exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · exploring trading in water quality...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Exploringtradinginwaterqualitycreditsasacost-effectiveapproachformanagingwaterqualityinthe
GreatBarrierReef
Jim Smart, Syezlin Hasan, Adrian Volders, Andrew Buckwell, Peter Dew, Graeme Curwen, Chris Fleming, Poh-Ling Tan, Michele Burford
NESP Science Day - Townsville20th November 2017
NESPTWQProject3.1.6
![Page 2: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
photoiStock
![Page 3: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Project3.1.6objectives:
• determine thescope forwaterqualitycredittradingwithintheGBRcatchments
• develop appropriateconfigurations forcredittradingframeworksforDINandsediment inrepresentativecatchmentsalongtheReefcoast
• estimate howrevenuesfromcredittradingcouldpotentiallystimulateruraleconomiesandcreatejobsbyincentivising innovativebusinessopportunitiesforsupplyingnitrogenandsedimentcredits
![Page 4: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
STP
UrbanDev
Aquaculture
Farm1
Farm2
GullyRemediation
Demandforoffsets Supplyofoffsets
Bilateralcredittrading(perhaps‘sole-sourceoffsets’)
DINcreditsexpansion wetland
IPA
$$$
![Page 5: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
STP
UrbanDev
Aquaculture
Farm1
Farm2
Demandforoffsets Supplyofoffsets
Bilateralcredittrading(perhaps‘sole-sourceoffsets’)
DINcreditsexpansion wetland
practicechange
GullyRemediation
IPA
$$$
$$
![Page 6: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
STP
UrbanDev
Aquaculture
Farm1
Farm2
Demandforoffsets Supplyofoffsets
Bilateralcredittrading(and‘sole-sourceoffsets’)
DINcredits
$$
$$$
expansion
intensify
new
IPA
GullyRemediation
$$$
$$
![Page 7: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
STP
UrbanDev
Aquaculture
Farm1
Farm2
Demandforoffsets Supplyofoffsets
Bilateralcredittrading(and‘sole-sourceoffsets’)
$$$
DINcredits
$$
expansion wetland
practicechange
IPA
GullyRemediation$$$$
sedimentcredits
$$
$$$
![Page 8: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
STP
UrbanDev
Aquaculture
Farm1
Farm2
Demandforoffsets Supplyofoffsets
Bilateralcredittrading(perhaps‘sole-sourceoffsets’)
DINcredits
$$
$$$
expansion
intensify
new
IPA
GullyRemediation
$$$
$$
$$$$sedimentcreditsRegulator
![Page 9: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
STP
UrbanDev
Aquaculture
Farm1
Farm2
Demandforoffsets Supplyofoffsets
Bilateralcredittrading(perhaps‘sole-sourceoffsets’)
DINcredits
$$
$$$
expansion
intensify
new
IPA
GullyRemediation
$$$
$$
$$$$sedimentcreditsRegulator
Transactioncostshigh
Transactioncostshigh
![Page 10: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
expansionortighten
termsofEA
$
new
intensify
$$
$$
![Page 11: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP $$
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
$
$$
$$$$$
new
intensify
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 12: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
DINcredits$$
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
Supplyofcreditse.g.viareverseauction
DINcredits$$
$$$$$
new
bioreactor
coastalwetland
$$
$$
Practicechange(CtoB)
wetland
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 13: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 14: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 15: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
sufficientDIN
reductions?
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 16: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 17: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
sufficientDIN
reductions?
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
offsettradingratio?
![Page 18: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
DINcredits$$
$$
Increase budgettoachieverequiredDINoffset
$$
$$wetland
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 19: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$$$
new
wetland
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
DINcredits$$
$$
Increase budgettoachieverequiredDINoffset
$$
$$
Transactioncostslow
Transactioncostshigh
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 20: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits@fixedoffsetpricing
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$$$
new
wetland
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
DINcredits$$
$$
Increase budgettoachieverequiredDINoffset
$$
$$
Transactioncostslow
Transactioncostshigh
Centralisedcredittrading(‘brokeredoffsets’,‘clearinghouse’)Supplyofcredits
e.g.viareverseauction
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
expansionortighten
termsofEA
offsettradingratio?
