exploratory longitudinal analysis with multiway component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/pk.pdf · in...

84
Exploratory Longitudinal Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Analysis with Multiway Component Models Component Models Pieter M. Kroonenberg Pieter M. Kroonenberg Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University [email protected] [email protected] STA201 STA201 Mai 2010, Paris Mai 2010, Paris

Upload: others

Post on 31-May-2020

9 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

Exploratory Longitudinal Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Analysis with Multiway

Component ModelsComponent Models

Pieter M. KroonenbergPieter M. KroonenbergDepartment of Education and Child Studies, Leiden UniversityDepartment of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University [email protected] [email protected]

STA201 STA201 Mai 2010, ParisMai 2010, Paris

Page 2: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

ContentsContentsSection 1: General principles

Overview longitudinal modellingThree-way dataThree-way longitudinal data

Section 2: Three-mode models and methodsIntroductionStochastic modelsThree-mode component models

Section 3: "Technical" intermezzo on three-mode component modelsSection 4: Exemples

Croissance et développement de l'organisation des hôpitaux HollandaisDéveloppement morphologique des jeunes FançaisesChangements des interactions entre mères et enfants pedant les six premiers mois

Page 3: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

Section 1Section 1

General principlesGeneral principles

Page 4: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

1.11.1Overview Modelling Longitudinal DataOverview Modelling Longitudinal Data

Page 5: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Multivariate longitudinal data

Fully-crossed data (Repeated measures)Several subjects have scores on several variables at various points in timeModelling depends on

the structure present or knownnumber of variables, subjects, and time pointsunderlying mechanism of changeassumptions about the data

Types of modellingStochastic modelling with or without latent structuresDescriptive (exploratory) modelling via component models

with functional restrictions on the time modewith general restrictions on the time modetime as an interpretational device

Page 6: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Stochastic modelling -1

Without latent structures general linear model

regression analysisautoregressive models: variables are predicted by the same variables measured earlier and possibly external variables

repeated measures analysis of variancevia doubly multivariate analysis of variance: measurements on the same variables at different time points are treated as a multivariate set andseveral different variables available make it doubly multivariate. Models are tested with complex Manova models including trends, mean differences, etc.

Page 7: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Stochastic modelling - 2Without latent structures

Multivariate time seriesfew variables, few subjects, many points in timecontinuous measurements of medical instrumentstrends in the stock marketskin conductance during an experiment from several electrods

TimeAm

plitu

de o

f ski

n co

nduc

tanc

e

14

12

10

8

6

4

Descent

Ascent

Base line

7006005004003002001000

21 3 4 5

Time series analysis: ARMA, ARIMA,ARMAV models, Fourier analysis

Page 8: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Stochastic modelling - 3

With latent structuresStructural equation modelling

Several measurements of the same latent construct(Causal) relationships are defined at the level of the latent variables rather than the observed ones.

time 1 time ktime 2

Page 9: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

DISTAL5

RES5

APPRAV5

DISTAL8

RES8

APPRAV8

CRY5

LOC5

MAN5

PRM5

CMM5

RSM5

AVM5

DIM5

CRY8

LOC8

MAN8

PRM8

CMM8

RSM8

AVM8

DIM8

Stochastic modelling Strange Situation

Episode 5

Episode 8

Distal = Communication à distanceRes = Résistance contre la mamanApprAv = Conflict entre approcher et éviter la maman

crier

mouvement

manipulation des jouets

proximité

contact

résistance

éviter la mère

interaction à distance

Page 10: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Stochastic modelling - 4

Latent growth modelsDo one or more p-parameter functions underlie the set of curves

Three-mode covariance modelsStructural equation model for the

1..j..J 1..j..J 1..j..J

1..j.

.J1.

.j..J

1..j.

.J

k=1

k=1

k=2

k=2

k=3

k=3

Multivariable-multioccasion covariance matrix (j = variables; k = occasions)

Page 11: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Descriptive modelling

Basic aimDescribe the major patterns in the data and how they change over time without calling upon explicit distributional assumptions.

Major tools are projection into low-dimensional spacescurve fitting especially for the time mode

Time introduces (through autocorrelation)contiguity ordinality[a certain amount of (underlying) smoothness]

Page 12: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Handling the time mode -1

Time as interpretational devicethe most exploratory approach is to perform an analysis without paying attention to time during the analysis, i.e. ignoring it as a design aspect.time is then only used as an interpretational devicecontiguity and ordinality are primary principles for interpretation

Disadvantagesloss of (a priori) interpretabilitylack of real (imposed) smoothnessimportance and stochastic characteristics of irregularities hard to judge

AdvantagesData are surpreme, no artificial (untenable) restrictionsGood baseline for further investigation

Page 13: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Handling the time mode -2

