned criteria to all Community forest of study VDC Adarsa CF is selected as the potential CF for enterprise development. Adarsha Community Forest of ward number four of the VDC is proposed by the community for commercial cultivation of Bamboo in the wild as well as in private land. The total area of the CF is 198.83 with 390 member HHs with 2380 peoples.

22

Focused group discussions revealed following species as the potential product for the enterprise development. Among the listed species bamboo as source of rattan products has high potential in terms of enterprise development.

Table 25: Status of potential species for commercialization

SN Potential Species Area (ha) Quantity produced 1 Harro, Barro, Amala - - 2 Bel - - 3 Kurilo 0.5 - 4 Bamboo 1 1500 5 Amriso 4 3000


In the process of species selection for enterprise development, first of all most of the plant species (NTFPs and MAPs) found in the study districts were listed down. Among the listed plant species, seven species most important species were identified through series of consultations with locals and other stakeholders. Score in whole number from 1 to 3 is assigned under each criterion. The highest score (3) is assigned to the most favorable characteristic and lowest (1) to the unfavorable. Table 26: Weightage for potential species selection in SN

Local Name

Abundance

Time of Production


Market demand



Total score

15. Kurilo II III II III II II 14 16. Amala,

Harro, Barro

II II III II II I 11

17. Bel II II III II II I 11

18. Amriso

II II III III II I 13

19. Bamboo

II II III III II III 15


Bamboo, Kurilo, and Amriso were scored highest and were sought as potential species for enterprise development in the VDC. Among the highest scored species Rattan products are preferred by the community to be developed as enterprise in the area.

23

2.3.5 Conclusion: There are eight CFUGs handed over to the community in the project area of Chandranigahapur VDC. Peoples livelihood depends on the agriculture along with timber and non-timber forest products of the nearby forests. The major NTFPs and MAPs are found in all CFUGs are Amala, Bel, Harro, Barro, Kurilo and Bamboo.

There are around seventy five percent of the HHs they directly or indirectly rely on timber and non-timber forest products. People collect the NTFP/MAPs for their household use and also to sell in the local market. General peoples’ access to the regional and international markets is limited.

The prospect of enterprise development in the area is high due to availability of resources, market etc. Among the eight CFUGs, Aadarsha CFUG of Chandranigahapur- 4 is chosen as the potential CFUG for entrepreneurship plan development. The criteria applied while choosing the CFUGs are Peoples’ and Community Forest beneficiaries interest, Area of production of MAP/ NTFPs, Productivity, Resources availability (raw materials), Potential for cultivation promotion, Access to infrastructures as road and market, Number of traders and NTFP collectors, Sustainability of production etc.

Bamboo is chosen as the best species for enterprise development in the CFUG. The species for enterprise development is then chosen applying criteria as Abundance, Time of Production, economy/enterprise potential, Market demand, Trade Volume in recent years. Enterprise literacy and other conflicts as land tenure and Chure conservation issues in current situations are some limitations.

3 Recommendations of the study: Following recommendation are made from the analysis of findings and discussions;

a. Entrepreneurship development. Chure range is under severe poverty throughout the country so the study area is not an exception. The studied area is close to national grand trunk of transportation network. Its connected with other infrastructures like electricity and communications but the livelihoods base of people is very fragile. One of the better options to create local employment and income generation opportunity is to work on forest based entrepreneurship development. The community forest area and local climate is suitable for intensive Bamboo cultivation in both community forests and private land. Therefore local entrepreneurship based on Bamboo product is highly recommended in the area.

b. Capacity building. Local capacity on entrepreneurship is very limited. People are thriving with subsistence farming. Their affiliation to forest is also concerned to harvesting only. The wise use of forest land and forest product is yet to be started. Therefore local residents need to be capacitated to maximize the benefit from forest resources. For this, capacity building package on entrepreneurship development, multiple use of forest lands, leadership and market penetration is essential for the area.