Conflictingtensions• Lowtransactioncostsencourageparticipation(bothdemand&supply)• ‘Flatrate’pricingforoffsetpurchaseandcreditsupplyreducestransactioncosts
• Notalloffsetsareequallybenign[varyoffsetpricesortradingratiobylocation]• Notallcreditsareequallyeffective[varyofferpricesbylocation]• Economicefficiency?– ‘chargefordamagerisk’&‘payforwhatyouget’
• Usetradingratiotocovervariationsinconsequencesandeffectiveness• Tradingratiotoohigh– notenoughdemandforoffsets• Tradingratiotoolow– notenough$$$$forcreditsupply
• Whatcanwelearnfromotherschemes?
![Page 21: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
Supplyofcredits
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
Demandforcredits
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 22: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$
$$
$$$$$$$
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
MaximiseDINreductionwithinbudgetconstraint
$$
$$wetland
Supplyofoffsets
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
Supplyofcredits
expansionortighten
termsofEA
![Page 23: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Broadranginginternationalliteratureonwaterqualitytradingexamined• Literaturereviewexamined30majorstudies onwaterqualitytradingand
morethan50individualwaterqualitytradingschemes.• MajorityofstudiesfocusedontheUnitedStateswhereTMDLimposedunder
theCleanWaterActhavefacilitatedstate/territory,watershedandlocaltradingschemes
• USEPAhasactivelyencouragedtradingascosteffectivewaytomeetregulatedpointsourceloadlimitsandaddressdiffusepollution
• Virtuallyalltradingschemesinvolvedpoint/non-pointtradingschemesandthetradingofnitrogenandphosphorus
• Typicalmarketinvolvesaheavilyregulatedpointsourcebuyingcreditsfromnon-regulatednon-pointsources
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 24: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• DemandDriversandSupplyBarriers– Tighteningregulatorystandardsforpointsourcedischargesonthebasis
ofrecognised environmentalproblems– Inadequateandpoorlyenforcedregulationisidentifiedasthegreatest
barriertoimplementingasuccessfulwaterqualitytradingscheme– Demandforcreditsfrompointsourcesislimitedbygenerouslicense
conditionsandpoorenforcement– Supplyofcreditsislimitedbylandownersconcernsthatdemonstrating
lowcostreductionsmayincreasecaseforregulation– Meaningfulsupplyanddemandinwaterqualitymarketswillonlyoccur
withstrongregulationandenforcementofpollutionallowancesforbothpointandnon-pointsources(King2005).
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 25: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
– SuccessFactors(USEPA)• singlepollutantincommonform,• appropriatewatershedconditions(proximityofdischargers,presenceoftributaries,orcomplexityofhydrology)thatallowreliablerelationshipsbetweenloadreductionsandwaterqualityinreceivingwaters,
• incrementalcostsoftradinglowrelativetotheincrementalcostsofothercontroloptions,
• appropriatemarketstructurefortransactingtrades
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 26: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
– OtherKeySuccessFactors• transparency• clearlydelineatedrolesandresponsibilities• thirdpartybrokers• stakeholderparticipationinruledevelopment• thirdpartyverification• moveawayfromstatesubsidiesofBMPpracticestostimulatecreditsupply
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 27: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
– KeyChallenges• concernsaboutincreasedliability,• potentiallyhightransactioncosts,• concernthatcomplicatedtradingproceduresmightresultindelaysinreceivingpayments
• resistancetobringinggovernmentemployeesontoprivateland,
• fearthattradingruleswillchange.
