expressionism.pdf

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Expressionism 1

Expressionism

Not to be confused with Expressivism.

The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893), which

inspired 20th-century Expressionists

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and

painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.

Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective

perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to

evoke moods or ideas.[1]

Expressionist artists sought to express

meaning[2]

or emotional experience rather than physical reality.[3]

Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First

World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic,[]

particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts,

including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance,

film and music.

The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. In a general sense, painters

such as Matthias Grnewald and El Greco are sometimes termed

expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to

20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual

perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism and other

artistic styles such as Naturalism and Impressionism.[4]

Origin of the term

While the word expressionist was used in the modern sense as early as 1850, its origin is sometimes traced to

paintings exhibited in 1901 in Paris by an obscure artist Julien-Auguste Herv, which he called Expressionismes. [5]

Though an alternate view is that the term was coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matjek in 1910, as the

opposite of impressionism: "An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself... (an Expressionist rejects)

immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures... Impressions and mental images that pass

through mental peoples soul as through a filter which rids them of all substantial accretions to produce their clear

essence [...and] are assimilated and condense into more general forms, into types, which he transcribes through

simple short-hand formulae and symbols."[6]

Important precursors of Expressionism were: the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), especially

his philosophical novel Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-92); the later plays of the Swedish dramatist August

Strindberg (1849-1912), including the trilogy To Damascus 1898-1901, A Dream Play (1902), The Ghost Sonata(1907); Frank Wedekind (1864-1918), especially the "Lulu" playsErdgeist (Earth Spirit) (1895) andDie Bchse der

Pandora (Pandora's Box) (1904); the American poet Walt Whitman (1819-92): Leaves of Grass (1855-91); the

Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-81); Norwegian painter Edvard Munch (1863-1944); Dutch painter

Vincent van Gogh (1853-90); Belgian painter James Ensor (1860-1949);[7]

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brcke (the Bridge) in the city of

Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, though they did not

use the word itself. A few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The

Blue Rider) in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinsky's Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903. Among their

members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke. However, the term Expressionism did not

firmly establish itself until 1913. [8] Though initially mainly a German artistic movement, [9] most predominant in

painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910-30, most precursors of the movement were not German. Furthermore
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Mackehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kleehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassily_Kandinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Blaue_Reiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Expressionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_Br%C3%BCckehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Ensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_van_Goghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Munchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Whitmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wedekindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Strindberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Strindberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thus_Spoke_Zarathustrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psyche_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Realism_%28arts%29%23Realism_or_naturalism_as_resisting_idealizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Grecohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewaldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angsthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionist_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionism_%28theatre%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionist_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weimar_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AThe_Scream.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Munchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Screamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressivism


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Expressionism 2

there have been expressionist writers of prose fiction, as well as non-German speaking expressionist writers, and,

while the movement had declined in Germany with the rise of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, there were subsequent

expressionist works.

Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele

Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it

"overlapped with other major 'isms' of the modernist period: with

Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism and Dada."[10]

RichardMurphy also comments: "the search for an all-inclusive definition is

problematic to the extent that the most challenging expressionists such

as Kafka, Gottfried Benn and Dblin were simultaneously the most

vociferous "anti-expressionists."[11]

What, however, can be said, is that it was a movement that developed

in the early twentieth-century mainly in Germany in reaction to the

dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities, and

that "one of the central means by which expressionism identifies itself

as an avant-garde movement, and by which it marks its distance to

traditions and the cultural institution as a whole is through its

relationship to realism and the dominant conventions of representation."[12]

More explicitly: that the expressionists

rejected the ideology of realism.[13]

"View of Toledo" by El Greco, 1595/1610 has

been indicated to have a particularly striking

resemblance to 20th-century expressionism.

Historically however it is an example of

Mannerism.Wikipedia:Citation needed

The term refers to an "artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict

not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses

that objects and events arouse within a person."[14]

It is arguable that

all artists are expressive but there are many examples of art production

in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme

emotion. Such art often occurs during times of social upheaval, such as

the Protestant Reformation, German Peasants' War, Eight Years' War,and Spanish Occupation of the Netherlands, when the rape, pillage and

disaster associated with periods of chaos and oppression are presented

in the documents of the printmaker. Often the work is unimpressive

aesthetically,Wikipedia:Citation needed yet has the capacity to cause

the viewer to experience extreme emotions with the drama and often

horror of the scenes depicted.

Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art

historian Michel Ragon[15]

and German philosopher Walter Benjamin.

According to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that

"Expressionism doesn't shun the violently unpleasant effect, while

Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific 'fuck yous', Baroque doesn't. Baroque is well-mannered."[16]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Arbasinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Benjaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Ragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horror_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pillaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Peasants%27_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEl_Greco_View_of_Toledo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Grecohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Realism_%28arts%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%B6blinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Bennhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kafkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrealismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cubismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Futurismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEgon_Schiele_061.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Schielehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Hitler


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Expressionism 3

Expressionist-Visual artists

Alvar Cawn, Sokea soittoniekka (Blind

Musician), 1922

"Elbe Bridge I" by Rolf Nesch

Franz Marc,Die groen blauen Pferde (The

Large Blue Horses), (1911)

Some of the style's main visual artists of the early 20th century were:

Australia: Sidney Nolan, Charles Blackman, John Perceval, Albert

Tucker and Joy Hester

Austria: Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Josef Gassler and Alfred

Kubin

Belgium: Constant Permeke, Gustave De Smet, Frits Van den

Berghe, James Ensor, Albert Servaes, Floris Jespers and Albert

Droesbeke.

Brazil: Anita Malfatti, Cndido Portinari, Di Cavalcanti, Iber

Camargo and Lasar Segall.

Estonia: Konrad Mgi, Eduard Wiiralt

Finland: Tyko Sallinen,[17]

Alvar Cawn, Juho Mkel and Win

Aaltonen.