24

c. Conservation and development. Chure is sensitive from climatic, geological and political point of views. All efforts paid for local livelihoods improvement should consider those sensitivity and precautions are mandatory to be employed. Therefore conservation should be in higher priority while selecting the forest and NTFP species and other land use works in these areas.

d. Skill training. Local people need to be supplemented with skills on bamboo cultivation, handicrafts making and marketing.

e. Pro-poor development initiative and planning. All interventions in these area need to be focused on poverty reduction and conservation. Entrepreneurship development plans should be prepared with the involvement of community and they should own the whole cycle of the implementation of such plans.

25

Annex 1.a: Checklist applied for the FGDs

jg tyf jg ;d"xdf pBd ljsf; Pj+ Jofj;flos of]hgf tof/L ;"rgf ;+sng kmf/fd pkl:yt AolStx?sf] gfd l;=g+= gfd, y/ 7]ufgf ;+:yf ;Dks{ g+= ! @ # $ % ^

!= jgsf] ;+lIfKt lrgf/LM

jgsf] gfd M ========= 7]ufgf M :yfkgf M lj=;+= @)===== If]qkmn M

k|fs[lts jg ========= x]=, a[Iff/f]k0f==========x]=, vfnL==================x]= -s_ k|d'v jg k}bfjf/x? sf7 k|hftLM k|hftL cg'= If]qkmn cg'= df}Hbft s}lkmot -v_ u}/ sfi7 k|hftL -h8La'6L_ ;d]t k|hftL cg'= If]qkmn cg'= df}Hbft s}lkmot -u_ Jofj;flos ?kdf pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] jg k}bfjf/x? -sfi7 / u}/ sfi7 b'a}_ k|hftL cg'= If]qkmn cg'= df}Hbft s}lkmot

WWF Nepal

“bLuf] e"ld Joj:yfkg sfo{s|d, r'/] If]q, g]kfn” Exploration of forest based products for enterprise development and preparation of business plan of CFUGs

26

@= ;d"xsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f hDdf 3/w'/L==================. hg;+Vof=================== dlxnf=======================k'?if=============== ;d"x leqsf ljkGg 3/w'/L ;+Vof================= pgLx?sf] d'Vo k]zf================================ ;d"x leqsf sf7 tyf u}/ sfi7 Jofj;foLsf] ljj/0f sf7 Jofj;foL====== ======hgf . ;d"x aflx/ lgsf;L ug]{ ==================hgf sfi7 snf hfg]sf -l;sdL{_ =========================hgf u}/ sfi7 Jofj;foL=================hgf . ;d"x aflx/ lgsf;L ug]{ ==================hgf u}/ sfi7 k|zf]wg ug{ hfg]sf ====================hgf jgaf6 jflif{s ;+sng x'g] sf7sf] kl/df0f================So'=lkm6 To; dWo ;d"x leq vkt x'g]==============So'=lkm6 -k|hftLx? =============================================_ ;d"x aflx/ lgsf;L x'g] ===============So'=lkm6 -k|hftLx? =============================================_ jg sfo{of]hgfdf jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng ;DalGw Joj:yf sf7 ;+sng ;DalGw Joj:yfM =============== u}/ sfi7 ;+sng ;DalGw Joj:yfM =================== sf7hGo k}bffjf/x?sf] d"No ljj/0f -k|lt So'=lkm6_ k|hftL ;d"x leqsf]

d"No ;d"x aflx/sf] d"No

v'Nnf ahf/ d"No

zx/sf] d"No s}lkmot

u}/ sfi7 jg k}bffjf/x?sf] d"No ljj/0f -k|lt lsnf]_ k|hftL ;d"x leqsf]

d"No ;d"x aflx/sf] d"No

v'Nnf ahf/ d"No

zx/sf] d"No s}lkmot

27

;d"x leq Jofj;flos ?kdf pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x? hdLg k|hftL cg'=

