exploring how composts affect the soil’s plant and microbial community
TRANSCRIPT
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Exploring How Composts Affect the Soil’s Plant and Microbial
Community
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• Review of paper from South Korea
• Analysis of paper
• Outline of my research plan for 2- year field study of compost applied to an established grass pasture
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Review of paper: Effect of food waste compost on microbial population, soil
enzyme activity and lettuce growth
• Jae-Jung Lee, Ro-Dong Park, Yong-Woong Kim, Jae-Han Shim, Dong-Hyun Chae, Yo-Sup Rim, Bo-Kyoon Sohn, Tae-Hwan Kim, Kil-Yong Kim
• Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, South Korea, in Bioresources Technology
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Introduction
• Food wastes are significant part of the waste stream in South Korea but they can be high in Na due to cooking practices
• Disposal of food wastes:– Landfilling creates groundwater problems
– Incineration – costly, environmental problems
– Feeding to animals – not healthy or practical
– Composting: good feedstock high in Nitrogen, low in salts, high moisture, but elevated levels of Na
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Description of methods
• Lettuce germinated in commercial medium
• Lettuce transplanted to pot, 4 kg soil
• Amendments added to pots
• Lettuce grown 6 weeks
• Biological measurements, lettuce weights taken at end
• 9 authors!
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Treatment name
Description Pounds N/A
CON
No amendments added
0
MF
Mineral fertilizer (15 kg N/10a)*
134 lbs N/A
CC
Commercial Compost
(1800 kg/10a)
107 lbs. NT/A (21 – 42.8 lbs.
NA/A)** FW0.5 Food Waste
Compost (900 kg/10a)
300 lbs. NT/A (60 – 120 lbs
lbs. NA/A FW1.0 Food Waste
Compost (1800 kg/10a)
600 lbs. NT/A (120 – 240 lbs.
NA/A) FW1.5 Food Waste
Compost (2700 kg/10a)
1200 lbs NT/A (240 – 480 lbs. NA/A)
* an a is an are, 10a = .1 ha ** Assume compost is 20 – 40 % available in year 1 *** Agronomic rate of N for lettuce is reported in litt. @ 60–80 lbs. N/A
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Fig. 1. Population of fungi in rhizospheres of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5, FW1.0, FW1.5.
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Fig. 2. Population of bacteria in rhizospheres of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5,FW1.0,FW1.5. Means with same letters are not sig. different at p<0.05 when compared by LSD, means avg. 3 reps.
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Fig. 3. Microbial biomass in rhizosphere of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5, FW1.0, FW1.5
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Enzymes measured
• Acid phosphatase & Alkaline phosphatase– Hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolytic
cleavage of chemical bonds
• Dehydrogenase– Calalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
important in fermentation and respiration pathways
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Fig. 4. Acid phosphatase activity in rhizospheres of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5,FW1.0,FW1.5. Means with same letters are not sig. different at p<0.05 when compared by LSD, means avg. 3 reps.
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Fig. 5. Alkaline phosphatase activity in rhizospheres of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5, FW1.0, FW1.5. Means with same letters are not sig. different at p<0.05 when compared by LSD, means avg. 3 reps.
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Fig. 6. Dehydrogenase activity in rhizospheres of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5, Fw1.0, FW1.5.
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Fig. 7. Fresh weight of lettuce in pots as affected by CON, CC, MF, FW0.5,FW1.0,FW1.5. Means with same letters are not sig. different at p<0.05 when compared by LSD, means avg. 3 reps.
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Nutritional Needs of Lettuce*
• N: 60-80 #/A
• P2O5: 200#/A
• K2O: 200#/A
* From litterature, not site specific
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Measurable Parameters that Indicate Quality in Compost
• CO2 evolution: maturity
• C:N
• NH4-N:NO3-N
• pH
• EC
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Comparison of CC and FW
• Commercial Compost– Composted 4 months
– High C:N (38:1)
– Low Total N
– Made with a high proportion of sawdust (probably high in C, difficult to degrade)
• Food Waste Compost– Made in a lab
– Unknown additative – “Miracalous Soil Microorganisms”
– Composted for 1 year
– C:N = 12:1
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Analysis of Paper
• Objective: “ Look at change in soil microbial population…” ?
• Information about soil? Silty clay from a wheat field at Ag Ext. Station – no data about initial fertility of soil to understand control with no amendments added
• No background data on population of soil microorganisms in soil used in pots
• Unclear about how rates of soil amendments xwere chosen• Description of sampling of rhizosphere soil lacking
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Applying Composted Horse Manure to Grass Pasture
• Pasture planted in spring, 2004• Compost made fall, 2004 and present• Compost to be tested for quality, first batch:
C:N = 12:1• Spring 2005 application of:
– mineral fertilizer (MF) at agronomic rate based on fall soil tests and expected yield of hay (185 lbs N/A, 0 lbs. P2O5/A)
– Compost at same rate of N as MF – uncomposted horse manure at same rate of N as compost– compost tea (split plot?), 5 gal/A weekly May - September
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Challenges
• To compare equivalent rates of available N among treatments
• Unknown mineralization rate of compost
• Assume manure = 50% in year 1
• Unknown effects of compost tea – may affect mineralization rates of N…
• Border effects from tea applications
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More Challenges
• Little good qualatitive info available about compost tea
• How to measure “quality” of tea
• How to replicate tea every week over summer
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More Challenges
• Measuring changes in soil microbial community!
• Explore effect of microbial soil life on plant response– both biomass and nutritional quality