France: Georges Rouault, Georges Gimel, Gen Paul, Bernard Buffetand Chaim Soutine

Germany: Ernst Barlach, Max Beckmann, Fritz Bleyl, Heinrich

Campendonk, Otto Dix, Conrad Felixmller, George Grosz, Erich

Heckel, Carl Hofer, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Kthe Kollwitz,

Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Elfriede Lohse-Wchtler, August Macke,

Franz Marc, Ludwig Meidner, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Otto

Mueller, Gabriele Mnter, Rolf Nesch, Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein,

and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff

Greece: George Bouzianis

Hungary: Tivadar Kosztka Csontvry

Iceland: Einar Hkonarson

Ireland: Jack B. Yeats

Indonesia: Affandi

Italy: Emilio Giuseppe Dossena

Mexico: Mathias Goeritz (German migr to Mexico), Rufino

Tamayo

Netherlands: Charles Eyck, Willem Hofhuizen, Herman Kruyder, Jaap Min, Jan Sluyters, Vincent van Gogh, Jan

Wiegers and Hendrik Werkman

Norway: Edvard Munch, Kai Fjell

Poland: Henryk Gotlib

Portugal: Mrio Eloy, Amadeo de Souza Cardoso

Russia: Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Alexej von Jawlensky, Natalia Goncharova, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky,

and Marianne von Werefkin (Russian-born, later active in Switzerland).

South Africa: Maggie Laubser, Irma Stern

Sweden: Axel Trneman

Switzerland: Carl Eugen Keel, Cuno Amiet, Paul Klee

Ukraine: Alexis Gritchenko (Ukraine-born, most active in France)

United Kingdom: Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Leon Kossoff, Lucian Freud, Patrick Heron, John Hoyland,

Howard Hodgkin, John Walker, Billy Childish USA: Ivan Albright, Milton Avery, George Biddle, Hyman Bloom, Peter Blume, Charles Burchfield, David

Burliuk, Stuart Davis, Lyonel Feininger, Wilhelmina Weber Furlong, Elaine de Kooning, Willem de Kooning,
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_Weber_Furlonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyonel_Feiningerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Davis_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Burliukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Burliukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Burchfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Blumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyman_Bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Biddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milton_Averyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Albrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Childishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Walker_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hodgkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hoylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucian_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Kossoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Auerbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Bacon_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Gritchenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kleehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuno_Amiethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Eugen_Keelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_T%C3%B6rnemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Laubserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianne_von_Werefkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Dobuzhinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalia_Goncharovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexej_von_Jawlenskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Chagallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wassily_Kandinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amadeo_de_Souza_Cardosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rio_Eloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Gotlibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kai_Fjellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Munchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Werkmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Wiegershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Wiegershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_van_Goghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Sluytershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Minhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Kruyderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Hofhuizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Eyckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufino_Tamayohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufino_Tamayohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Goeritzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Giuseppe_Dossenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affandihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_B._Yeatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einar_H%C3%A1konarsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tivadar_Kosztka_Csontv%C3%A1ryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bouzianishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Schmidt-Rottluffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Pechsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Noldehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Neschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_M%C3%BCnterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Muellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Muellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula_Modersohn-Beckerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Meidnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Mackehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Lohse-W%C3%A4chtlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Lehmbruckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A4the_Kollwitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hoferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Heckelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Heckelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Groszhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Felixm%C3%BCllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Dixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Campendonkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Campendonkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Bleylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Beckmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Barlachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaim_Soutinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Buffethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gen_Paulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Gimelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Rouaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juho_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Caw%C3%A9nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyko_Sallinenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Wiiralthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_M%C3%A4gihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasar_Segallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iber%C3%AA_Camargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iber%C3%AA_Camargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Di_Cavalcantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Portinarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Malfattihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floris_Jespershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Servaeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Ensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frits_Van_den_Berghehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frits_Van_den_Berghehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_De_Smethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constant_Permekehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Gasslerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Schielehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Hesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Tucker_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Tucker_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Percevalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Blackmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Nolanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFranz_Marc_005.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ARolf-Nesch-Bro-Over-Elben.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Neschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACawen_Alvar_Sokea_Soittoniekka_1922.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvar_Caw%C3%A9n


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Expressionism 4

Beauford Delaney, Arthur G. Dove, Norris Embry, Philip Evergood, Kahlil Gibran, William Gropper, Philip

Guston, Marsden Hartley, Albert Kotin, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Rico Lebrun, Jack Levine, Alfred Henry Maurer,

Robert Motherwell, Alice Neel, Abraham Rattner, Ben Shahn, Harry Shoulberg, Joseph Stella, Harry Sternberg,

Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dorothea Tanning, Wilhelmina Weber, Max Weber, Hale Woodruff, Karl Zerbe

Expressionist groups of paintersThe style originated principally in Germany and Austria. There were a number of groups of Expressionist painters,

includingDer Blaue ReiterandDie Brcke.DerBlaue Reiter (The Blue Rider, namedfor a magazine) was based in

Munich and Die Brcke was based originally in Dresden (although somemembers later relocated to Berlin). Die

Brcke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter, which was only together for a year (1912). The

Expressionists had many influences, among them Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh, and African art.[18]

They were

also aware of the work being done by the Fauvesin Paris, who influenced Expressionism's tendency toward arbitrary

colours and jarring compositions. In reaction and opposition to French Impressionism, which emphasized the

rendering of the visual appearance of objects, Expressionist artists sought to portray emotions and subjective

interpretations. It was not important to reproduce an aesthetically pleasing impression of the artistic subject matter,

they felt, but rather to represent vivid emotional reactions by powerful colours and dynamic compositions.

Kandinsky, the main artist of Der Blaue Reiter group, believed that with simple colours and shapes the spectator

could perceive the moods and feelings in the paintings, a theory that encouraged him towards increased abstraction.

The ideas of German expressionism influenced the work of American artist Marsden Hartley, who met Kandinsky in

Germany in 1913.[19]

In late 1939, at the beginning of World War II, New York received a great number of major

European artists. After the war, Expressionism influenced many young American artists. Norris Embry (19211981)

studied with Oskar Kokoschka in 1947 and during the next 43 years produced a large body of work in the

Expressionist tradition. Norris Embry has been termed "the first American German Expressionist". Other American

artists of the late 20th and early 21st century have developed distinct styles that may be considered part of

Expressionism. Another prominent artist who came from the German Expressionist "school" was Bremen-born

Wolfgang Degenhardt. After working as a commercial artist in Bremen, he migrated to Australia in 1954 and

became quite well known in the Hunter Valley region.

American Expressionism[20]

and American Figurative Expressionism, particularly the Boston figurative

expressionism,[21]

were an integral part of American modernism around the Second World War.

