exploring humanitarian law
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Exploring Humanitarian LawAre there Rules of War? An Overview of International
Humanitarian Law (IHL) and How It Functions in the Real World
4th International Summit on Conflict Resolution EducationCuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, Ohio June 11, 2011
Laurie Fisher (American Red Cross)Paul Frankmann (Harmon Middle School)James Lane (Educational Consultant)
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A World of Conflict
Image Source: Population Action International
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Introductions Red Cross IHL Survey Questions- March
2011 Defining Human Dignity What is Exploring Humanitarian Law? The Explorations EHL Curriculum and Resources Bringing EHL into the Classroom
AGENDA
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Channel Setting Instructions forResponseCard RF
1. Press and release the "GO" button.
2. While the light is flashing red and green, enter the 2 digit
channel code (i.e. channel 1 = 01, channel 21 = 21).
Channel is 04
3. After the second digit is entered, Press and release the
"GO" button.
4. Press and release the "1/A" button. The light shouldflash yellow to confirm.
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Who are you?
1. Teacher-Elementary or
Secondary2. College or
University
Professor
3. Social AgencyWorker / NGO
4. GovernmentOfficial
5. Student/
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Where are you from?
1. United States2. Caribbean3. Latin America4. Africa5. Europe6. Asia-Pacific7. Other
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What issue is most important to the
people you work with?1. Torture2. Bullying3. Gangs / Youth
Violence
4. Domestic Abuse5. Discrimination6. Civil Unrest7. Other
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Survey on
International Humanitarian Law
Report Date: March 2011Research conducted by ORC International
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How Familiar are you with the Geneva
Conventions and International Humanitarian
Law (IHL)?
1. Very Familiar2. SomewhatFamiliar3. Just Know Name4. Never Heard of
Them
5. Not Sure / DontKnow
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More than half of adults (55 percent) feel they are familiar with theGeneva Conventions and IHL. For youth 12-17 years old, one in five feel
familiar with these rules and laws.
There is a body of law about how wars should be conducted, including the Geneva Conventionsand International Humanitarian Law. These laws have been adopted by every country in the
world. How familiar are you with these rules and laws? Would you say you are. . .
Familiarity with Geneva Conventions and IHL
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Variations in Familiarity: Military vs. Non-
Military
There is a body of law about how wars should be conducted, including the Geneva Conventionsand International Humanitarian Law. These laws have been adopted by every country in the
world. How familiar are you with these rules and laws? Would you say you are. . .
Note: Very/Somewhat Familiar (Adults Only)
Familiarity with Geneva Conventions and IHL
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Rules and Laws governing actions in war are
a good way to reduce human suffering.
What is your opinion?
1. Strongly Agree2.
Agree
3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree
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Adults (55 percent) are more likely than youth (44 percent) to
believe that rules and laws governing actions in war are a good wayto reduce human suffering.
Using a 5 point scale with 5 being completely agree and 1 being completely disagree, to whatextent do you agree or disagree that adopting rules and laws to govern what actions are
acceptable in war is a good way to reduce the human suffering caused by war?
Attitudes on adopting rules and laws
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To what exent is it acceptable to deliberately attack
religious and historical monuments when there are
no enemy combatants present?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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To what exent is it acceptable to take civilian
hostages to be used in bargaining with the
enemy?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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To what exent is it acceptable to deprive civilians in
combat areas of food, medicine, or water in order to
weaken the enemy?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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To what exent is it acceptable to kill enemy
prisoners in retaliation for the enemy killing its
prisoners?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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To what exent is it acceptable to torture captured
enemy soldiers or fighters in order to get important
military information?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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To what exent is it acceptable to refuse to allow
prisoners to be visited from a neutral organization to
confirm that they are being treated well?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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Youth are more likely than adults to believe that these actionsare always or sometimes acceptable.
To what extent is it acceptable for soldiers and fighters to take the following actions in war? Foreach action, please tell me if it is always acceptable, is acceptable in some circumstances, or if it
is never acceptable.