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 28: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$$
$$$$$$$$$$$
expansionortermsofEA
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
Maximisecreditsupplywithinbudgetconstraint
DIN$$
DIN$$wetland
Supplyofcredits
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
Demandforcredits
NGO
DIN$
Airline
BioDcredits$$
‘Co-benefits’
![Page 29: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Estimatingpotentialdemandforcredits• GISmappingofexistingpointsourcesandtheirlicenceconditions• predictionsfornewdevelopments:residential/industrialexpansion,farming/aquacultureexpansion
Stimulatingdemandforcredits• considergovernancearrangements• design‘demandside’structuretoencourageparticipation(butstillensure
environmentalobjectivesareachieved)• tighteningexistinglicence conditions• facilitateprivatemarketinvestmentsinReefcredits• opportunitiesfor‘co-benefits’todeepenthepoolofcreditbuyersand
strengthencreditdemand(e.g.carbon+nitrogen,otherGHG+sediment,carbon+nitrogen+biodiversityetc.)
![Page 30: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
EnvironAggregator
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
$
$$
$$$$$$$$$$$
expansionortermsofEA
new
bioreactor
DINcredits$$
Maximisecreditsupplywithinbudgetconstraint
DIN$$
DIN$$wetland
Supplyofcredits
coastalwetland
Practicechange(CtoB)
NGO
DIN$
Airline
BioDcredits$$
‘creditstacking’
![Page 31: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Estimatingpotentialsupplyofcredits
• SpatialpredictionofDINlossesandgrossmarginsfromcane(&bananas)inTullycatchment
• Model@250mx250mresolutionfromearlierNESPN-tradingproject• OverlayDINlosspredictionsfromReefProjectPrioritiser tool
![Page 32: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
EstimatingpotentialsupplyofcreditsSpatialpredictionofDINlossesandgrossmarginsfromcane(&bananas)inTullycatchment
• simulate@250mx250mresolutionfromearlierNESPN-tradingproject• overlayDINlosspredictionsfromReefProjectPrioritiser tool
• predictspatially-specificcreditsupply(DINcredits@source),basedoncoveringforgonegrossmarginand‘transport’downcatchmenttoReefLagoon
• estimatesupplycurvefortotalcreditexpenditurevsDINreductioninreceivingwater
• coveringforgonegrossmargin• includetransactioncosts• include%non-participation
Supplycost($)
DINloadreduction(tonnes)
![Page 35: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
EstimatingpotentialsupplyofcreditsSpatialpredictionofDINlossesandgrossmarginsfromcane(&bananas)inTullycatchment
• simulate@250mx250mresolutionfromearlierNESPN-tradingproject• overlayDINlosspredictionsfromReefProjectPrioritiser tool
• predictspatially-specificcreditsupply(DINcredits@source),basedonforgonegrossmarginand‘transport’downcatchmenttoReefLagoon
• estimatesupplycurvefortotalcreditexpenditurevsDINreductioninreceivingwater
• coveringforgonegrossmargin• includetransactioncosts• include%non-participation
• creditstackingopportunities?• sediment,carbon,biodiversity
Supplycost($)
DINloadreduction(tonnes)
![Page 36: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
QuantifyingpotentialsupplyofcreditsSpatialpredictionofDINlossesandgrossmarginsfromcane(&bananas)inTullycatchment
• simulate@250mx250mresolutionfromearlierNESPN-tradingproject• overlayDINlosspredictionsfromReefProjectPrioritiser tool
• predictspatially-specificcreditsupply(DINcredits@source),basedonforgonegrossmargin,then‘transport’downcatchmenttoReefLagoon
• estimatesupplycurveforcreditexpenditurevsDINreductioninreceivingwater
• basedonforgonegrossmargin• includetransactioncosts• include%non-participation
Farmers’compensationrequirements
Supplycost($)
DINloadreduction(tonnes)
![Page 37: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
WaterqualityimprovementsandlandmanagementinNidderdale UK
![Page 38: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Importanceoflandmanagementactivities
HelptoImprovewaterquality
Inorganic Fertilizer Farmyard Manure
Grip Blocking
AppliestoInbyeGrass-land
Applies to
Moor-land
![Page 40: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Managementactivities
Inorganic fertiliser
Farmyardmanure
GripBlocking
![Page 41: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Compensationpaymentsandagreementlength
Agreementlength
Compensationpayment
![Page 42: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Choicecard#1
ProgramX
ProgramY
ProgramZ
![Page 43: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Choicecard#1
üProgramX
ProgramY
ProgramZ
![Page 44: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Choicecard#2