Rehe im Walde (Deer in Woods), 1914, by Franz

Marc

Major figurative Boston Expressionists included: Karl Zerbe, Hyman

Bloom, Jack Levine, David Aronson. The Boston figurative

Expressionists post World War II were increasingly marginalized by

the development of abstract expressionism centered in New York City.

After World War II, figurative expressionism influenced worldwide a

large number of artists and styles. Thomas B. Hess wrote that "the

New figurative painting which some have been expecting as a

reaction against Abstract Expressionism was implicit in it at the start,

and is one of its most lineal continuities."[22]

New York Figurative Expressionism[23][24]

of the 1950s represented

New York figurative artists such as Robert Beauchamp, Elaine de

Kooning, Robert Goodnough, Grace Hartigan, Lester Johnson, Alex

Katz, George McNeil (artist), Jan Muller, Fairfield Porter, Gregorio

Prestopino, Larry Rivers and Bob Thompson.

Lyrical Abstraction, Tachisme[25]

of the 1940s and 1950s in Europe represented by artists such as GeorgesMathieu, Hans Hartung, Nicolas de Stal and others.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Beauchamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFranz_Marc_020.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Goodnoughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Goodnoughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Goodnoughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Goodnoughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hartiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hartiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lester_Johnson_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Katzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFranz_Marc_020.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Katzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_McNeil_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_McNeil_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_M%C3%BCller_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairfield_Porterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Prestopinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Prestopinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Thompson_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyrical_Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachismehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mathieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hartunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Sta%C3%ABlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Prestopinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Thompson_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Prestopinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyrical_Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachismehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mathieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mathieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hartunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Sta%C3%ABlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Sta%C3%ABlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hartunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mathieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mathieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachismehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyrical_Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Thompson_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Prestopinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Prestopinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairfield_Porterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_M%C3%BCller_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_McNeil_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Katzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Katzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lester_Johnson_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hartiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Goodnoughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elaine_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Beauchamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Figurative_Expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Aronsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Levinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyman_Bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyman_Bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Zerbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFranz_Marc_020.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_modernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figurative_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bostonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Figurative_Expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Degenhardthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norris_Embryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsden_Hartleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauvismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_van_Goghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edvard_Munchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_Br%C3%BCckehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Blaue_Reiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Zerbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hale_Woodruffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_Weber_Furlonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorothea_Tanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Ossawa_Tannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Sternberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stellahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Shoulberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Shahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Rattnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Neelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Motherwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Henry_Maurerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Levinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rico_Lebrunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yasuo_Kuniyoshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Kotinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsden_Hartleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gustonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gustonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Gropperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahlil_Gibran_%28sculptor%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Evergoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norris_Embryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_G._Dovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauford_Delaney


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Expressionism 5

Bay Area Figurative Movement[26][27]

represented by early figurative expressionists from the San Francisco area

Elmer Bischoff, Richard Diebenkorn, and David Park. The movement from 1950 to 1965 was joined by

Theophilus Brown, Paul Wonner, James Weeks, Hassel Smith, Nathan Oliveira, Bruce McGaw, Jay DeFeo, Joan

Brown, Manuel Neri, Frank Lobdell, Joan Savo and Roland Peterson.

Abstract expressionism of the 1950s represented American artists such as Louise Bourgeois, Hans Burkhardt,

Mary Callery, Nicolas Carone, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Philip Guston, and others[28][29]

that

participated with figurative expressionism.

In the United States and Canada, Lyrical Abstraction beginning during the late 1960s and the 1970s.

Characterized by the work of Dan Christensen, Peter Young, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Larry Poons,

Walter Darby Bannard, Charles Arnoldi, Pat Lipsky and many others.[30][31][32]

Neo-expressionism was an international revival style that began in the late 1970s and included artists from many

nations:

Germany: Anselm Kiefer and Georg Baselitz and others;

USA: Jean-Michel Basquiat, Eric Fischl, David Salle and Julian Schnabel;

Cuba: Pablo Carreno;

France: Rmi Blanchard, Herv Di Rosa, Bernard Buffet and others; Italy: Francesco Clemente, Paolo Salvati, Sandro Chia and Enzo Cucchi;

England: David Hockney, Frank Auerbach and Leon Kossoff

Belarus: Natalia Chernogolova

Selected Expressionist paintings

August Macke,Lady

in a Green Jacket,

1913

Franz Marc,Fighting Forms,

1914.

Ernst Ludwig

Kirchner,

Nollendorfplatz,

1912

Ernst Ludwig

Kirchner,

Self-Portrait as a

Soldier, 1915
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKirchner_-_Selbstbildnis_als_Soldat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AErnst_Ludwig_Kirchner_-_Nollendorfplatz.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFighting_Forms.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAugust_Macke_005.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Mackehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalia_Chernogolovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Kossoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Auerbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hockneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzo_Cucchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Chiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Salvatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Clementehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Buffethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herv%C3%A9_Di_Rosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9mi_Blanchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Carrenohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schnabelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Sallehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Fischlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Basquiathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Baselitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anselm_Kieferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_Lipskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Arnoldihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Darby_Bannardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Poonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Landfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Young_%28artist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Christensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyrical_Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gustonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Pollockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_de_Kooninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Caronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Calleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Burkhardthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Bourgeoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Petersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Savohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Lobdellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Nerihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_DeFeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_McGawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Oliveirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassel_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Weekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Wonnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Park_%28painter%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Diebenkornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Bischoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement


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Expressionism 6

In other arts

The Expressionist movement included other types of culture, including dance, sculpture, cinema and theatre.

Mary Wigman, pioneer of Expressionist dance

(left)

Dance

Main article: Expressionist dance

Exponents of expressionist dance included Mary Wigman, Rudolf von

Laban, and Pina Bausch.

Sculpture

Some sculptors used the Expressionist style, as for example Ernst

Barlach. Other expressionist artists known mainly as painters, such as

Erich Heckel, also worked with sculpture.

Cinema

Main article: German Expressionism

There was an Expressionist style in the cinema, important examples of

which are Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The

Golem: How He Came into the World (1920), Fritz Lang's Metropolis

(1927) and F. W. Murnau's Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror (1922)

and The Last Laugh (1924). The term "expressionist" is also sometimes

used to refer to stylistic devices thought to resemble those of German Expressionism, such as Film Noir

cinematography or the style of several of the films of Ingmar Bergman. More generally, the term expressionism can

be used to describe cinematic styles of great artifice, such as the technicolor melodramas of Douglas Sirk or the

sound and visual design of David Lynch's films.