General constraints on the time modeIn order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge about the underlying longitudinal process or guess at certain properties and introduce constraints on the components of the time mode, such as

smoothness (e.g. B-splines)ordinalitymonotonicity (e.g. I-splines)unimodality

Such restrictions generally reduce the fit of the model to the data,small reduction:

increase in interpretability (generally) reduction of parameters

large reduction:restriction and corresponding interpretation not warranted

Page 14: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Functional restrictionsReplace time mode components with parametric functions ("instrumental variables"; cf. "canonical CA")E.g. Gompertz curves

Advantage: A priori interpretability but other functions could also give an adequate fitDisadvantages: Possibly inadequate fit; function inappropriate

Handling the time mode - 3

(Source: Timmerman, 2001, Chap. 5)

Page 15: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

1.21.2 Three-Way Data Three-Way Data

Page 16: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-way data array(fully crossed)

Xunderlining indicates (three-way) array

Subjects = first modei = 1, ... , I

Variables = second modej = 1, ... , J

Years = third modek = 1, ... , K

Subjects

Variables

Years

Page 17: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Slices

Horizontal slices

Xi

Lateral slices

Xj

Frontal slices

Xk

Slices are matrices

Page 18: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Fibres

Columns (column fibres)

xjk

Rows(row fibres)

xik

Tubes(depth fibres)

xij

Fibres are vectors

Page 19: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Traditional approaches to three-way data

k=1

k=K

X1

Mean1...i...I

1...j...J

k=1

k=K

1...j...J

1...i...I

1...i...I

1...i...I

X3

X2

X1

Averaging

k=1 k=K

1...j...J 1...j...J1...j...J

1...i...I X3X2X1

Variables replicated(wide matrix)

Subjects replicated(long matrix)

1..j..J 1..j..J 1..j..J

1..j.

.J1.

.j..J

1..j.

.J

k=1

k=1

k=2

k=2

k=3

k=3

Multivariable-multioccasion covariance matrix

k=1

k=K

S1

Covariance matrices

Page 20: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

1.31.3 Three-Way Longitudinal Data Three-Way Longitudinal Data

Page 21: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Example200 inspectors rated the surface roughness of 15 metal loaves on 4 times (repeated measure)

200 x 4 x 15 three-mode data

4 types of inspectors; A,B,C and D (within-subject factor)

200

4

15

A

B

C

D

Repeated measures data (fully crossed - with a design on the subjects)

Page 22: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-way dataCross-sectional data

rjj'k correlation between scales j' and j at time point k

set of correlation/ covariance matrices;

no necessity for subjects to be the same not fully-crossed

Sampl

es/

Occ

asio

ns

1.......j'.......J1....

.j ....

.J

Variables

Variables

1....

.k...

...K

rjj'k

Page 23: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Cross-sectional data

Multi-Set DataDifferent samples of subjects each generate a matrix, say different age groups each produce a correlation matrix of the subtests of an intelligence test

Values only comparable within each matrix or matrix conditional

Often correlations or covariances: Two-mode three-way data (variables by variables by samples/years

k=1

k=K

k=2

Page 24: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Cross-sectional data

Each subject k generates a matrix but rows (time points) are different for each k frontal slice (subject), but variables are the same for each slice.

Subjects get their medication at different times with different intervalsDifferent batches evolve at different speeds over time; times at which they are measured do not have the same intervals

Each sample k generates a matrix but rows (subjects) are different for each k frontal slice (sample), but variables are the same for each slice.

Cross-sectional study of intelligence: comparing structure of intelligence tests for different age groups

k=1

k=K

k=2

1... j ...J

I1

IKI2

Multiset data are often converted to correlation/covariance matrices or similarity matrices and then analysed

Multi-set data

Page 25: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Multiblock models

Y+= X1 X2

Three-mode linear models(applications in chemistry)

Page 26: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Mother Activities

J categories

1st month

6th month

Child Activities

(I categories)

Three-way categorical data

Fully-crossed: t0, t-1, t-2

one variable lagged twice(variables décalés)

Behaviourat time 0

Behaviour at time -2

Behaviour at time -1

Cross-sectionaltwo variables fully-crossed;measured K times(transversal)

Page 27: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

Section 2Section 2

Three-Mode Models and MethodsThree-Mode Models and Methods

Page 28: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Types of analysis techniquesStochastic-Nonstochastic

Stochastic TechniquesUse of distributional assumptionsMostly model testing or model search via model testingSubjects are replications and not necessarily interesting as individuals (exchangeable)

Data-Analytic Techniques'Population' techniquesSubjects are interesting as individuals: Interest in individual differences

Page 29: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

2.12.1 Stochastic models Stochastic models

Page 30: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Stochastic modelsRepeated measures multivariate analysis of variance

Structural equations modelling on multivariable-multicondition matrix (=multitrait-multimethod matrix)

Three-way analysis of variance without replications(one observation per cell; not longitudinal?)

1..j..J 1..j..J 1..j..J

1..j.

.J1.

.j..J

1..j.