Acceptability of actions during war
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Variation in acceptability of torture of enemy soldiers
Youth are more likely than adults to believe that torturing captured enemy soldiers
is either always acceptable or acceptable in some circumstances.
To what extent is it acceptable for soldiers and fighters to take the following actions in war? Foreach action, please tell me if it is always acceptable, is acceptable in some circumstances, or if it
is never acceptable. Torturing captured enemy soldiers or fighters in order to get important military information
Acceptability of actions during war
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To what exent is it acceptable for an American
soldier who has been captured with important
military information to be tortured by the enemy for
that information?
1. Always Acceptable2. Sometimes
Acceptable3. Rarely Acceptable4. Never Acceptable5.
Unsure/ DontKnow
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Variation in acceptability of torture of American soldiers
Youth are more likely than adults to believe that the torture of a captured American
soldier is either always acceptable or acceptable in some circumstances.
From what you know, if an American soldier who has important military information is captured, is itacceptable for enemy soldiers to torture the soldier to get that information? Would you say it is. ..
Acceptability of actions during war
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When did the U.S. Government first adopt rules
imposing limits on how wars should be
conducted?
1. Revolutionary War2. Civil War3. World War I4. World War II5. Not Sure / Dont
Know.
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About 1 in 5 youth (18 percent) and 7 percent of adults knew that
the U.S. first adopted rules limiting how wars should be conductedduring the American Civil War.
From what you know, when did the U.S. government first adopt rules imposing limits
on how wars should be conducted? Was it during
Knowledge of origins of Geneva Conventions/IHL
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Should government leaders ban the use of land
mines because of their potential for harming
civilians and preventing land use after conflict?
1. Yes2. No3. Not Sure / DontKnow
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The majority of both youth and adults believe that land minesshould be banned, though nearly 2 in 5 youth oppose a ban.
In your opinion, should government leaders ban the use of land mines because they have greatpotential for hurting civilians and for preventing use of the land long after the war is over?
Attitudes on use of land mines
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In your opinion what should be done to those
who broke the rules of war once the war is
over?
1. Put on Trial andPunish
2.Expose to thepublic, but no trial
3. Get amnesty withno public exposure
4. Not Sure / DontKnow
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When a war is over, how should those people who broke the rules of war be
treated? Should they be. .
Attitudes on punishment for violators of rules
Attitudes on punishment for violators
Adults are more likely than youth to believe that those who break the rules of war shouldbe put on trial and punished.
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To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should educate
young people on the laws and rules of war before
they are old enough to vote or enlist in the military.What is your opinion?
1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree
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To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should work on
increasing the accuracy of weapons to reduce
unintended civilian casualties. What is your
opinion?
1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree
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To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should strengthen
the enforcement of the laws and rules that limit what
combants can do in war. What is your opinion?
1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree
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To reduce war casualties, the U.S. should put more
restrictions on the trading of weapons around the
world. What is your opinion?
1. Strongly Agree2. Agree3. Neutral4. Disagree5. Strongly Disagree
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Youth: Nearly 8 in 10 believe that the U.S. should educate
youth on the laws and rules of war.
Using a 5 point scale with 5 being completely agree and 1 being completely disagree, to whatextent do you agree or disagree that the U.S. government should take the following actions to
reduce the number of civilians who are hurt in war?
Note: Top 2 Box
Attitudes on role of U.S. government in reducing war casualties
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Adults: 8 in 10 believe that the U.S. should increase theaccuracy of weapons to reduce unintended casualties.
Using a 5 point scale with 5 being completely agree and 1 being completely disagree, to whatextent do you agree or disagree that the U.S. government should take the following actions to
reduce the number of civilians who are hurt in war?
Note: Top 2 Box
Attitudes on role of U.S. government in reducing war casualties
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What is your connection to the
military?1. I am currently on active
duty or serving in thereserves.
