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JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia?
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
TOPICS
Environmental Properties & Regulations Barriers , Facts & Fiction Air cooled Ammonia Bigger is Better? DX Ammonia Working Examples
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Environmental Properties & Regulations
Class Environmental Properties
Regulatory Status GWP ODP
Synthetic Refrigerants
CFC’s - Chlorofluorocarbons (for ex. R11, R12, R502, R13) Very high Very high Have been phased out
HCFC’s - Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (for ex. R22, R123) High Low Being phased out
HFC’s - Hydro Fluorocarbons (for ex. R134A, R404A, R410A) High Zero Price heavily affected by HFC Levy
HFO’s – Hydro Fluoro-Olefins (for ex. HFO-1234yf) Very Low Zero -
Natural Refrigerants
R717 - Ammonia - NH3 Zero Zero - R744 - Carbon Dioxide - CO2 1 Zero - HC’s - Hydrocarbons Very Low Zero -
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Environmental Properties & Regulations
Commercial centralised refrigeration systems with a capacity of 40kW or more that contain or rely upon their functioning, fluorinated gases with a GWP of 150 or more, from January 1, 2022
Carbon Tax, HFC Levy? Stationary refrigeration equipment that contains or relies upon for its functioning HFC’s with a GWP of 2500 or more from January 1, 2020
F- Gas Agreement
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Barriers Facts & Fiction
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Barriers Facts & Fiction
Colorless gas or liquid pungent suffocating odour Ammonia is a corrosive chemical that can severely burn the skin and eyes, leading to permanent damage. Ammonia can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, mouth, and throat. Breathing ammonia can irritate the lungs, causing coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs leading to a medical emergency with severe shortness of breath. Most deaths from ammonia are caused by severe damage to the throat and lungs after ammonia has been inhaled.
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
At least seven people have been killed in a leak of liquid ammonia at a food company in east China’s Shandong Province.
SHANGHAI, Fifteen people were confirmed dead and 25 others injured, five critically, after a liquid ammonia leak at a refrigeration unit Shanghai Weng's Cold Storage facility
Commercialising Ammonia Barriers Facts & Fiction
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Barriers Facts & Fiction
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Barriers Facts & Fiction
Ammonia contained to plantroom in an controlled environment No Ammonia in or around occupied spaces Use of secondary refrigerants Glycol or CO2 Engineered solutions
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Air Cooled Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
132
101
96
Critical Temperature R717 R134a R22
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Tsat (oC) Ps (bar abs) Ts (oC) Tc (oC) Pc (bar abs) CoP (-) Pcrit (bar abs) Pc/Pcrit (-)
R-717 5 5.158 10 35 13.73 5.48 113.53 0.12
R-134a 5 3.496 10 35 8.99 5.44 40.67 0.22
R-22 5 5.838 10 35 13.71 5.39 49.77 0.28
Tsat (oC) Ps (bar abs) Ts (oC) Tc (oC) Pc (bar abs) CoP (-) Pcrit (bar abs) Pc/Pcrit (-)
R-717 5 5.158 10 55 23.1 3.06 113.53 0.20
R-134a 5 3.496 10 55 14.9 2.87 40.67 0.37
R-22 5 5.838 10 55 21.7 2.88 49.77 0.44
Tsat (oC) Ps (bar abs) Ts (oC) Tc (oC) Pc (bar abs) CoP (-) Pcrit (bar abs) Pc/Pcrit (-)
R-717 5 5.158 10 65 37.0 2.00 113.53 0.33
R-134a 5 3.496 10 65 23.6 1.64 40.67 0.58
R-22 5 5.838 10 65 33.1 1.70 49.77 0.66
Cycle performance for various refrigerants at 65oC condensing
Cycle performance for various refrigerants at 55oC condensing
Cycle performance for various refrigerants at 35oC condensing
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
R410A Air Cooled Chiller Energy Analysis 100kW Glycol Chiller
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCTBIN Ambient Temp
(°C)Plant Cooling
Load (kW)Plant Input power
(kW) COPBIN Hours Load Factor Annual Power
Consumption (kWh p.a)
>40 124 61 2.04 0 80% 0<40 and >35 144 49 2.94 83 80% 3243<35 and >30 154 43 3.56 268 80% 9271<30 and >25 163 39 4.19 715 80% 22178<25 and >20 171 35 4.92 1607 80% 44708<20 and >15 171 35 4.92 2690 80% 74838<15 and >10 171 35 4.92 2555 80% 71082<10 and >5 171 35 4.92 716 80% 19920<5 and >0 171 35 4.92 125 80% 3478
<0 171 35 4.92 1 80% 28TOTAL 8760 248744
Ancillary Equipment
Equipment/Load TypePlant Input power
(kW)Quantity BIN Hours Load Factor
Annual Power Consumption
(kWh p.a)630mm Condenser Fans 2.6 6 8760 60% 81993.6TOTAL 81994TOTAL ANNUAL POWER CONSUMPTION (kWh p.a) 330738ELECTRICITY TARIFF 0.10$ ESTIMATED ANNUAL RUNNING COST 33,073.76$
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
R134a Air Cooled Chiller Energy Analysis 100kW Glycol Chiller
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCTBIN Ambient Temp
(°C)Plant Cooling
Load (kW)Plant Input power
(kW) COPBIN Hours Load Factor Annual Power
Consumption (kWh p.a)