If]qkmn -x]=_

cg'= pTkfbg -lsnf]_

cg'= nfut -?_

cg'= k|ltkmn -?_

nfUg] ;do -dlxgf_

s}lkmot

;fd'bflos jg

! @ #

;fj{hlgs, ktL{

! @ #

lghL hdLg

! @ #

nlIft ahf/ M

/fli6«o ahf/ -===============%_

cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ -=============%_

:yfgLo ahf/ -===============%_

If]qLo ahf/ -===============%_ #= Joj:yfkg of]hgf k"+hL M -s_ sfo{zLn k"hLM

ljj/0f -hdLg tof/L, aLp, l;+rfO, 9'jfgL, hgzlSt, Joj:yfkg, cg'udg cflb_

k|yd jif{sf] cg'= vr{

hDdf rfn" k"hL cfjZostf -v_ l:y/ k"hLM ljj/0f -sfof{no kmlg{r/, 3/ 6x/f lgdf{0f, k|zf]wg, e08f/0fsf nflu

ef}lts lgdf{0f, cfjZos pks/0f cflbsf] vr{ la:tf/df eg]{_d"No -¿=_

s'n hDdf

28

$=;+sng tyf k|zf]wg of]hgf -jf ;DefJotf_ Jofj;flos ?kdf sfd ubf{ k|yd jif{df lgDg lnlvt jg k}bfjf/, h8La'6Lx? pNn]lvt dfqfdf ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;=g+= jg k}bfjf/, h8La'6L

hDdf ;+sng x'g] hDdf kl/df0f

! s]=hL= @ s]=hL= #

Jofj;flos ?kdf sfd ubf{ k|yd jif{df lgDg lnlvt jg k}bfjf/, h8La'6Lx? pNn]lvt dfqfdf k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;=g+= jg k}bfjf/, h8La'6L

hDdf ;+sng x'g] hDdf kl/df0f

! s]=hL= @ s]=hL= #

%= laqmL tyf ahf/Ls/0f

qm= ;+=

pTkfbgsf] gfd pTkflbt j:t'sf] kl/df0f -s]=hL_

laqmL d"No s}lkmot

! ====== ======

^= ;d"xdf pBd ljsf; ubf{ :yfgLo /f]huf/L k"/f ;do /f]huf/=======================hgf cf+lzs /f]huf/L =====================hgf &= nfe nfut ljZn]if0f -Jofj;flos ?kdf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;DalGw pBd ubf{ nfUg] vr{ tyf x'g] cfDbfgL ljj/0f_ cg'dflgt nfut ;"rL M

ljj/0f d"No -¿=_ -s_ k|ToIf vr{ ====== aLp, a]gf{ ====== 9'jfgL ====== Hofnf ======

29

uf]8d]n ====== l;+rfO, kfgL ====== dn, cf}iflw cfflb ====== OGwg ====== ;+sng Hofnf ====== hldg jf cGo ef8f, z'Ns ====== -v_ hDdf nfut ====== Joj:yfkg nfut M– d]g]h/ tna ====== ljB't, kfgL vr{ ====== ;+rf/, :6]zg/L ====== k|rf/, k|;f/ ====== kmlg{r/sf] x|f; s§L ===== % ======

-u_ hDdf Joj:Yffkg vr{ ====== laqmL tyf ahf/Ls/0f nfut M– ;+sng vr{ ====== 9'jfgL Hofnf ====== k|zf]wg vr{ ====== e08f/0f vr{ gd"gf ljt/0f ====== hDdf laqmL tyf ahf/Ls0f nfut ====== cfsl:ds vr{ ====== hDdf nfut ====== *= nufgL nufgLstf{ cg'= /sd s}lkmot jg ;d"x jg sfof{no uf=lj=;= :yfgLo ;xsf/L bft[ ;+:yf :yfgLo Jofj;foL pBf]uL cGo (= kmfObfsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f of] pBd lasf; / ;+rfngaf6 :yfgLo u/La, dlxnf, lakGg / lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ s;/L kmfObf k'U5 xf]nf <-;+lIfKtdf n]Vg]_

30

!)= hf]lvd ljZn]if0f M

!_ ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{ ========================== @_ 7"nf] k"FhLsf] nufgL ================================= #_ ahf/d"No w]/} g} kl/jt{g x'g] ======================= $_ ;+sng tyf e08f/0f ========================= ^_ ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ =========================== &_ u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ============================ *_ cGo s'g}