2. I am a veteran of thearmed forces.
3. I have a close friend orrelative on active duty or
serving in the reserves.
4. I have a close friend orrelative who is a veteran.
5. None of the above.
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Adults: More than 3 in 4 have a close friend or relative
who is a veteran of the armed forces.
Which of the following statements, if any, applies to you?
Military affiliation
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Youth: Nearly 7 in 10 have a close friend or relativewho is a veteran of the armed forces.
Which of the following statements, if any, applies to you?
9% of youth indicate that
they are likely to enlist in
the military.
Military affiliation
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In your opinion, how would you
describe the United States?1. At War2. Post Conflict3. At Peace4. Not Sure / Dont
Know
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Whats Inside EHL?
Introductory Exploration: Images and
PerceptionsThe Modules:
Module 1: The Humanitarian Perspective
Module 2: Limits in Armed Conflict
Module 3: The Law In Action
Module 4: Dealing With Violations
Module 5: Responding to the Consequences of Armed Conflict
Closing Exploration: Where Do We Go From Here?
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WHAT IS HUMAN DIGNITY?
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Explorations
1A:What can bystanders do?1B: Looking at humanitarian acts
1C: A bystanders dilemma
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There is always a
moment when the moralchoice is made.
Often because of onestory or one book or one
person, we are able to
make a different choice,
a choice for humanity,for life.
-Elie Wiesel
A lack of protest canconfirm theperpetrators faith in
what they are doing.- Ervin Staub
Use of Quotes
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1B: Humanitarian Acts
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1B: Humanitarian acts
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Media Page
In the News this year Human and Natural Disasters
BP Gulf Oil SpillWar in AfghanistanEgypt RevolutionJapan Tsunami and Nuclear DisasterLibya InterventionTornadoes in American SouthOsama Bin Laden
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Explorations
2A : Limiting the devastation of war
2B: Codes and traditions over time2C: Focus on child soldiers2D: Focus on weapons
2E: Widespread availability of weapons
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2A The Blindfolded Captive
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2A Photo Collage
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Basic Rules of IHL
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2B: Codes and Traditions
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2C Photo Collage
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What should the minimum age be
for a combatant?1. Under 152. 15 to 173. 18 to 214. 21 or older.
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What should be the minimum age?
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Explorations
3A: Identifying violations of IHL3B: From the perspective of combatants
3C: Who is responsible for respecting IHL?
3D: A case study: My Lai - What went wrong?What went right?
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3A: Identifying violations
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3A: Identifying violations
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Dilemmas
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Dilemma Worksheet
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Explorations
4A: Rationales and options for dealing
with IHL violations4B: Judicial options4C: Non-judicial options
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4A: Dealing with violations
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Explorations5A: Needs that arise from the devastation of war5B: Planning a camp for people displaced by war
5C: Focus on protecting prisoners5D: Focus on restoring family links5E: Ethics of humanitarian action
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What are the basichuman needs?
Needs that arise from the devastation of war
What are the resources that have beenlost or destroyed?
What are the resulting needs of peopleimpacted by war or disaster?
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5B Photo Collage
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Want to Learn More?
Visit www.redcross.org/ehl
Sign up for alerts
Attend an EHL Workshop
Exploring Humanitarian Law Program
International Services DepartmentAmerican Red Cross, NHQ
2025 E Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
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EHL Virtual Campus- http://www.ehl.icrc.org
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American Red Cross EHL Site- http://ehl.redcross.org
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Professional Development
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Connecting EHL: Subject Areas
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NEW! American Civil War Lessons
ExploreHumanitarian acts on both sides
of the battlefield
Discover
How todays basic rules of
humanitarian law emerged
Engage
Students in exciting hands-on
activities to meet humanitarian
needs
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And Remember
Exploring Humanitarian Law ProgramInternational Services Department
American Red Cross, NHQ2025 E Street, NW
Washington, DC [email protected]/ehl