Literature

Journals

Two leading Expressionist journals published in Berlin wereDer Sturm, published by Herwarth Walden starting in

1910, andDie Aktion, which first appeared in 1911 and was edited by Franz Pfemfert. Der Sturm published poetry

and prose from contributors such as Peter Altenberg, Max Brod, Richard Dehmel, Alfred Dblin, Anatole France,

Knut Hamsun, Arno Holz, Karl Kraus, Selma Lagerlf, Adolf Loos, Heinrich Mann, Paul Scheerbart, and Ren

Schickele, and writings, drawings, and prints by such artists as Kokoschka, Kandinsky, and members of Der blaue

Reiter.

Drama

Main article: Expressionism (theatre)

Oskar Kokoschka's 1909 playlet, Murderer, The Hope of Women is often termed the first expressionist drama. In it,

an unnamed man and woman struggle for dominance. The man brands the woman; she stabs and imprisons him. He

frees himself and she falls dead at his touch. As the play ends, he slaughters all around him (in the words of the text)

"like mosquitoes." The extreme simplification of characters to mythic types, choral effects, declamatory dialogue

and heightened intensity all would become characteristic of later expressionist plays. The German composer Paul

Hindemith created an operatic version of this play, which premiered in 1921.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6rder%2C_Hoffnung_der_Frauenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hindemithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hindemithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kokoschkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionism_%28theatre%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokoschkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Schickelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Schickelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Scheerbarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Looshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kraus_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knut_Hamsunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatole_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_D%C3%B6blinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dehmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Brodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Altenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Pfemferthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_Aktionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herwarth_Waldenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Sturmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Lynchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Sirkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingmar_Bergmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Film_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Laughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nosferatuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._W._Murnauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolis_%281927_film%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Golem:_How_He_Came_into_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Golem:_How_He_Came_into_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari_%281920_film%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Expressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Heckelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Barlachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Barlachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pina_Bauschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Labanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Labanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Wigmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionist_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047336%2C_Berlin%2C_Mary_Wigman-Studio.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionist_dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Wigman


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Expressionism 7

Expressionism was a dominant influence on early 20th-century German theatre, of which Georg Kaiser and Ernst

Toller were the most famous playwrights. Other notable Expressionist dramatists included Reinhard Sorge, Walter

Hasenclever, Hans Henny Jahnn, and Arnolt Bronnen. Important precursors were the Swedish playwright August

Strindberg and German actor and dramatist Frank Wedekind. During the 1920s, Expressionism enjoyed a brief

period of popularity in American theatre, including plays by Eugene O'Neill (The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones and

The Great God Brown), Sophie Treadwell (Machinal) and Elmer Rice (The Adding Machine).

Expressionist plays often dramatise the spiritual awakening and sufferings of their protagonists. Some utilise an

episodic dramatic structure and are known as Stationendramen (station plays), modeled on the presentation of the

suffering and death of Jesus in the Stations of the Cross. August Strindberg had pioneered this form with his

autobiographical trilogy To Damascus. Theses plays also often dramatise the struggle against bourgeois values and

established authority, frequently personified by the Father. In Sorge's The Beggar, (Der Bettler), for example, the

young hero's mentally ill father raves about the prospect of mining the riches of Mars and is finally poisoned by his

son. In Bronnen's Parricide (Vatermord), the son stabs his tyrannical father to death, only to have to fend off the

frenzied sexual overtures of his mother.

In Expressionist drama, the speech is either expansive and rhapsodic, or clipped and telegraphic. Director Leopold

Jessner became famous for his expressionistic productions, often set on stark, steeply raked flights of stairs (having

borrowed the idea from the Symbolist director and designer, Edward Gordon Craig).

German expressionist playwrights:

Georg Kaiser (1878)

Ernst Toller (1893-1939)

Hans Henny Jahnn (1894-1959)

Reinhard Sorge (1892-1916)

Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956)

Playwrights influenced by Expressionism:

Sen O'Casey (1880-1964) [33]

Eugene O'Neill (1885-1953)

Elmer Rice (1892-1967)

Tennessee Williams (1911-83)[34]

Arthur Miller (1915-2005)

Samuel Beckett (1906-89)[35]

Poetry

Among the poets associated with German Expressionism were:

Georg Trakl

Gottfried Benn

Georg Heym

Else Lasker-Schler

Ernst Stadler

August Stramm

Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926): The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (1910)[36]

Geo Milev

Other poets influenced by expressionism:

T. S. Eliot[37]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Eliothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geo_Milevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Maria_Rilkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Strammhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Stadlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BClerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Heymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Bennhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Traklhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Becketthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Millerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_O%27Neillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%A1n_O%27Caseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Sorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henny_Jahnnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Tollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gordon_Craighttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolism_%28arts%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Jessnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Jessnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parricidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beggarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Damascushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Strindberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stations_of_the_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dramatic_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epic_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adding_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Treadwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emperor_Joneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hairy_Apehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_O%27Neillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wedekindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Strindberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Strindberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnolt_Bronnenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henny_Jahnnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hasencleverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Hasencleverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Sorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Tollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Tollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaiser


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Expressionism 8

Prose

In prose, the early stories and novels of Alfred Dblin were influenced by Expressionism, and Franz Kafka is

sometimes labelled an Expressionist.[38]

Some further writers and works that have been called Expressionist include:

Franz Kafka (1883-1924): "The Metamorphosis" (1915), The Trial (1925), The Castle (1926)[39]

Alfred Dblin (1857-1957):Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929)[40]

Wyndham Lewis ( 1882-1957) [41]

Djuna Barnes (1892-1982):Nightwood (1936)[42]

Malcolm Lowry (1909-57): Under the Volcano (1947)

Ernest Hemingway[43]

James Joyce (1882-1941): "The Nighttown" section of Ulysses (1922)[44]

Patrick White (1912-90)[45]

D. H. Lawrence[46]

Sheila Watson:Double Hook[47]

Elias Canetti:Auto de Fe[48]

Thomas Pynchon[49]