!!= dflysf hf]lvd Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? !@= ;du|df of] ;d"x Jofj;flos ?kdf jg leq tyf aflx/ Jofj;flos ?kdf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ pBd ug{M s_ OR5's, 5======= 5}g======= v_ ;Ifd, 5=========5}g======= !#= ;d'xsf] Jofj;flos Ifdtf a9fpg s] s:tf ;xof]u cfjZos 5g\ < ;xof]u ;Defljt ;xof]uL ;+:yf s}lkmot cGo s]xL eGg' eP,============

31

Annex 2.b: Checklist applied for the FGDs

jg tyf jg ;d"xdf pBd ljsf; Pj+ Jofj;flos of]hgf tof/L ;"rgf ;+sng kmf/fd :yfgLo ;+sns tyf Jofj;foL;+u ahf/ ;DefJotf cWoogsf nflu ;"rgf ;+sng != pQ/bftfsf] gfd,y/M 7]ufgfM d'Vo k]zf ;xfos k]zf @= tkfO{ u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng jf Jofj;fodf laut slt jif{b]lv ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 <============= jif{ #= tkfO{ s'g s'g k|hftLsf jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng jf Jofj;fo ug'{x'G5 < ========================================================== $= :yfgLo u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+sng ug]{ ;do s'g xf] < k|hftL ;do s}lkmot %= tkfO{ lghL hdLgdf pTkflbt u}/ sfi7 k}bfjf/ klg ;+sng ug'{x'G5 jf lsGg' x'G5 < lsGg' x'G5 eg], s'g k|hftL, slxn] / sxf+af6 k|hftL slxn] sxf+af6 sltdf ^= tkfO{ cfkm"n] ;+sng u/]sf] k}bfjf/ sxf+ a]Rg'x'G5 < ======================== &= o; If]qdf s'g s'g u}/ sfi7 k|hftL jgdf / lghL hdLgdf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 < k|hftL jgdf lghL hdLgdf s}lkmot *= o; If]qdf x'g] s'g s'g u}/ sfi7 k|hftL :yfgLo ?kdf k|zf]wg, cw{k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 < ================================= (= o; If]qdf ;+sng x'g] u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] d'Vo ahf/ sxf+ xf] <

WWF Nepal

“bLuf] e"ld Joj:yfkg sfo{s|d, r'/] If]q, g]kfn” Exploration of forest based products for enterprise development and preparation of business plan of CFUGs

32

Annex 3: List of participants in FGDs in Ratanpuri, Bara Namelist 1

SN Name Address Organization 1 Bir bahadur Jimba Ratanpuri, 08 Radhakrishna CFUG 2 Chanda Lama Ratanpuri, 08 Radhakrishna CFUG 3 Tul bahadur Karki Ratanpuri, 08 Radhakrishna CFUG 4 Vabnath Aryal Ratanpuri, 08 Radhakrishna CFUG 5 Bishal Jimba Ratanpuri, 08 Radhakrishna CFUG 6 Laxmi Neupane Ratanpuri, 08 Radhakrishna CFUG

Namelist 2 SN Name Address Organization 1 Som Bahadur Gole Ratanpuri,03 Pashupati CFUG 2 Ramji Syangtan Ratanpuri,03 Pashupati CFUG 3 Anu Gole Ratanpuri,03 Pashupati CFUG 4 Krishna Prasad Ghimire Ratanpuri,03 Pashupati CFUG 5 Menuka Syangtan Ratanpuri,03 Pashupati CFUG 6 Suresh Lama Ratanpuri,03 Pashupati CFUG

Namelist 3

SN Name Address Organization 1 Bhimmaya BHulan Ratanpuri, 09 Lal bakaiya CFUG 2 Banmaya Himdong Ratanpuri, 09 Lal bakaiya CFUG 3 Manu Ranamagar Ratanpuri, 09 Lal bakaiya CFUG 4 Rajan Adhikari Ratanpuri, 09 Lal bakaiya CFUG 5 Lekh kumara Rimal Ratanpuri, 09 Lal bakaiya CFUG 6 Sita Lopchan Ratanpuri, 09 Lal bakaiya CFUG Namelist 4