.J

k=1

k=1

k=2

k=2

k=3

k=3

k=1 k=K

1...j...J 1...j...J1...j...J

1...i...I X3X2X1

Page 31: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Multivariate repeated measures models

Repeated measures analysis of variance (with of without a design on the subject mode)

interpretation of significant multivariate trends

interpretation of significant univariate trends

interpretation of significance between group effects (if design is available on subjects)

Little regard for individual differences, only as groups (However, hierarchical linear models (HLM - random effects and mixed models ).

Problems with large interactions and complex structure in variables

k=1 k=K

1...j...J 1...j...J1...j...J

1...i...I X3X2X1

Variables replicated

Page 32: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Covariance modelsStructural equation modelling of multivariable-multioccasion matrix or multimode cov. matrix

if a good model fit, easy interpretation (a priori known)needs large amounts of data for testing of modelsstrong assumptions about distributions and variable structureNo regard for individual differences

s jk,jk = variance of variable j measured at time k

s j'k',jk = covariance of variable j measured at time k with variable j' measured at time k'

1..j..J 1..j..J 1..j..J

1..j.

.J1.

.j..J

1..j.

.J

k=1

k=2

k=3

k=1 k=2 k=3

s jk,j'k'

s j'k',jks jk,jk

s11,11

sJK,JK

Page 33: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

2.22.2 Three-Mode Component Models Three-Mode Component Models

Page 34: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Common nonstochastic models

Tucker2 modelThree-mode principal component analysis with extended core array (Tucker)

Tucker3 modelThree-mode principal component analysis with full core array (Tucker)

Parafac modelParallel factors model [actually component model] with superdiagonal core array (Harshman, Carroll)

STATIS Structuration des TAbleaux a Trois Indices de la Statistique - (Escoufier, L'Hermier des Plantes, Lavit)Not a model but a method

AFM Analyse Factorielle Multiple (Escofier,Pagès)

Also a method - (with which I unfortunately have no practical experience)

Page 35: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Singular value decomposition

Xsubjects

variables

= A B'00

g11

g22

G

The singular value decomposition is the basic structure of a matrixA'A = I, B'B = I, G = diagonal (g12 = g21 = 0)P = BG & Q = AGFirst column of A is exclusively linked to first column of B, and the same for the second components, therefore they refer to the same component. xij = Σs(aisbjsgss)

Page 36: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

SVD and PCA and Q-PCA

loadings for variables

A B'00

g11

g22

G

A F'=scores for subjects

Xsubjects

variables

Standard PCA

Xsubjects

variables

=

'loadings' for subjectsX' Q'=

'scores' for variables

subjects

variables

= B A'00

g11

g22

GX'subjects

variables

Q-PCA (ACP dual?)

B

Page 37: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-mode PCA: Replicated SVD

Replicated SVD is not really a three-mode model. No restrictions. Independent solutions for each k.

xijk = Σs(aisk bjsk gssk)

k=1

k=K

X1

XK= AK

B' K

0GK0

X1= A1

B' 1G10

0

X3= A3

B' 3G30

0

X2= A2

B' 2G20

0

Page 38: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-mode PCA: Tucker2 model

k=1

k=K

X1

XK = A B'GK

X1= A B'G1

X3= A B'G3

X2= A B'G2

True three-mode model with restrictions: Only one A and B for all subjects k.The singular value matrices Gk not diagonal anymore xijk = Σp Σq(aip bjq gpqk)

Page 39: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-mode PCA: Tucker3 mode l

True three-mode model with restrictions: One A and B and components C to describe the subjects. Singular values in core array G link and weight combinations of components.

xijk = Σp Σq Σr (aipbjqckrgpqr)

k=1

k=K

X1

X = A B'P

Q

RP

Q

R

C

G

Page 40: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-mode PCA: Parafac mod el

True three-mode model with restrictions: One A and B and components C to describe the subjects. Singular values in core array G weight combinations of components. Core array is superdiagonal.First column of A, B, and C are exclusively linked to each other, therefore they refer to the same component.

xijk = Σs ais bjs cks gsss

k=1

k=K

X1

a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2

aS

bS

cS

+ +g111 g222 g333xijk =

S

S

S

A CB SuperdiagonalCore Array

Page 41: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Three-mode PCA: Core arrays

Superdiagonal full core array (S = P = Q = R)

Extended core array (R = K)

Full core array

R=K

S

S

S

P

QR

S

S

K

Slice diagonal extended core array (S = P = Q)

C DA B

Page 42: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Tucker2model

Extended core array PxQxK

Parafacmodel

1. Superdiagonal core array SxSxS2. Diagonal frontal slices SxSxK

Tucker3model

Full core array PxQxR

PCA

on e

xten

ded

core

arr

ay

K ---

--> R

Diagonal core array; P=Q=R=Sno orthonormality restrictions

Diagonal frontal slices; P

=Q=S

no orthonormality restrictions

S

S

S

S

S

K

P

Q

R

S

S

K

Relations between component models

Page 43: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

STATIS

Wk==== intrastructure k

W1 W1=X1X1'

WK WK= XKXK'

W W W W ====

vect

oris

edw

1

vect

oris

edw

K

..

.