William Faulkner [50]

James Hanley (1897-1985)[51]

Music

Main article: Expressionist music

The term expressionism "was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg", because like the

painter Kandinsky he avoided "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music.[52]

Arnold

Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, the members of the Second Viennese School, are important

Expressionists (Schoenberg was also an Expressionist painter).[53]

Other composers that have been associated with

expressionism are Krenek (the Second Symphony), Paul Hindemith (The Young Maiden), Igor Stravinsky (JapaneseSongs), Alexander Scriabin (late piano sonatas) (Adorno 2009, 275). Another significant expressionist was Bla

Bartk in early works, written in the second decade of the 20th-century, such as Bluebeard's Castle (1911),[54]

The

Wooden Prince (1917),[55]

and The Miraculous Mandarin (1919).[56]

Important precursors of expressionism are

Richard Wagner (1813-83), Gustav Mahler (1860-1911), and Richard Strauss (1864-1949).[57]

Theodor Adorno describes expressionism as concerned with the unconscious, and states that "the depiction of fear

lies at the centre" of expressionist music, with dissonance predominating, so that the "harmonious, affirmative

element of art is banished" (Adorno 2009, 27576). Erwartung and Die Glckliche Hand, by Schoenberg, and

Wozzeck, an opera by Alban Berg (based on the play Woyzeck by Georg Bchner), are examples of Expressionist

works.[58]

If one were to draw an analogy from paintings, one may describe the expressionist painting technique as

the distortion of reality (mostly colors and shapes) to create a nightmarish effect for the particular painting as a

whole. Expressionist music roughly does the same thing, where the dramatically increased dissonance creates,

aurally, a nightmarish atmosphere.[59]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_B%C3%BCchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woyzeckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alban_Berghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wozzeckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwartunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Adornohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Mahlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miraculous_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wooden_Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wooden_Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluebeard%27s_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3khttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3khttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Scriabinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igor_Stravinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hindemithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krenekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionism_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alban_Berghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Webernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandinskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionist_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hanley_%28novelist%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Faulknerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pynchonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elias_Canettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheila_Watson_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._H._Lawrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Joycehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hemingwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_Lowryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djuna_Barneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_D%C3%B6blinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Castle_%28novel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Metamorphosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kafkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_D%C3%B6blin


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Expressionism 9

Architecture

Main article: Expressionist architecture

Einsteinturm in Potsdam

Torres de Satlite seen from the Anillo Perifrico

In architecture, two specific buildings are identified as Expressionist:

Bruno Taut's Glass Pavilion of the Cologne Werkbund Exhibition

(1914), and Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower in Potsdam, Germany

completed in 1921. The interior of Hans Poelzig's Berlin theatre (the

Grosse Schauspielhaus), designed for the director Max Reinhardt, is

also cited sometimes. The influential architectural critic and historian

Sigfried Giedion, in his book Space, Time and Architecture (1941),

dismissed Expressionist architecture as a part of the development of

functionalism. In Mexico, in 1953, German migr Mathias Goeritz,

published the Arquitectura Emocional ("Emotional Architecture")

manifesto with which he declared that "architecture's principal function

is emotion".[60]

Modern Mexican architect Luis Barragn adopted the

term that influenced his work. The two of them collaborated in the

project Torres de Satlite (195758) guided by Goeritz's principles of

Arquitectura Emocional. It was only during the 1970s that

Expressionism in architecture came to be re-evaluated more positively.

References

[1] Chris Baldick Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, entry for

Expressionism

[2][2] Victorino Tejera, 1966, pages 85,140, Art and Human Intelligence, Vision Press

Limited, London

[3][3] The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, 1976 edition, page 294[4][4] page 241

[5] John Willett,Expressionism. New York: World University Library, 1970, p.25;

Richard Sheppard, "German Expressionism", inModernism:1890-1930, ed.

Bradbury & McFarlane, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1976, p.274.

[6] cited in Donald E. Gordon,Expressionism: Art and Ideas. New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1987, p. 175.

[7] R. S. Furness,Expressionism. London: Methuen, pp.2-14; Willett, pp. 20-24.

[8][8] Richard Sheppard, p.274.

[9] Note the parallel French movement Fauvism and the English Vorticism: "The

Fauvist movement has been compared to German Expressionism, both projecting

brilliant colors and spontaneous brushwork, and indebted to the same late

nineteenth-century sources, especially Van Gogh." Sabine Rewald, "Fauvism". In

Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art,

2000. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv. htm (October 2004);

and "Vorticism can be thought of as English Expressionism." Sherrill E. Grace,Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American

Literary Expressionism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, p.26.

[10] Sherrill E. Grace,Regression and Apacaypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,

1989, p.26).

[11] Richard Murphy, Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism, and the Problem of Postmodernity. Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press,1999, p.43.

[12][12] Richard Murphy, p.43.

[13] Murphy, especially pp. 43-48; and Walter H. Sokel, The Writer in Extremis. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959,

especially Chapter One.

[14] Brittanica online Encyclopaedia(February, 2012).

[15] Michel Ragon (1968)Expressionism(http://books. google. com/books?id=8JzqAAAAMAAJ) quotation:

[16] Gabriele Pedull, Alberto Arbasino [2000] Sull'albero di ciliegie(http://www.libraweb.net/articoli3.php?chiave=543& rivista=23&

articolo=200302301011) [On the cherry tree] - Conversando di letteratura e di cinema con Alberto Arbasino in CONTEMPORANEA Rivista
http://www.libraweb.net/articoli3.php?chiave=543&rivista=23&articolo=200302301011http://www.libraweb.net/articoli3.php?chiave=543&rivista=23&articolo=200302301011http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Arbasinohttp://books.google.com/books?id=8JzqAAAAMAAJhttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Baldickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torres_de_Sat%C3%A9litehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Barrag%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Goeritzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Functionalism_%28architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigfried_Giedionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Reinhardt_%28theatre_director%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grosse_Schauspielhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Poelzighttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potsdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einstein_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Mendelsohnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werkbund_Exhibition_%281914%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werkbund_Exhibition_%281914%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glass_Pavilionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Tauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATorres_satelite.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anillo_Perif%C3%A9ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABabelsberg_Einsteinturm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einstein_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expressionist_architecture


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Expressionism 10

di studi sulla letteratura e sulla comunicazione, Volume 1, 2003 quotation: translation:

[17] Ian Chilvers, The Oxford dictionary of art, Volume 2004, Oxford University Press, p. 506. ISBN 0-19-860476-9

[18] Ian Buruma, "Desire in Berlin",New York Review of Books, December 8, 2008, p. 19.