ProgramX
ProgramY
ProgramZ
£25peracre
£2peracre
£15peracreAllow25%ofgripstobeblocked
![Page 45: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Choicecard#2
ü
ProgramX
ProgramY
ProgramZ
£25peracre
£2peracre
£15peracreAllow25%ofgripstobeblocked
![Page 46: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fertiliserreduction(%)
Compensationrequired($)
0 25 50
Fertiliserreduction(%)
Compensationrequired($)
0 25 50
Farmersoverallaverage
Dairy
Beef
![Page 47: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Compensationrequirements
• Choiceexperimentswithfarmers canbeusedtoestimate:• farmers’compensationrequirements for differentlevelsofchangetomanagementpracticesand differenttypesoflandusechange
• howconfiguration ofcreditpurchasing/monitoring/evaluationarrangementsaffectcompensationrequirements
• howcompensationrequirementsareinfluencedbycharacteristicsoffarmbusiness andsocio-demographicsoffarmers
Supplycost($)
DINloadreduction(tonnes)
Basedoncompensationrequirementsfromchoiceexperiments
![Page 48: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
For more information please contact:Jim Smart: j.smart @ griffith.edu.au
Thankyouforlistening
![Page 49: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Theoreticalbasisofwaterqualitytrading
– Tradingmustoccurwithinafixedregulatoryemissionscap(TMDL,Nonetworsening,Targets)
– Markettransactionreallocateemissionsunderthecapbytrading– Theexistenceofsignificantcostdifferentialsinpollutionabatementcosts
betweenemittersfacilitatestrading– Tradingallowsmeetingofcomplianceconditionsatlowestcost– Diffusepollutioncanbeaddressedthroughpracticeandlandusechange
andtradingallowsthegenerationofanincomestreamtosupportsuchactivities
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 50: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
– Otherkeychallengesidentified– InsufficientGovernmentresourcestoimplementtradingframework
– Lackofclearwaterqualitystandardsforsomepollutants– Liabilityconcerns– Legalchallengestotrading– Administrativeburdens– Ratios– CapAllocation
» Rewardingpoorhistoricalperformance» Virginiabestmanagementpracticequalification
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 51: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• 3CaseStudies(example)»MinnesotaSugarBeetCooperative
• 1demandsource– wwtp tomeetnewnodischargelegislation
• Phosphorousallocationbeingtraded• Offsetproviders– cooperative- farmersmeetingBMP• Tradingratio2.6:1• 600nonpointtraders• Thirdpartyauditors• TrustfundestablishedtoimplementBMP
»Others- LakeTaupo – GreaterMiamiWaterQualityTradingProgram
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 52: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• TheKeyQuestionsraisedbytheLiterature» Arethekeydriversinplace(nitrogenandsediment)
• Pollutioncaporallowanceacrossallsources• Legislation– enforcement• Sufficientdemandandsupply• Clearlydefinedunitoftransaction• Sufficientcostdifferential• Marketdesignandtype• Economicfeasibilityandefficiency
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 53: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• Sediment(InitialAnalysis)» Limitedpointsources» Limitedlegislativeresponsibilities» Significantprivateandgovernmentinvestment» Suitablevoluntarymarketorsolesourceoffset» Testinglevelsofdemand» Testinglevelofsupply
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 54: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
• Nitrogen(InitialAnalysis)» Numberofregulatedpointsources» Emerginglegislativeresponsibilities» Significantprivateandgovernmentinvestment» Emergingmarketstructures» Potentiallysuitableforsmartmarketdesign» Testinglevelsofdemand(scenarios)
• Current• Nonetworsening• 80%reduction
» Testinglevelofsupply• Compensationrequirementsperunitofcreditgeneration
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 55: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Discussion&updatemeetingwithDEHPOfficeofGBR:16th November2017
1. Shortdescriptionofproject2. Presentationofworksofar
a) Reviewofhowoffsets,funds&creditsoperateb) Findingsfromliteraturereviewc) Demanddriversd) Supplymodellinge) Choiceexperimentsf) Sediments
3. Generaldiscussion
![Page 56: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
– TypesofTradingSchemes
MarketStructure Advantages Disadvantages
Exchanges Lowtransactioncost Requiresuniformityincommoditytobetraded
Bilateral negotiations Provideslatitudeforbuyerwhencommoditiesarenotuniform
Hightransactioncosts