C C C C = = = = W' W W' W W' W W' W

C C C C = = = = AAAAΦΦΦΦA' A' A' A'

C = C = C = C = Interstructure

first column ofA A A A :αααα = (αααα1,...,ααααK)

W = ΣΣΣΣkααααkWk= UΛΛΛΛU'

subject compromise components: U*=UΛΛΛΛ1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 (princ. co-ord.)

W = = = = Compromise intrastructure

subject co-ordinates for each k: WkUΛΛΛΛ−−−−1/21/21/21/2 per condition k

variables for each condition k: ααααkXk'U intrastructure

Wk==== intrastructure k

W1 W1=X1X1'

WK WK= XKXK'

W W W W ====

vect

oris

edw

1

vect

oris

edw

K

..

.vect

oris

edw

1

vect

oris

edw

K

..

.

C C C C = = = = W' W W' W W' W W' W

C C C C = = = = AAAAΦΦΦΦA' A' A' A'

C = C = C = C = Interstructure

first column ofA A A A :αααα = (αααα1,...,ααααK)

W = ΣΣΣΣkααααkWk= UΛΛΛΛU'

subject compromise components: U*=UΛΛΛΛ1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 (princ. co-ord.)

W = = = = Compromise intrastructure

subject co-ordinates for each k: WkUΛΛΛΛ−−−−1/21/21/21/2 per condition k

variables for each condition k: ααααkXk'U intrastructure

Page 44: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

Section 3Section 3

ExemplesExemples

Page 45: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

3.1 3.1Croissance et Développement de Croissance et Développement de

l'Organisation des Hôpitaux Hollandaisl'Organisation des Hôpitaux Hollandais

(revised version of lecture presented on 22/1/1982 in Utrecht for the "Studiegroep methodologie longitudinaal onderzoek")

Page 46: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Mise-en-scène

ProblèmeIl n'y a pas beaucoup de théorie sur la croissance et développement des organisations comme des hôpitaux, donc la modelisation est difficile.

QuestionsQuelles tendances sont présentes?Y-a-t'il des tendances différentes pour des types différents des hôpitaux?Y-a-t'il des changements dans la structure des hôpitaux?

Données188 hôpitaux, 23 variables, 11 ans ('56-'66)

Page 47: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Modes d'analyse

ConsidérationsLe nombre des hôpitaux (individus) est insuffisant pour les modèles d'equations structurelles et il n'y a pas assez de théorieBeaucoup de variables, plusieurs non-GaussiennesNombre moyen d'annees

Préparation des donnéesPlusieurs variables numériques étaient categorisées avec environ 10 catégories de tailles croissantes avec l'objectif de surmonter la dissymétrie de certaines variables (utilisant "optimal scaling").

Page 48: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Co-ordination Variables de coordinationFinDir financial director directeur financierQExter ratio qualfied nurses on/outside wards proportion infirmières diplomées sur/dehors les sallesQRatio ratio qualfied nurses/total number of nurses proportion infirmières diplomées/le total des infirmières Open openness franchise

Functionality Variables fonctionelsFuncti number of functions nombre des fonctionsRushIn Rushing index - divison of labour index de division de travailExStaf executive (managerial and supervising) staff nombre des cadres supérieurs NMProf non-medical professionals nombre des professionels non-médicalsAdmin administrative (i.e. clerical) staff nombre de personel de bureauParaMed paramedical staff nombre de personel paramédicalNonMed other non-medical staff nombre de personel non-médicalNurses total number of nurses nombre total des infirmièresOverall size Variables de tailleMedTech medical-technical facility index index des aménagements médico-techniquesStaff total staff personel totalBeds total number of beds nombre des litsPatient total number of patients nombre des patientsDifferentiation Variables de différenciationTraining training capacity capacité de formationResearch research capacity capacité de rechercheClinSp main polyclinical specialisations nombre des spécialisations cliniques de basePolySp main polyclinical specialisations nombre des spécialisations polycliniques de baseClinSub clinical subspecialisations nombre des sous-spécialisations cliniqeus principalesPolySub polyclinical subspecialisations nombre des sous-spécialisations polycliniques principales

Hospital study : Variables

(Classification sociologique théorique des variables)

Page 49: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Les modèles de Tucker

Tucker3: x ijk = ΣΣΣΣp ΣΣΣΣq ΣΣΣΣr (aipb jqckrgpqr)

Tucker2: x ijk = ΣΣΣΣp ΣΣΣΣq (aipb jqhpqk)

X

2

2

2

G

11 a

ns

188 hôpitaux

22 variables

A

2 composants des hôpitaux

188 hôpitaux

B

2 composantsdes variables

22 variables

2 composants des ans

C11 ans

Matrice noyau complète (Tucker3)

2

2

11

H

Matrice noyau allongée

(Tucker2)

Page 50: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Reconstitution des scores observés à base de composantes

Composantes hôpitaux: Hôpitaux typiquesComposantes variables: Variables latentesComposantes ans: Tendances