>40 113 54 2.09 0 80% 0<40 and >35 130 45 2.93 83 80% 2960<35 and >30 140 40 3.49 268 80% 8589<30 and >25 148 36 4.05 715 80% 20844<25 and >20 155 33 4.66 1607 80% 42810<20 and >15 155 33 4.66 2690 80% 71662<15 and >10 155 33 4.66 2555 80% 68065<10 and >5 155 33 4.66 716 80% 19074<5 and >0 155 33 4.66 125 80% 3330
<0 155 33 4.66 1 80% 27TOTAL 8760 237361
Ancillary Equipment
Equipment/Load TypePlant Input power
(kW)Quantity BIN Hours Load Factor
Annual Power Consumption
(kWh p.a)630mm Condenser Fans 2.6 6 8760 60% 81993.6TOTAL 81994TOTAL ANNUAL POWER CONSUMPTION (kWh p.a) 319355ELECTRICITY TARIFF 0.10$ ESTIMATED ANNUAL RUNNING COST 31,935.46$
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
R717 Air Cooled Chiller Energy Analysis 100kW Glycol Chiller
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
R717 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCTBIN Ambient Temp
(°C)Plant Cooling
Load (kW)Plant Input power
(kW) COPBIN Hours Load Factor Annual Power
Consumption (kWh p.a)
>40 108 42 2.57 0 80% 0<40 and >35 118 35 3.33 83 80% 2354<35 and >30 124 32 3.87 268 80% 6869<30 and >25 129 29 4.40 715 80% 16748<25 and >20 134 27 4.98 1607 80% 34506<20 and >15 138 25 5.60 2690 80% 53197<15 and >10 138 25 5.60 2555 80% 50528<10 and >5 138 25 5.60 716 80% 14160<5 and >0 138 25 5.60 125 80% 2472
<0 138 25 5.60 1 80% 20TOTAL 8760 180853
Ancillary Equipment
Equipment/Load TypePlant Input power
(kW)Quantity BIN Hours Load Factor
Annual Power Consumption
(kWh p.a)800mm Condenser Fans 1.94 6 8760 60% 61179.84TOTAL 61180TOTAL ANNUAL POWER CONSUMPTION (kWh p.a) 242033ELECTRICITY TARIFF 0.10$ ESTIMATED ANNUAL RUNNING COST 24,203.33$
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
$33,0738 $31,9355
kWh
Annual Power Consumption (kWh p.a) R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT
R717 vs. R134a 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 24% Reduction in Annual Power Consumption
R717 vs. R410A 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 27% Reduction in Annual Power Consumption
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
$-
$5,000.00
$10,000.00
$15,000.00
$20,000.00
$25,000.00
$30,000.00
$35,000.00
$33,073.76 $31,935.46
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RUNNING COST R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT
R717 vs. R134a 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 24% Reduction in Annual Running Cost
R717 vs. R410A 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 27% Reduction in Annual Running Cost
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2,806
3,641 3,827
Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) R717 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT
R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT
Emiss
ions
(t
R717 vs. R134a 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 23% Reduction in TEWI
R717 vs. R410A 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 27% Reduction in TEWI
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Bigger is Better?
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Bigger is Better?
Alfa Laval U-Turn M10 –M15 PHE
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Bigger is Better?
Liquid Spray & droplets hit separator wall & agglomerate Surface Tension holds Liquid on Separator Wall wall
wall
Separation by Centrifugal Force Heavy Droplets Collide in the 180° Elbow & Agglomerate
Gravity Separation Droplets Separate by Gravitational Forces Along The Flow Path
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Bigger is Better?
55% Reduction In
Operating Charge
150kW R717/Glycol -10SST 457ø Vessel Operating 20% + M10 PHE Operating Charge 60Kg =0.4kw/Kg
150kW R717/Glycol -10SST 300NB S/S U-Turn + M10 PHE Operating Charge 27Kg =0.18kw/Kg
Alfa Laval U-Turn
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Bigger is Better?
Alfa Laval U-Turn M10 PHE
Alfa Laval U-Turn Alfa Nova BPHE
100kW R717/Glycol -10SST 300NB S/S U-Turn + M10 PHE Operating Charge 27Kg =0.27kw/Kg
100kW R717/Glycol -10SST 80NB S/S U-Turn + Alfa Nova BPHE Operating Charge 16Kg =0.16kw/Kg
40% Reduction In
Operating Charge
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
DX Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Superheating Suction vapour decreases PHE Insufficiency Erratic control of metering device Metering device extremely susceptible to Wiring drawing
Commercialising Ammonia DX Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia DX Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Existing 4mW Ammonia Plant : 30kW Glycol Cooling Required
30kW MDM Ammonia Glycol
Commercialising Ammonia DX Ammonia
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Working Examples
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Coles Ropes Crossing CO2 LR Cascade System R717 High Side
Commercialising Ammonia Working Examples
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Commercialising Ammonia Working Examples
Coles Ropes Crossing CO2 LR Cascade System R717 High Side
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Parilla Premium Potatoes R717 Primary/ Dynalene/PCM Secondary
Commercialising Ammonia Working Examples
JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS
Thank you for your attention
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