[19][19] "Hartley, Marsden", Oxford Art Online

[20] Bram Dijkstra,American expressionism : art and social change, 1920-1950,(http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&

referer=brief_results)(New York : H.N. Abrams, in association with the Columbus Museum of Art, 2003.) ISBN 0-8109-4231-3, ISBN

978-0-8109-4231-8

[21] Judith Bookbinder,Boston modern: figurative expressionism as alternative modernism(http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/

57652272& referer=brief_results) (Durham, N.H. : University of New Hampshire Press ; Hanover : University Press of New England,

2005.) ISBN 1-58465-488-0, ISBN 978-1-58465-488-9

[22] Thomas B. Hess, The Many Deaths of American Art,Art News 59 (October 1960), p.25

[23] Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism(http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/

59997649& referer=brief_results) (Newport Beach, California : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.) ISBN

0-8478-0942-0, ISBN 978-0-8478-0942-4 0917493125 9780917493126

[24] Editorial,Reality, A Journal of Artists Opinions (Spring 1954), p. 2.

[25][25] Flight lyric, Paris 1945-1956, texts Patrick-Gilles Persin, Michel and Pierre Descargues Ragon, Muse du Luxembourg, Paris and Skira,

Milan, 2006, 280 p. ISBN 88-7624-679-7.

[26] Caroline A. Jones,Bay Area figurative art, 1950-1965,(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21294814& referer=brief_results,) (San

Francisco, California : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ; Berkeley : University of California Press, 1990.) ISBN 978-0-520-06842-1

[27] American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless(http:/

/

www.

worldcat.

org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks& q=9780967799421& fq=dt:bks) (New York School Press, 2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1 pp. 44-47; 56-59;

80-83; 112-115; 192-195; 212-215; 240-243; 248-251

[28] Marika Herskovic,American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey,(http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/

50253062& tab=holdings) (New York School Press, 2000. ISBN 0-9677994-1-4. pp. 46-49; pp. 62-65; pp. 70-73; pp. 74-77; pp. 94-97;

262-264

[29] American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless: An Illustrated Survey With Artists' Statements, Artwork

and Biographies(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298188260& referer=brief_results)(New York School Press, 2009. ISBN

978-0-9677994-2-1. pp.24-27; pp.28-31; pp.32-35; pp. 60-63; pp.64-67; pp.72-75; pp.76-79; pp. 112-115; 128-131; 136-139; 140-143;

144-147; 148-151; 156-159; 160-163;

[30] Ryan, David (2002). Talking painting: dialogues with twelve contemporary abstract painters, p.211, Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27629-2, ISBN

978-0-415-27629-0. Available on Google Books (http://books. google. co. uk/books?id=x7EaHuAfNtwC& pg=PA211& dq="lyrical+

abstraction"+expressionist&lr=#v=onepage& q="lyrical abstraction" expressionist& f=false).

[31] "Exhibition archive: Expanding Boundaries: Lyrical Abstraction" (http://www.bocamuseum. org/index. php?src=gendocs&

ref=ExhibitionArchive& category=Exhibitions), Boca Raton Museum of Art, 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.

[32] "John Seery" (http://www.nga. gov. au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=36016), National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 25

September 2009.

[33][33] Furness, pp.89-90.

[34][34] Stokel, p.1.

[35] Stokel, p.1; Lois Oppenheimer, The Painted Word: Samuel Beckett's Dialogue with Art. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000,

pp.74, 126-7, 128; Jessica Prinz, "Resonant Images: Beckett and German Expressionism", in Samuel Beckett and the Arts: Music, Visual Arts,

and Non-Print Media, ed. Lois Oppenheim. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.

[36] Ulf Zimmermann, "Expressionism and Dblin'sBerlin Alexanderplatz, inPassion and Rebellion

[37] R. S. Furness,Expressionism. London: Methuen, 1973, p.81.

[38] Walter H. Sokel, The Writer in Extremis. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959, pp 3, 29, 84 especially; Richard Murphy,

Theorizing the Avant-Garde. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1999, especially pp 41,142.

[39] Silvio Vietta,Franz Kafka, Expressionism, and Reification" in Passion and Rebellion: The Expressionist Heritage, eds. Stephen Bronner and

Douglas Kellner. New York: Universe Books, 1983 pp, pp.201-16.

[40] Richard Murphy, Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism and the Problem of Postmodernity. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1999, pp.74-141; Ulf Zimmermann, "Expressionism and Dblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz " inPassion and Rebellion,

pp.217-234.

[41] Sheila Watson, Wyndham Lewis Expressionist. Ph.D Thesis, University of Toronto, 1965.

[42] Sherrill E. Grace,Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,

1989, pp.141-162.

[43] Raymond S. Nelson,Hemingway, Expressionist Artist. Ames, Iowa University Press, 1979; Robert Paul Lamb, Art matters: Hemingway,

Craft, and the Creation of the Modern Short Story . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, c.2010.

[44] Walter H. Sokel, The Writer in Extremis. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959, p.1; R. S. Furness, Expressionism. London:

Methuen, 1973, p. 81.[45][45] Sherrill E. Grace, p.7.

[46][46] Sherrill E. Grace, p.7
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Viettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Gallery_of_Australiahttp://www.nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Detail.cfm?IRN=36016http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boca_Raton_Museum_of_Arthttp://www.bocamuseum.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=ExhibitionArchive&category=Exhibitionshttp://www.bocamuseum.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=ExhibitionArchive&category=Exhibitionshttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x7EaHuAfNtwC&pg=PA211&dq=%22lyrical+abstraction%22+expressionist&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22lyrical%20abstraction%22%20expressionist&f=falsehttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x7EaHuAfNtwC&pg=PA211&dq=%22lyrical+abstraction%22+expressionist&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22lyrical%20abstraction%22%20expressionist&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Routledgehttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/298188260&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062&tab=holdingshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50253062&tab=holdingshttp://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abkshttp://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abkshttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21294814&referer=brief_results,http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/59997649&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/59997649&referer=brief_resultshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_New_Englandhttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57652272&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57652272&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&referer=brief_resultshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Buruma


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Expressionism 11

[47][47] Sherrill E. Grace, pp 185-209.

