exploring development complexities - sanitation issue in notoyudan, yogyakarta, indonesia
TRANSCRIPT
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NOTOYUDANSanitation Issues
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Location and Context
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Overview of Sanitation issues in Notoyudan
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Current Community Process
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Ideal Community Process
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StakeholdersThrough identifying the issues four key stakeholder emerged.1. Community2. Non Government Organization3. Government 4. Academic Field
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Core Strategic IssuesThrough identifying the complex range of issues within the previous theme map, two core strategic issues arose. 1. Availability of and use of space2. Stakeholder Relations
These issues were identified within the community as catalyst for secondary issues.
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Availability of and use of space
In regards to this strategic issue, the critical concerns and potential constraints as identified within the community are regarding:An extremely dense settlementA lack of communal waste management areasThe inability of the settlement to expand due to
river boarders. Concerns issues of proximity and smell
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Stakeholder RelationsIn regards to this strategic issue, the critical concerns and potential constraints as identified within the community are regarding:Open and transparency channels of communication Inadequacies of previous academic relationsLack of ongoing involvement in the planning processLack of participatory and collaborative planning with
the Notoyudan communityFailure of stakeholders to fulfill their roles
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Methods and Analysis
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Qualitative MethodsTo gain an understanding of the communities issues in regards to sanitation in Notoyudan, qualitative methods were implemented given the nature of the subject matter. The following methods were chosen for the Notoyudan case given the sanitation issue: Informal discussion Informal interviewFormal presentations (Government agencies, Arkom,
Kalijawi)
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Combating potential methodology problems
Given the sensitivity and ethical considerations of qualitative analysis the following procedures were implemented to minimize potential issues: Identifying the questions prior to entering the field
Cultural sensitivity, appropriate behavior and questions
Allowing the flow of conversation to be driven by the community members
Preventing a loss of meaning by conducting interviews in the communities first language
Extra care taken when transcribing
Ensuring equal power dynamics and a conversational approach so as not to make the community a subject, but an active participator. The ideal situation for Notoyudan was a situation where no one was the teacher and no one was the student. (Scheyvens, 2003)
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Informal discussion and interview
Prior to arriving in Notoyudan, an initial and flexible methodology acted as a guideline for research. In response to the workshops the following process was implemented:1. The decision to utilize informal interviews and discussion
based on the need to facilitate open and equal communication
2. Developed a set of key questions to act as a guideline to keep conversation on track
3. Enacted open discussion and where necessary referred to guiding questions
4. Establish follow up questions to clarify and ensure correct interpretation
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Formal PresentationsFormal presentations from organizations and the government were used as a tool to clarify concerns and gain greater perspective on key issues. This tool is critical in regards to:Gaining a complete picture of the case and its
associated issuesUnderstanding the power relations between
stakeholdersUnderstanding the perspectives on the existing
state of stakeholder relations
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Analysis ToolsTo gain an understanding of the communities issues in regards to sanitation in Notoyudan, qualitative analysis tools to allow for breakdown of key issues and information from community interviews. The most effective analysis tools were identified as:Stakeholder analysis SWOT analysis
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Stakeholder Analysis
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SWOT Analysis Willingness of community
leaders Openness to help leaders of
the community Resilience and adaptability Existing draining system
Capacity of leaders to drive change
Environmental and health benefits if waste was to be treated
Increased awareness of health and sanitation issues
Place-based and appropriate technology that works for the communication
Government requirements surrounding proposals of sanitation upgrades
Sense of security in government action
Sense of security surrounding funding
Very dense Lack of knowledge around
sanitation benefits Not all community members
‘are on board’ Existing belief that current
system is adequate – no blockages
Drainage system – solid waste and water not separated
Currently no treatment of raw sewerage
Strengths Weaknesses
Opportunities Threats
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Ethics of Data CollectionEthics information and forms were distributed to
all respondents and participants.The forms were used to inform the respondents
that their participation was voluntary and have the right to veto any information.
Ethics forms were distributed prior to the interview where possible, and if not, were distributed immediately after.
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Dimensions of the issues
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Major Dimensions From our issues identification and analysis tools, a range of inter connected dimensions of influence were identified. These dimensions scale across multiple issues and are highly responsive to each other.The dimensions with the greatest impact within Notoyudan were identified as:Environmental (river condition and influences on health)Technology (determining a suitable solution with the
identified constraints)Governance (communication, stakeholder relations,
imbalance of power)
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Environmental DimensionsBuilt Environment: Housing density, proximity and condition Existing infrastructure and constraints on potential infrastructure Condition of existing communal and household waste facilitiesNatural Environment: Slope of the land utilized for effective drainage Constraints of the river boundary River health is derogated by poor waste management and
treatmentBoth aspects of the environmental dimension has significant impacts on the outcomes for human health
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Technological DimensionsThe technological dimensions influencing Notoyudan is the manner in which outcomes fit within and respond to strategic issues of space and stakeholder relations.Having suitable sanitation technology that can be
implemented within the built environment dimensions Implementation of the technology will occur at a significant
monetary cost, likely to have an impact on stakeholder relationships depending on funding source
Need for appropriate and manageable technology as responsibility will be given to the community for maintenance and operation
The technology must have durability
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Governance DimensionsAn underlying theme throughout all investigations has been that of a connection to the issue of governance dimensions. These include:A lack of clarity on defining good sanitationA lack of communication, co-ordination and
collaboration between the community, government departments and NGO’s
Issues of flexibility regarding differences in conditions within kampung
Top down approaches
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Recommendations
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Key FindingsBased on the analysis tools undertaken within the communities the following findings have formed the basis of the recommendations. 1. The analysis and identification of the issues within
Notoyudan is highly community driven, and should remain as such.
2. Much of the planning power as a result flexibility is held by the City government. The community would desire the continuation of the facilitation role of the NGO, however seeks a more participatory approach by the government
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3. The government currently contracts out all development with various issues of contractor responsibility and failed outcomes. The community seeks to ensure quality and control, and community based labour.
4. Regardless of preferences, the responsibility for evaluation and management of development falls to community. The community seeks a sense of ownership. Additionally, there is need for increased government evaluation and follow up.
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Recommendations of key strategic issues
Option 1: Adapt installation to space
Option 2. Make space for installation Make a communal large lavatory by
buying more land and removing housing
Pro• no land needs to be
resume• more community
support
Pro• Government
willing to fund this type
Con• Might not be
in government standard
• Might need self funding
• Self mapping location
Con• Some people
will lose their land
Use small treatment technology with current infrastructure
(Filtration or Bio Septic)
Poor quality communal toilets by river Bio-Septic
Filtration system
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Effective Project Cycle
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Planning Action Pyramid
CAPACITY BUILDING, CRITICAL THOUGHT AND EMPOWERMENT
ACTION‘barriers & solutions’
IMPLEMTENTATION‘strong community involvement’
APPLICATION
EVALUATION & ONGOING
MANAGEMENT
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Thank you for welcoming us into your community. It has been an honor to learn
with you.