Elément dans la matrice noyau signifie le score d'un hôpital typique sur une variable latente pour une tendance particulière de tempsChaque hôpital observé est une combinaison ponderée des hopitaux types ponderés dans la mesure où chaque type est charactéristique pour cet hôpital (aip)Chaque variable est une combinaison ponderée des variables latentes (bjq)Chaque année est une combinaison ponderée des tendances (ckr)

hôpital type 1

taille

spécialisation

tendance 1 tendance 2

taille

spécialisationT3 matrice noyau

tendance 1 tendance 2

hôpital type 2

Page 51: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Exemples de matrices de correlationsentrée ans (à base de 188 x 22 observations) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 100 2 96 100 3 94 97 100 4 93 95 98 100 5 89 92 94 95 100 6 87 90 92 93 97 100 7 86 88 90 91 94 95 100 8 85 88 90 91 94 95 97 100 9 83 85 87 89 91 93 94 96 10010 81 84 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 10011 80 82 85 86 89 90 92 94 95 97 100

nombre de lits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 100 2 97 100 3 97 98 100 4 96 98 99 100 5 95 96 98 98 100 6 94 96 97 98 99 100 7 94 95 97 97 98 99 100 8 93 95 96 97 98 98 99 100 9 92 94 95 95 97 97 98 99 10010 92 93 94 94 96 96 96 98 99 10011 91 92 93 93 95 95 95 97 97 99 100

Page 52: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Coo

rdin

nées

prin

cipa

les

Années

Composante 1

Composante 2

Tendances(coordonnées versus années)

Niveau

Croissance

Page 53: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Deu

xièm

e C

ompo

sant

e

Première Composante

Formation

Recherche

Dir Fin

MedTech

PropInfSalles PropInfDipl

Fonctions

Personel

DivTravail

CadresSup

NMProf

AdminParaMd

NonMedInfirmieres

LitsPatients

Franchise

ClinSpPolySp

ClinSub

PolySub

Espace des variables latentes

La théorie sociologique concernant les groupes des variables n'est pas complètement confirmée; les variables de coordination, les variables de taille et les variables fonctionnelles se comportent de la manière prévue, mais il n'y a pas une distinction entre les derniers types.

nombre des spécialisations

taille

degré de spécialisation

Page 54: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Espace des hôpitaux types

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Deu

xièm

e C

ompo

sant

e

Première Composante

135104

5

182

142 101

74

144

Le plafond des coordonnées est causé par des valeurs des spécialisations; plusieurs hôpitaux possèdent déjà toutes les specialisations possibles.

Examples scores hôpitaux R MT S NM B P PSmax:3 7 14 10 9 9 11182:56: 2 6 13 10 9 9 566: 2 7 14 10 9 9 8

101:56: 1 1 1 1 1 8 266: 1 1 1 1 1 9 2

135:56: 1 4 11 7 8 3 4 66: 2 5 11 9 8 4 4

144:56: 1 5 4 3 4 9 666: 1 6 9 2 7 9 9

R=Recherch;MT=MedTech;S=Personel;NM=NonMed;B=Lits;P=PolySpec;PS=PolySub

Page 55: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Exemples des scores hôpitaux

R MT S NM B P PSmax:3 7 14 10 9 9 11

101: (1e - -; 2e 0)56: 1 1 1 1 1 8 266: 1 1 1 1 1 9 2

55: (1e 0; 2e 0)56: 2 5 3 3 3 7 366: 2 5 4 2 4 9 6

182: (1e ++; 2e 0)56: 2 6 13 10 9 9 566: 2 7 14 10 9 9 8

R=Recherche;MT=MedTech;S=PersonellNM=NonMed;B=Beds;P=PolySpec;PS=PolySub

Exemples des scores hôpitaux

R MT S NM B P PSmax:3 7 14 10 9 9 11

5: (1e -; 2e +)56: 1 3 2 1 3 9 266: 1 3 2 1 3 9 2

142: (1e -; 2e +)56: 1 3 2 1 2 9 166: 1 5 4 1 3 9 3

144: (1e ++; 2e +)56: 1 5 4 3 4 9 666: 1 6 9 2 7 9 9

Scores des hôpitaux

Exemples des scores hôpitaux

R MT S NM B P PSmax:3 7 14 10 9 9 11

74: (1e - -; 2e - -)56: 1 2 1 1 1 1 166: 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

104: (1e -; 2e - -)56: 1 3 3 1 3 1 166: 1 3 4 2 3 1 1

135: (1e +; 2e - -)56: 1 4 11 7 8 3 4 66: 2 5 11 9 8 4 4

Page 56: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Valeurs brutes de la matrice noyau complète (gpqr)

Type 1: Hôpital genéral Type 2: Hospital 'specialisé' Taille Degré de Taille Degré de spécialisation spécialisation

niveau 150 1 -1 53croissance 2 -7 10 -5

Matrice noyau

Contributions proportionelles à l'ajustement (SS(Fit)): niveau .490 .000 .000 .060croissance .000 .001 .002 .000