SN Name Address Organization 1 Sanjaya Kumar Lama Ratanpuri ,07 Shiva shaktishwori CFUG 2 Sun Bahadur Thing Ratanpuri ,07 Shiva shaktishwori CFUG 3 Rakesh Lama Ratanpuri ,07 Shiva shaktishwori CFUG 4 Roshan Pakhrin Ratanpuri ,07 Shiva shaktishwori CFUG 5 Raj Kumar Ghalan Ratanpuri ,07 Shiva shaktishwori CFUG

33

Namelist 5

SN Name Address Organization 1 Buddhi lal syangtan Ratanpuri,06 Dharapani CFUg 2 Junu Lama Ratanpuri,06 Dharapani CFUg 3 Surya Bahadur Thokar Ratanpuri,06 Dharapani CFUg 4 Santa Bahadur Alemagar Ratanpuri,06 Dharapani CFUg 5 Prem kumara Alemagar Ratanpuri,06 Dharapani CFUg

Namelist 6

SN Name Address Organization 1 Gyan Bahadur Moktan Ratanpuri ,09 Janahit CFUG 2 Nani maya Ghising Ratanpuri ,09 Janahit CFUG 3 Dilli Prasad Dulal Ratanpuri ,09 Janahit CFUG 4 Aasa kumara Shrestha Ratanpuri ,09 Janahit CFUG 5 Thulo kancha Ghising Ratanpuri ,09 Janahit CFUG 6 Bhim Bahadur Jimba Ratanpuri ,09 Janahit CFUG

Namelist 7

SN Name Address Organization 1 Chaturman Thokar Ratanpuri.04 Buddhajyoti CFUG 2 Krishna Prasad Dhamala Ratanpuri.04 Buddhajyoti CFUG 3 Bishu ram Ladwa Ratanpuri.04 Buddhajyoti CFUG 4 Thirtha maya Gomja Ratanpuri.04 Buddhajyoti CFUG 5 Buddhiman Syangtan Ratanpuri.04 Buddhajyoti CFUG 6 Buddhi man Moktan Ratanpuri.04 Buddhajyoti CFUG

Namelist 8

SN Name Address Organization 1 Tara Bahadur Thing Ratanpuri ,05 Kalki CFUG 2 Dhan Bahadur Syangtan Ratanpuri ,05 Kalki CFUG 3 Sun maya Syangtan Ratanpuri ,05 Kalki CFUG 4 Narmita Syangtan Ratanpuri ,05 Kalki CFUG 5 Bed Bahadur Thing Ratanpuri ,05 Kalki CFUG 6 Joshi maya Ghising Ratanpuri ,05 Kalki CFUG

34

Annex 3: List of participants in FGDs in Handikhola, Makawanpur

Namelist1

SN Name Address Organization 1 Hiralal Syangtan Hadikhola ,04 Digo krishi sahakari tatha madhyebarti CFUG 2 Gun singh Rumba Hadikhola ,04 Digo krishi sahakari tatha madhyebarti CFUG 3 Rajkumar Pakhrin Hadikhola ,04 Digo krishi sahakari tatha madhyebarti CFUG 4 Aanand Ghalan Hadikhola ,04 Digo krishi sahakari tatha madhyebarti CFUG

Namelist 2

SN Name Address Organization 1 Ram kumar Upreti Makwanpur, hadikhola Chetana CFUG

Namelist 3

SN Name Address Organization 1 Purna Bahadur Thing Hadikhola 1 Jana kalian Kalika CFUG 2 Gyan Bahadur Thokar Namelist 4