[48][48] Sherrill E. Grace, p.12.

[49][49] Sherrill E. Grace, p.7, 241-3.

[50] Jeffrey Stayton, "Southern Expressionism: Apocalyptic Hillscapes, Racial Panoramas,and Lustmord in William Faulkners Light in August".

The Southern Literary Journal, Volume 42, Number 1, Fall 2009, pp. 32-56.

[51] Ken Worpole,Dockers and Detectives. London: Verso Editions, 1983, pp. 77-93.

[52] The Norton Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music, ed Stanley Sadie.New York: Norton1991, p. 244.

[53] Theodor Adorno,Night Music: Essays on Music 1928-1962. (London: Seagull, 2009), p.274-8.

[54] Nicole V. Gagn,Historical Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Classical Music (Plymouth, England: Scarecrow Press, 2011), p.92.

[55] Andrew Clements, "Classical preview: The Wooden Prince", The Guardian, 5 May 2007.

[56] The Cambridge Companion to Bartk, ed. Amanda Bayley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.152.

[57] "Expressionism," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000. (http://encarta.msn.com); Donald Mitchell, Gustav Mahler: The

Wunderhorn Years: Chronicles and Commentaries. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2005

[58] Edward RothsteinNew York Times Review/Opera: "Wozzeck; The Lyric Dresses Up Berg's 1925 Nightmare In a Modern Message".New

York Times February 3, 1994; Theodor Adorno,Night Music (2009), p.276.

[59] Theodor Adorno,Night Music (2009), pp275-6.

[60][60] Mathias Goeritz, "El manifiesto de arquitectura emocional", in Lily Kassner, Mathias Goeritz, UNAM, 2007, p. 272-273

Further reading Antonn Matjek cited in Gordon, Donald E. (1987).Expressionism: Art and Idea, p. 175. New Haven: Yale

University Press. ISBN 9780300033106

Jonah F. Mitchell (Berlin, 2003). Doctoral thesisExpressionism between Western modernism and Teutonic

Sonderweg. Courtesy of the author.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1872). The Birth of Tragedy Out of The Spirit of Music. Trans. Clifton P. Fadiman. New

York: Dover, 1995. ISBN 0-486-28515-4.

Judith Bookbinder,Boston modern: figurative expressionism as alternative modernism,(http://www.

worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57652272&referer=brief_results) (Durham, N.H. : University of New Hampshire

Press; Hanover: University Press of New England, 2005.) ISBN 1-58465-488-0, ISBN 978-1-58465-488-9

Bram Dijkstra,American expressionism: art and social change, 1920-1950,(http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&referer=brief_results) (New York : H.N. Abrams, in association with the Columbus Museum of

Art, 2003.) ISBN 0-8109-4231-3, ISBN 978-0-8109-4231-8

Ditmar ElgerExpressionism-A Revolution in German Art ISBN 978-3-8228-3194-6

Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism, The Other

Tradition(http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/59997649&referer=brief_results) (Newport Beach,

California : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.) ISBN 0-8478-0942-0, ISBN

978-0-8478-0942-4 0917493125 9780917493126

Marika Herskovic,American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless(http://

www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt:bks) (New York School Press,

2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1.

Lakatos Gabriela Luciana, Expressionism Today, University of Art and Design Cluj Napoca, 2011 (http://www.

uad.ro/storage/Dataitems/rezumat Thesis summary LAKATOS GABRIELA LUCIANA -engleza.pdf)
http://www.uad.ro/storage/Dataitems/rezumat%20Thesis%20summary%20LAKATOS%20GABRIELA%20LUCIANA%20-engleza.pdfhttp://www.uad.ro/storage/Dataitems/rezumat%20Thesis%20summary%20LAKATOS%20GABRIELA%20LUCIANA%20-engleza.pdfhttp://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abkshttp://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=9780967799421&fq=dt%3Abkshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/59997649&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50866889&referer=brief_resultshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_New_Hampshire_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_New_Hampshire_Presshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57652272&referer=brief_resultshttp://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/57652272&referer=brief_resultshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_University_Presshttp://encarta.msn.com/


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Expressionism 12

External links

Hottentots in tails(http://www.signandsight.com/features/216.html) A turbulent history of the group by

Christian Saehrendt at signandsight.com

German Expressionism(http://www.hpic.net/galerie/galerie.htm) A free resource with paintings from

German expressionists (high-quality).
http://www.hpic.net/galerie/galerie.htmhttp://www.signandsight.com/features/216.html


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Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsExpressionism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=615236209 Contributors: 1717, 84user, A. B., Abd, Ahoerstemeier, Ajraddatz, Alansohn, Alex '05, Alpine4now,

Anders.Warga, Andonic, Andre Engels, Angela, Anja.Silke, Antandrus, Ar25801, Aristophanes68, Artnstuff4u, Artybrad, Aude, Aviano4u, Awared, BD2412, Bacchiad, Baldwin48,

BeatrixBergr, Before My Ken, Bigturtle, Binksternet, Biobaba, BlackTerror, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, Boone1129, Boubi, Brownie05118, Bubblevubblez, Bus stop, Bzyantela, Cafe Nervosa,

Camembert, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capricorn42, Captain Screebo, Carafe, Caspertheghost, Celithemis, Ceoil, Cessator, Chris 73, Chris the speller, Chzz, Cnoguera, CocktailDress,

Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Corpx, Cpt charles johnson, Crohnie, Crownjewel82, CryptoDerk, DBaba, DJ Sturm, DVD R W, Danmaz74, Davepape, David Gale, De728631, Deanos,

Dedeme, Dekaels, Delirium, Dennis Bratland, DerBorg, Devanatha, Dfrg.msc, DionysosProteus, Dlorrahdrahcir, Doctree, DomienH, Dora dora, Dsmith77, ENAMVHAGY, Ed416, EdJohnston,