L' hôpital général est déjà grand et reste grand (150)

L' hôpital général ne grandit pas et (comparativement) un peu moins spécialisé, c'est a dire devient un peu plus général (-7)

L' hôpital spécialisé est déjà spécialisé et reste comme ça (53)

L' hôpital spécialisé grandit un peu (10)

Contributions proportionelles à l'ajustement des 4 éléments majeurs de la matrice noyau:.490 + .001 + .060 + .002 = .553des autres 4 éléments = .006

Page 57: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

A. Biplot modes emboîtés:[Nested-mode (or Interactively coded) biplot]

B. Biplot conjoint[Joint biplot]

Réprésentation dans l'espace des composants d'une entrée (dites, ckr ) des lignes qui sont une combinaison des autres deux entrées avec une entrée emboïtée dans l'autre.

Par exemple, le mode "temps" peut emboîté dans le mode "enfants". De cette manière il est possible de faire des trajectoires.

Réprésentation dans l'espace conjoint des composantes des deux entrées (variables et enfants) pour chaque composante de la troisième entrée (dites, ckr , coordonnée du temps)

Deux types de biplots

543

216Jean

Olivier

Gilbert

Ndeyevocaliser

sourir

actif

o

o

o

Page 58: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Biplot conjoint: Hôpitaux et variables

Hôpital général

Hôpital spécialisé

Première composante des ans (Niveau)

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Deu

xièm

e C

ompo

sant

e (D

egré

de

Spé

cial

isat

ion

)

Première Composante (Taille )

Formation

RecherchePropInfSalles

PropInfDipl

NMedProfFranchise

ClinSpPolySp

ClinicalSub

PolySubFinDir

Lits, Personel,etc

10474

Page 59: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

Deu

xièm

e co

mpo

sant

e

Première composannte

Formation

RechercheNurseInOutQNurse

Lits,Personel, etc

ClinSpecPolySpec

Biplot conjoint: Hôpitaux et variables Deuxième composante des annees

(Croissance linéaire - analyse avec des contraintes)

104

95 154

135136

120

80

74

176 182

74 & 104 ne grandissent pas

PolySub

L'échelle des axesest inférieure à rapport la figure précédente(-1, 1)!

10155

Example55 (1e 0; 2e 0)56: 2 5 3 3 3 7 366: 2 5 4 2 4 9 6

Page 60: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Années

Taill

e de

s él

émen

ts d

es m

atric

e no

yeau

allo

ngé

'66'65'64'63'62'61'60'59'58'57'56

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

h(1,1)

h(2,2)

h(1,2)

h(2,1)

Tucker2 matrice noyau allongé

le grand hôpital général grandit un peu et le petit hôpital général diminue un peu

l'hôpital spécialisé ne change pas dans son degré de spécialisation

l'hôpital spécialisé grandit un peu

l' hôpital général devient un peu moins spécialisé, c'est à dire il acquiert les spécialites qui lui manquait

Page 61: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Valeurs bruts de la matrice noyau complète (gpqr) sans et avec contraintes

Type 1: Hôpital genéral Type 2: Hospital 'specialisé' Taille Degré de Taille Degré de spécialisation spécialisation

niveau 150/150 1/1 -1 /-1 53/53croissance 2/6 -7/-7 10/10 -5/-3

Tucker3 avec contraintes

Modèle Tucker3 avec contraintes surcomposantes du tempsTendances strictement constantes & linéaires

Ajustement proportionel: .559 (sans) /.557 (avec contraintes)

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966

Coo

rdon

nées

Années

Composante normalisées

Page 62: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

ConclusionsQuelles tendances?

Très stable avec une croissance linéaire faibleDes structures différentes pour différent types d'hôpitaux?

Deux groupes d'hôpitaux: des hôpitaux generaux et des hôpitaux spécialisés.

Les hôpitaux generaux ont des valeurs élévés ou grandissent un peu (ou vice versa); les grands restent grands et les petits restent petitsLes hôpitaux spécialisés restent spécialisés et grandissent un peu.

Y-a-t'il un grand changement dans les structures des hôpitaux?

Pas vraiment

laatste

Page 63: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

3.23.2 Développement Morphologique des Jeunes Développement Morphologique des Jeunes

FrançaisesFrançaises

Page 64: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Mise-en-scène

QuestionsQuelles sont les relations entre les variables de croissance des jeunes filles?Le mode de changement dans leur croissance physique est-il le même pour toutes les filles? Ou certaines filles changent-elles de manière differente sur differentes variables?