Clearinghouses Reducedtransactioncosts,can enablegreatermonitoringbygovernmentagencies
Addedresponsibilityforthirdpartyrunning theclearinghouse
Solesourceoffsets Suitableincaseswherenoformalmarketsexist,loweroversightcoststhaninmoreformalmarkets
Hightransactioncosts
Voluntarymarkets Provide fundingforoffsetprojects,allowsearlyadopterstoreducefootprintandbuildpublicconfidenceforfuturemorecomplexmarkets
Allowsfreeriding,unlikely toachieveenvironmentalgoalsontheirown
Smartmarkets Lowtransactioncosts,canoptimise allocationofpollutionrightsgivencomplexvariationintransfercoefficients
Needameanstoinduceallsourcestoparticipate
LiteratureReviewofNationalandInternationalWaterQualityTradingSchemes
![Page 57: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$$$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits
$
$$$
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap&bidoffermatch
Bidsforcreditpurchase
$$$
$$$$
![Page 58: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Credittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
![Page 59: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
![Page 60: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$$$
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits
$$$
$$$$
![Page 61: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$$$
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits
Bidsforcreditpurchase
$$$
$$$$
PracticeCinitialalloc.
PracticeCinitialalloc.
![Page 62: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits
$
$$$
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Bidsforcreditpurchase
$$$
$$$$
CtoB
coastalwetland
CtoB
wetland
![Page 63: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits
$
$$$
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap&bidoffermatch
Bidsforcreditpurchase
$$$
$$$$
![Page 64: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits $$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap
Bidsforcreditpurchase
![Page 65: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
<xDINcredits
<yDINcredits
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap
Bidsforcreditpurchase
![Page 66: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
<xDINcredits
<yDINcredits
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap
Bidsforcreditpurchase
![Page 67: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
<xDINcredits
<yDINcredits
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap
Bidsforcreditpurchase
![Page 68: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
CreditMarket
STP Farm1
Farm2
NGO
IPA
Demandforcredits Supplyofcredits
catchmentloadcap
Smartmarketcredittrading
Aquaculture
UrbanDev
intensify
expansionortermsofEA
$$
$$$$$$$$$
dDINcredits
aDINcredits
xDINcredits
yDINcredits
zDINcredits
$
$$$
$$
$$$
Offersforcreditsupply
Maximisegainsfromtradesubjecttocatchmentloadcap&bidoffermatch
Bidsforcreditpurchase
$$$
$$$$
![Page 69: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Quantifyingpotentialdemandforcredits
• GISmappingofexistingpointsourcesandtheirlicenceconditions• Predictionsfornewdevelopments:residential/industrialexpansion,farming/aquacultureexpansion– phonediscussionswithcouncilplanningdepartments
![Page 70: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Pointsources– fromDEHPEnvironmentalAuthoritiesregister
http://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/env-authorities/
![Page 71: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Pointsourcesexpansion– fromStatePlanningPolicy
http://www.dilgp.qld.gov.au/planning/state-planning-instruments/state-planning-policy.html
![Page 72: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Pointsourcesexpansion– fromStatePlanningPolicy
http://www.dilgp.qld.gov.au/planning/state-planning-instruments/state-planning-policy.html
![Page 73: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Pointsourcesexpansion– informationfrom…
http://www.advancecairns.com/files/media/original/027/675/a3f/advc12654-tnqrep-64ppa4e.pdf
![Page 74: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Pointsources– fromWetlandInfo
https://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/assessment/monitoring/point-source-release/sewage-treatment-facilities/
![Page 75: Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost ... · Exploring trading in water quality credits as a cost-effective approach for managing water quality in the Great Barrier](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051809/60153dcc4040c70a285d2e33/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Pointsources– fromWetlandInfo