SN Name Address Organization 1 Dhruba khadka Hadikhola,06 Masine shanti madhebarti CFUG 2 Amar Bahadur Rumba Hadikhola,06 Masine shanti madhebarti CFUG 3 Kedar Dhungana Hadikhola,06 Masine shanti madhebarti CFUG 4 Jit Bahadur Thing Hadikhola,06 Masine shanti madhebarti CFUG 5 Krishna Bahadur Neupane Hadikhola,06 Masine shanti madhebarti CFUG

Namelist 5

SN Name Address Organization 1 Bishnu Lamichhane Hadikhola, 08 Churiya mai madhewarti CFUG 2 Chandra Bahadur Thing Hadikhola, 08 Churiya mai madhewarti CFUG 3 Krishna Bahadur Syangtan Hadikhola, 08 Churiya mai madhewarti CFUG 4 Saili maya Thing Hadikhola, 08 Churiya mai madhewarti CFUG 5 Panimira Rana Hadikhola, 08 Churiya mai madhewarti CFUG SN Name Address Organization 1 Surendra raj Dhakal Hadikhola 1,2 Janahit Madhyewarti CFUG 2 Chhanta Bahadur Pakhrin Hadikhola 1,2 Janahit Madhyewarti CFUG 3 Radhika Ghimire Hadikhola 1,2 Janahit Madhyewarti CFUG 4 Ganesh Khanal Hadikhola 1,2 Janahit Madhyewarti CFUG 5 Padam Bahadur Thing Hadikhola 1,2 Janahit Madhyewarti CFUG 6 Krishna Bahadur Moktan Hadikhola 1,2 Janahit Madhyewarti CFUG

35

Namelist 7

SN Name Address Organization 1 Somnath Rumba Hadikhola ,09 Panchakanya Madhyewarti CFUG 2 Madhav Ghimire Hadikhola ,09 Panchakanya Madhyewarti CFUG 3 Buddhiram Moktan Hadikhola ,09 Panchakanya Madhyewarti CFUG 4 Mangal Bahadur Thapa Hadikhola ,09 Panchakanya Madhyewarti CFUG 5 Nirmaya Syangtan Hadikhola ,09 Panchakanya Madhyewarti CFUG 6 Dhana laxmi Syangtan Hadikhola ,09 Panchakanya Madhyewarti CFUG

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Annex 4: List of participants in FGDs in Chandranigahapur, Rautahat Namelist: Tileshwornath CFUG

SN Name Address Organization1 Ram pujan Guro Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 2 Loknath Dahal Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 3 Maruti Guro Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 4 Chitra rekha Dhami Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 5 Baldev Dhami Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 6 Lal Baral Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 7 Dhan Prasad Sapkota Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG 8 Sahi maya BK Chandranigahapur Tileswornath CFUG Namelist: Namobuddha CFUG

SN Name Address Organization1 Sunjit Waiba Chandranigahapur,03 Namobuddha CFUG 2 Bishwo Lal Jimba 3 Prem Bahadur Bajyu 4 Sommaya Jimba 5 Maili maya Thing 6 Mangali maya Thing 7 Kaluman Thokar 8 Namelist 2: Janachahana CFUG

SN Name Address Organization1 Jhabilal Bolakhe Chandranigahapur,01 Janachahana CFUG 2 Khadka Bahadur Ranabhat 3 Prem Kumar Timilsina 4 Dev Bahadur Sapkota 5 Liladhar Dahal 6 Dukumaya Durlami Magar 7 Prem Kumari Dulal Namelist 3: Nawadurga CFUG

SN Name Address Organization1 Santa Bahadur Pakhrin Chandranigahapur,03 Nawadurga CFUG 2 Jogmala Ghising 3 Pradip Syangtan 4 Nirmala Syangtan 5 Saili maya Thing 6 Kanchhi maya Syangtan 7 Sushila Darlami Namelist 4: Shanti CFUG

SN Name Address Organization 1 Pratap Lama Chandranigahapur,01 Shanti CFUG2 Prem Bahadur Rumba 3 Pundaya Prasad Paudel 4 Mannkumari Pariyar 5 Mangal Maya Tamang 6 Ram Prasad Acharya 7 Hasta Bahadur Khapangi

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