Les données32 filles, 8 variables, 12 âges (4-15)

Page 65: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Age151413121110987654

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Tête

Poitrine

Jambe

Mollet

Bassin

Poids

Longueur

Longueur cap à coccyx (Torse)

Courbes moyennes (Fille moyenne)

Page 66: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2600 2620 2640 2660 2680 2700 2720

Dev

ianc

e (S

S(R

esid

u))

Degrees-of-Freedom

1x1x1 1x2x2 1x3x3

2x1x2

2x2x1 2x2x2 2x2x3

2x3x2 2x3x3

3x1x3

3x2x2 3x2x3

3x3x1

3x3x3

4x2x2 4x2x3

4x3x2 4x3x3

3x3x2

Graphique d'ajustement avec une enveloppe convexe

(Deviance plot with convex hull)

df = IxP + JxQ + KxR + PxQxR - P2

- Q2

- R2

(matrices en composantes) (matrice noyau) (non-singularité des matrices)

degrés de liberté

modèle préféré

Page 67: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1ère

Composante

weight

length

crrump

head

chest

arm

calf

pelvis

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

weight

length

crrump

head

chest

arm calf pelvis

Composantes des variables et cercle de correlation

1ère

Composante

2e

Composante 3e

Composante

Page 68: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Coo

rdon

ées

Age

Composante 1Composante 2

Composantes de temps(1ère composante transformée pour être la plus constante possible

la 2e composante reste orthogonal a la 1 ère)

Page 69: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Croissance d'obésité(Coordonnées des filles x âge sur 1

erscomposantes des variables)

Fille moyenne

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Coo

rdon

nées

Com

posa

ntes

-

Obé

sité

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9

10

11

12 13 14

15 16 17

18

19

20 21

22

23 24 25

26

27

28

29

30

Age

Page 70: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

transversal

Poids par âge - Etats-Unis

Page 71: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

2e

Composante

12

3

5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1617

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

27

28

29

30

Poids

Mollet

Bassin

HEAD 26

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.61

e reComposante

12

3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1617

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

27

28

29

30

Longueur

Torse

Poitrine

Jambe

HEAD 26

Biplot conjoint(1

ereComposante d'âge)

ObèseFrêle

Grand

Petit

Page 72: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

Deu

xièm

e C

ompo

sant

e

Première Composante

1

23

4

5

6 7

89 A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M NO

PQ

RS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

89

A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M NO

PQ

RS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

89

A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M NO

PQ

RS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M N

O

PQ

RS

T U1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

MN

O

PQ

RS

T U1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

BC

D

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

MN

O

P

QRS

TU 1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

T

U1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

T

U1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

B CD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

RS

TU 1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

BC

D

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

MN

O

P

Q

RS

T U

-

-

- - -

1

23

4

5

6 7

89 A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M NO

PQ

RS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

89

A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M NO

PQ

RS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

89

A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M NO

PQ

RS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M N

O

PQ

RS

T U1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9A

BCD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

MN

O

PQ

RS

T U1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

BC

D

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

MN

O

P

QRS

TU 1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

TU

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

T

U1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B CD

E

FG

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

QRS

T

U1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

B CD

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

RS

TU 1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

A

BC

D

E

FGH

I

J

K

L

MN

O

P

Q

RS

T U

Biplot Modes Emboîtés:Trajectoires

Page 73: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

Deu

xièm

e C

ompo

sant

e

Première Composante

1

2

3

4

6 7

8

9

11 1213

14

151617

18

19

20

21

2223

24

25 27

poids

longueurtorse

tête

poitrine

jambe

mollet

bassin

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

1

2

3

6 7

8

9

11 1213

14

151617

20

21

2223

24

25 27

Biplot Modes Emboîtés:Trajectoires(Trajectoires: Le numéro indice la moyenne par rapp ort au temps)

laatste

Page 74: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

3.33.3Changements des interactions Changements des interactions

entre mères et enfants pendant les entre mères et enfants pendant les six premiers moissix premiers mois

Page 75: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Variables & Catégories

Comportement de la mèreSANS REGARD ENFANTREGARDERSTIMULEROFFRIRCONTACT PHYSIQUEAPAISER

Comportementde l'enfantInactifSourirRegarderVocaliserExplorerPleurerSucer

Mois après naissance123456

Van den Boom, Developmental Psychology,Amsterdam

Page 76: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Tableau de contingence à trois entrées

Activités mère

J catégories

1er

mois

6e

mois

Activités enfant

(I catégories)

TransversalDeux variables complètement croisées,mesurées K (= 6) fois

Page 77: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Mère Sans Regarder Stimuler Offrir Contact Apais er Rapport Physiq ue EnfantENFANT Mois 1 INACTIF 378 2197 206 335 851 1 SOURIR 225 1363 558 681 51 2 26 REGARDER 1346 4764 648 1735 1456 39VOCALISER 232 1135 220 919 46 5 58EXPLORER 14 73 19 44 84 1PLEURER 342 854 6 59 10 5 1178SUCER 166 243 83 105 11 6 44

Mois 2 INACTIF 157 1057 85 175 405 0SOURIR 212 1621 1042 983 41 8 19REGARDER 1460 4346 748 1802 1491 57VOCALISER 272 908 503 1049 40 3 53EXPLORER 44 149 26 50 66 12PLEURER 364 479 27 117 10 7 1297SUCER 757 552 102 195 24 4 61