Edal, Editani, Edivorce, Edsanville, Eeekster, Ekki01, Ekwos, Elassint, Eleefecosta, Epbr123, Eras-mus, Errorengine, Etacar11, Ewulp, Fantasy file, Fd4u2007, Fireice, Flewis, Fogelmatrix,Folantin, Fox002, Franciselliott, Frankie0607, Fratangelo, Freakofnurture, Freshacconci, Fru1tbat, Fyyer, Gaf.arq, Gdo01, Gerda Arendt, Gilderien, Gilliam, GimliDotNet, Glenn, Goatasaur,

Gobeirne, Golbez, Goodepress, Grafen, Gross1952, Gunnar Hendrich, HGB, Hahnchen, Hans Dunkelberg, Hapsiainen, Hawreck, HexaChord, Hhjelle, Hiphip93, Hmains, Horst-schlaemma,

Hyacinth, I dream of horses, Ichthys58, Immunize, Infrogmation, InverseHypercube, Ipatrol, Iridescent, J.delanoy, JaGa, Jademooreart, Jahsonic, JamesMoose, Jaysweet, Jeff G., Jisatsusha, John

Thaxter, Johnbod, Jontomkittredge, Joopercoopers, JuliusJeff, Junjk, Jusdafax, Justin Foote, KConWiki, KRS, Killiondude, Kinu, Klassikkomies, Klown hitman, Klyber, Knarf-bz, Kpjas,

L337dexter, LOL, La goutte de pluie, Leafs252, Lexor, LiDaobing, LilHelpa, Lithoderm, Lockley, Lord mortekai, Loren.wilton, Lotje, Lova Falk, Lu Xun, Lugnuts, Luiwiki, Luna Santin,

MER-C, MLKLewis, Macedonian, Mach280, Magister Mathematicae, Magog the Ogre 2, Majorly, Malcolm, Mandarax, Mani1, Marek69, Mars729, Martarius, Martin451, Matticus78, Mattis,

Mayur, Mcginnly, Megan1967, Melokuu, Mentifisto, Mepsart, Michael Hardy, Mighty poo, Missionary, Modernist, Mona, Morriswa, Mpleahy, Mygerardromance, Nannus, Narutolovehinata5,

Neelix, Nisinno, Nixdorf, Nsgibran, Nubiatech, NuclearWarfare, OlEnglish, Olivier, Orionandhsu, Oshwah, P4k, PJV, PONTVERRE, Palica, Patstuart, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Pgk, Philip

Cross, Philip Trueman, Photoactivist, Physicistjedi, Pinethicket, Pink!Teen, Pinkadelica, Planetneutral, PlatypeanArchcow, Polywriter, PuzzletChung, Pyrop, Pyrosity10, Quadpus, R

AlexanderBoyle, RainbowOfLight, Rainwarrior, Rasmus Faber, RexNL, Riana, Ricky81682, Robertgreer, Rocketrod1960, Rokfaith, Romanm, Rwood128, SU Linguist, Salmon1, Satori Son,

Sciurin, Sctechlaw, Sebesta, Setwisohi, Shadowjams, Shaggorama, Shenme, Sideris, Sindinero, Sluzzelin, Snow Blizzard, Snowolf, Snoyes, Solipsist, Someguy1221, Sparkit, Special-T,

Spicemix, Spinster, Srnec, StaticGull, Stirling Newberry, Sugar Bear, SummerWithMorons, SwinSvinoza, TWrex, Tail, Tassedethe, Tempodivalse, Tentinator, That Guy, From That Show!, The

Thing That Should Not Be, The undertow, TheNeon, TheOldJacobite, Thenthornthing, Thunderboltz, Tide rolls, Tiziano52, Tjmayerinsf, Tolly4bolly, Treisijs, Turgan, Tuxedo junction, Tyrenius,

V5TV6, Vacation9, Van Gogh Guy, Velella, Vonklemp, W.0q, Waleedsick, Wikedguy, Wiki alf, Wikiagogiki, Wikibofh, Wikibooze500, Wikinger314, Wikipelli, Wolfensberger,

Woopdedywoopwoop, Wragge, Wspencer11, Xaosflux, Xenophon777, Zanderfield, Zeisseng, Zengief, Zetko, 675 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:The Scream.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Scream.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Edvard Munch (18631944)

File:Egon Schiele 061.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Egon_Schiele_061.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Bukk, Emijrp, Gryffindor

File:El Greco View of Toledo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:El_Greco_View_of_Toledo.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Balbo, CopperKettle,

Dcoetzee, Ham, Mattes, Nixdorf, Oxxo, Shakko, 8 anonymous edits

File:Cawen Alvar Sokea Soittoniekka 1922.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cawen_Alvar_Sokea_Soittoniekka_1922.JPGLicense: Public Domain Contributors:

AndreasPraefcke, Estormiz, Ixtzib, Look2See1, Origamiemensch

File:Rolf-Nesch-Bro-Over-Elben.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rolf-Nesch-Bro-Over-Elben.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5

Contributors: User:Cnyborg, User:Hhjelle

File:Franz Marc 005.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franz_Marc_005.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alinea, AndreasPraefcke, BeatrixBelibaste,

Emijrp, Kersti Nebelsiek, Pitke, Rudolph Buch, Waterborough

File:Franz Marc 020.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franz_Marc_020.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ranveig, Rudolph Buch,

Sitacuisses, 1 anonymous edits

File:August Macke 005.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:August_Macke_005.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnRo0002, Bibi Saint-Pol, Bukk, Emijrp,

Rlbberlin, Sottoiltavolo, Trelio, WolfmanSF, 5 anonymous editsimage:Fighting_Forms.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fighting_Forms.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Justin Foote, NeonMerlin, Saibo

File:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - Nollendorfplatz.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_-_Nollendorfplatz.jpgLicense: Public Domain

Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Fotothek (Stadtmuseum Berlin), Kilom691, Lna, MB-one, Marv1N, Rlbberlin

File:Kirchner - Selbstbildnis als Soldat.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kirchner_-_Selbstbildnis_als_Soldat.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors:

AndreasPraefcke, Mefusbren69, WolfD59, Zolo

File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P047336, Berlin, Mary Wigman-Studio.jpg Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047336,_Berlin,_Mary_Wigman-Studio.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany

Contributors: Rybak

File:Babelsberg Einsteinturm.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Babelsberg_Einsteinturm.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported

Contributors: Doris Antony, Berlin

File:Torres satelite.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Torres_satelite.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Hector Gomez

(http://www.flickr.com/people/hectoregm/)

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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