exploring our wonderful world –learning the materials that comprise our planet (and others)...
TRANSCRIPT
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• Exploring Our Wonderful World– Learning the materials that
comprise our planet (and others)
– Investigating the processes that transform these earth materials and the environments of change
– Discovering how to read the earth and the history stored in the rocks
Dr. James M. Martin-HaydenAssociate Professor
(419) [email protected]
Dr. James M. Martin-HaydenAssociate Professor
(419) [email protected]
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Groundwater Flow
ContaminatedWaterWellLeaking
Gasoline
Dissolved Gasoline
Underground Storage Tank
Water Table
Vapor
Aquifer of sedimentary rock
Floating Gasoline
www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu/Faculty/Hayden/Default.htm
• Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and contamination (Environmental Geology)
• Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Openings Region
A. Dr. Jamie Martin-HaydenA. Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden
IntroductionIntroduction
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Text: Essentials of Geology by Wicander and Monroe, 4th edition, Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006.
• Course Website– Syllabus– Homework Posting– Other Web Links
www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu /Faculty/Hayden/Courses/PhysGeol/PhysicalGeologyHomeJMH.htm
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World of GeologyWorld of Geology Geology is all around us.Geology is all around us.
• 1. Geological Resources• 2. “The Environment” • 3. Geological Hazards • 4. Planetary Geology• 5. Engineering • 6. Landforms and Surface Processes• 7. Artistic Inspiration
Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations
Environmental Geology
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The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from geology of the region
Tigris River, Iraq
http://encarta.msn.com/
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World of Geology
– The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent)
– Development limited by availability, e.g., soil, water, energy
– Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water, minerals, oil, energy… http://encarta.msn.com/
Geological Resources
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Geologic Resources
• Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction
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Geologic Resources
• Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction
• Water resources: Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater
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Geologic Resources
• Mineral Resources: e.g., Metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction
• Water resources: e.g., Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater
• Energy: e.g., Oil, natural gas, coal,
nuclear, silicon, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal (Earth’s heat)
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• The Geologist’s Job– Locating and
Characterizing quantity and quality of geologic resources
– Extracting geologic resources efficiently
– Assessing environmental effects of extraction and use
Geologic Resources
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E.g., Misuse of Resources
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Misuse of ResourcesDesiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan
www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm
1980
See Page 6
2000
2005
Aral Sea Over Time
195719771982198419932000
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Overuse of Geologic ResourcesOveruse of Geologic Resources
• 1.7 billion are joining the “consumer class” and the environment can’t sustain this standard of living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004)
• Emissions of Greenhouse gasses are accelerating global warming. (IGPCC, 2007)
• Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)
(Geology in the News)
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Environmental GeologyEnvironmental Geology
– Environmental Sciences: How we influence the earth
– Geologic Hazards: How geology influences us
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Geology in the News
• Two die in 6.5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois Obispo California
• Earthquake triggers mudslides
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003
Geologic Hazards
San Andreas Fault
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Assessing Risk“Major Quake Likely to
Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032”
• Assessing Risks• Avoiding Risks• Preventing Damage• Predicting Impact
Geologic Hazards
(http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/
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Earthquake Bam, Iran• A Magnitude 6.5
Earthquake hits a stone- and mud-house city of 100,000 in Iran 12-26-03– 30,000 Dead– 30,000 Refugees
• US sends aid and releases sanctions
• Relations improved
Photos from AP
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Geological HazardsVolcanoes (pg. 108)
Landslides (see pg. 250)
Earthquakes (pg. 202)
Floods (see pgs., 284)
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Geology in EngineeringGeology in EngineeringSlope Failure Risk Assessment and Control
To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope
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Geology in EngineeringGeology in Engineering
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Geology in EngineeringGeology in Engineering
Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower.
In Pisa the tilted one is back in In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsingto keep it from collapsing
The Leaning Tower Straightens UpThe Leaning Tower Straightens Up
www.smithsonianmag.si.edu
Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures
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Steve Squyres says that, even though the MER's work will have just begun, he'll feel like celebrating the moment he's got "six wheels in the dirt."
Guided by MER specialists back on Earth, each rover will travel dozens of yards a day while investigating sites of interest.
Geologists lead the mission“Robot geologist” explores Mars
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/
Planetary Geology
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Geologists Study Mars
• Canyons indicate a geologically active planet
• Rock layers, Gullies, and Sand Dunes; all geological landforms
• The largest chasm and volcano in the solar system
1,860 mi
340 mi
15 m
iles
high
Valles Marineris
Olympus Mons
5 m
iles
deep
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/
PBS
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Landforms and Surface Processes
• Glaciers (ch 14)
• Mass Wasting (ch 11)
• Streams (ch 12)
• Shorelines (ch 16)
• Deserts (ch 15)
• Ground water (ch13)
http://www.berann.com
H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987
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(Chapter 18)
– Deciphering Earth History and – Charting the evolution of life
Historical GeologyHistorical Geology
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Landforms and Surface Processes
Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) Merced River, Yosemite Valley 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art “The Hudson River School”
Anonymous 19th Century Japanese
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Geology in Art
ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830-1902)The Oregon Trail, 1869
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900Hermitage
Buttler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio
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Objectives of Chapter 1Objectives of Chapter 1
• Introduce the broad field of Geology– Importance of understanding our planet– Specialties in geology (pg. 8)– How effects us (pg. 9-11)
• Origin and Structure of the Earth– Formation of the solar system (pg. 13)– Differentiation of the proto earth– Zones of the Earth (Fig 1.11)
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Objectives of Chapter 1Objectives of Chapter 1• Introduce Earth Systems and Plate Tectonics
– Convection driving plate motion (pg. 15)
– Plates and plate boundaries (pg. 16-17)
– Geologic phenomena and landforms at plate boundaries
– Plate tectonics and the scientific method (pg. 15-16)
• Introduction to the Geologic Time Scale– Eons, Eras and Periods (pg. 21)
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