Mois 3INACTIF 74 434 42 54 175 0SOURIR 260 1425 1112 1098 36 0 14REGARDER 2015 4580 719 1999 1222 47VOCALISER 350 836 520 1140 28 7 32EXPLORER 538 637 83 313 141 8PLEURER 220 538 8 140 7 7 873SUCER 483 429 104 230 23 3 50

Données Mère Sans Regarder Stimuler Offrir Contact Apais er Rapport Physiq ue EnfantENFANT

Mois 4 INACTIF 55 277 10 22 9 0SOURIR 188 938 934 825 28 8 11REGARDER 1845 4380 634 2030 1132 48VOCALISER 344 700 356 961 22 1 31EXPLORER 764 1545 200 777 162 24PLEURER 414 460 23 123 7 6 975SUCER 702 642 161 378 22 6 35

Mois 5INACTIF 116 155 2 13 40 0SOURIR 142 649 683 607 14 4 9REGARDER 1686 3512 580 1942 1008 60VOCALISER 529 864 282 792 20 3 22EXPLORER 1842 1796 387 1367 227 30PLEURER 381 558 10 228 7 7 833SUCER 762 430 77 275 18 2 35

Mois 6 INACTIF 34 64 0 2 15 1SOURIR 161 567 537 505 16 1 10REGARDER 1897 3172 428 1860 914 50VOCALISER 456 864 269 798 21 4 31EXPLORER 2208 2003 339 1373 245 34PLEURER 483 525 19 245 10 8 849SUCER 1354 463 105 383 14 2 48

Page 78: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Analyse de correspondanceà trois entrées

Tableau à trois entrées des proportions.

Eliminer l'influence des marges simples afin pour étudier seulement les déviations du modèle d'indépendence

Appliquer une analyse generalisée des valeurs singulières pour trouver une approximation de rang faible.

Calculer les mesures d'ajustement et leur partitions

Faire une réprésentation spatiale des dépendances globales, marginales et partièlles dans un seul biplot

Dequier (1973), Choulakian (1988), Kroonenberg (198 9), Carlier & Kroonenberg (1996, 1998)

Page 79: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

I = enfant; J=mère; K=mois

Partitionner l'ajustement du modèle aux données

Page 80: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

A. Biplot modes emboîtés:[Nested-mode (or Interactively coded) biplot]

B. Biplot conjoint[Joint biplot]

Réprésentation dans l'espace des composantes d'une entrée (dites, ckr ) des lignes qui sont une combinaison des autres deux entrées avec une entrée emboïtée dans l'autre.

Par exemple, le mode "temps" peut etre emboîté dans le mode "enfants". De cette manière il est possible de faire des trajectoires.

Réprésentation dans l'espace conjoint des composantes des deux entrées (variables et enfants) pour chaque composante de la troisième entrée (dites, ckr , coordonné du temps)

Deux types de biplots

543

216

Geert

Gilbert

Jean-Jacques

Jean

vocaliser

sourir

actif

o

o

o

Page 81: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Biplot Conjoint(1ère Composante du temps)

CONTACT PHYSIQUE

Composante 1 - Temps

Mois 1 1.22 1.33 0.94 0.95 0.86 0.8

Valeur plus ou moins stable pendant les mois avec un declin modéré

inactifsucerexplorer

STIMULER

REGARDER

APAISER

SANS RAPPORT ENFANT

OFFRIR

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

vocalisingpleurer regarder

inactif

OFFRIR comportement mère

comportement enfant

sourir

Page 82: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Biplot Conjoint(Composante 2 du Temps)

Composante 2 - Temps

Mois 1 -1.42 -0.63 -0.14 0.55 1.16 1.5

Valeurs montent (presque linéaire avec âge)

inactif

OFFRIR comportement mère

comportement enfant

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

inactif

sourirsucer

explorer

CONTACT PHYSIQUE

STIMULER

REGARDER

APAISER

SANS RAPPORT ENFANT

OFFRIR

Page 83: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

Biplot modes emboîtés(espace mère)

-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

REGARDER

SANS RAPPORT ENFANT

CONTACT PHYSIQUE

STIMULER OFFRIR

APAISER

inactif

sucer

regarder

sourir

vocaliser

pleurer

explorer

Composante2

Com

posa

nte

3

Les flèches commencent à 1 mois après la naissance et se terminent 6 mois après.

LETTRES CAPITALES = comportement mèreitalique = comportement de l'enfant

Page 84: Exploratory Longitudinal Analysis with Multiway Component ...cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/PK.pdf · In order to introduce more structure into the time mode, one may use specific knowledge

THE THREE-MODE COMPANYLEIDEN UNIVERSITY

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 1 1.5 2

-2

-1.5

-1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

inactif

souriresucer

explorer

Contact physique

Stimuler

Regarder

Apaiser

Sans rapport enfant

OffrirII

MM

IIMMCentroïde mère

Centroïde enfant

Comportement mère croissant

Comportement mère décroissant

Comportement enfant décroissant

Comportement enfant croissant

es

is

C

AS

O

S

R

Interactions I×T et M×T

laatste