INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION

ITTO

PROJECT DOCUMENT

TITLE: PROVENANCE EVALUATION, WOOD TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND MARKET SURVEY FOR BALSAWOOD (OCHROMA PYRAMIDALE CAV.) IN THE LACANDON FOREST, CHIAPAS, MEXICO

SERIAL NUMBER: PD 549/09 Rev.3 (I,F,M)

COMMITTEE: FOREST INDUSTRY

SUBMITTED BY: GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO

ORIGINAL LANGUAGE: SPANISH

SUMMARY In order to achieve sustainable forest management to provide the communities of the Lacandon Forest Region with greater social and economic benefits, this project proposal seeks to establish balsawood commercial plantations with the capacity to generate local development processes including timber production, timber processing and the sale of the resulting products on the domestic and international markets. The strategy of this project proposal is based on the combination of various different projects (in the agricultural, forestry, wood anatomy, technology, timber harvesting and processing, and marketing fields) aimed at the same objective: the production and sale of balsawood under a sustainable harvesting system. It is with this holistic vision that the study of provenances, wood technological characterization and market survey of balsawood (Ochroma pyramidale Cav.) are proposed. The project will estimate and assess plantation yields in different localities, market opportunities, timber quality vis-à-vis national and international demand, and risks and opportunities for the development of commercial balsawood plantations. EXECUTING AGENCY ETNOBIOLOGÍA PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN A. C.

DURATION 36 MONTHS

APPROXIMATE STARTING DATE UPON APPROVAL

PROPOSED BUDGET AND OTHER FUNDING SOURCES:

Source Contribution in US$

ITTO 635,918.00

Government of Mexico

Other sources 249,312.00

TOTAL 885,230.00

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: CONTEXT..............................................................................................................4 1.1. Origin ............................................................................................................................4 1.2. Relevance.....................................................................................................................5

1.2.1 Conformity with ITTO’s objectives.........................................................................5 1.2.2 Relevance to the submitting country’s policies .....................................................6

1.3. Target area ..................................................................................................................7 1.3.1 Geographic location .............................................................................................7 1.3.2 Social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects .........................................7

1.4 Expected outcomes at project completion.....................................................................9 PART II. PROJECT RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES....................................................10 2.1 Rationale......................................................................................................................10

2.1.1 Institutional set-up and organizational issues .....................................................10 2.1.2 Stakeholder analysis ...........................................................................................10 2.1.3 Problem analysis .................................................................................................13 2.1.4 Logical framework matrix ....................................................................................15

2.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................18 2.2.1 Development objective and impact indicators.....................................................18 2.2.2 Specific objective and outcome indicators ..........................................................18

PART III. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INTERVENTIONS............................................19 3.1 Outputs and activities ..................................................................................................19

3.1.1 Outputs ................................................................................................................19 3.1.2. Activities .............................................................................................................20

3.2 Implementation approaches and methods ..................................................................22 3.3 Work Plan ....................................................................................................................25 3.4 Budget .........................................................................................................................26

3.4.1 Master budget schedule ......................................................................................26 3.4.2 Consolidated budget by component....................................................................31 3.4.3 ITTO budget by component.................................................................................32 3.4.4 Executing agency budget by component ............................................................33

3.5 Assumptions, risks, sustainability ................................................................................34 3.5.1 Assumptions and risks..............................................................................................34 3.5.2 Sustainability.............................................................................................................34 PART IV. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS .........................................................36 4.1. Organization structure and stakeholder/ beneficiary involvement mechanisms .......36

4.1.1 Executing agency and partners...........................................................................36 4.1.2 Project management team ..................................................................................36 4.1.3 Project steering committee..................................................................................36 4.1.4 Stakeholder involvement mechanisms................................................................37

4.2 Reporting, review, monitoring and evaluation .............................................................37 4.3. Dissemination and mainstreaming of project learning................................................37 ANNEX 1. PROFILES OF THE EXECUTING AND COLLABORATING AGENCIES .....38 ANNEX 2. CURRICULA VITAE........................................................................................41 ANNEX 3. TERMS OF REFERENCE ...............................................................................47 ANNEX 4. REFERENCES ................................................................................................51 ANNEX 5. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 39th PANEL ...............................................52

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ACRONYMS CBMM Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano - México (Mesoamerican

Biological Corridor – Mexico)

CONAFOR Comisión Nacional Forestal (National Forestry Commission)

CSB Clear, slash and burn

DBH Diameter at breast height

ECOSUR Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Southern Border College)

GEEPA Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente (General Law for Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection)

INE Instituto Nacional de Ecología (National Ecology Institute)

ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization

LGDFS Ley General de Desarrollo Forestal Sostenible (General Law for Sustainable Forest Development)

PRODEFOR Programa de Desarrollo Forestal (Forest Development Programme)

REBIMA Reserva Integral de la Biosfera Montes Azules (Integrated Biosphere Reserve of Montes Azules)

SEMARNAT Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources)

SFP Strategic Forest Plan

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PART I. CONTEXT

1.1. Origin Balsawood (Ochroma pyramidale Cav.) is a tropical tree with a wide range of consumer products (pencils, tongue depressors, model aircraft and model making, fishing items and ornamental objects, and others); it is also used for industrial inputs, ranging from ultra light aircraft construction to the manufacture of air generator blades. It is successfully grown in Ecuador where 95% of the world harvest originates (ITTO, 1999) and in exotic locations in Asia Minor (India, Malaysia and Philippines) (Evans, 1982). Despite its marketing potential, all balsawood consumed in Mexico comes from plantations established in Ecuador, and is processed in Canada and USA (ITTO, 1999). It is estimated that Ecuador's balsawood market in 2005 represented US$19,491,620, with an annual market growth rate of 5% (ITTO, 1999). Since 1993 research conducted in the Lacandon Forest (Selva Lacandona) with Maya indigenous communities has studied ethno-botanical aspects and the recovery of traditional ecological knowledge that could be useful in the ecological restoration of Ochroma pyramidale Cav. Such research continues to date thanks to the financial support received from national (CONAFOR, REBIMA, INE, CBMM, ECOSUR) and international institutions (US Fisheries and Wildlife Service - FWS). One of the remarkable aspects is the ancestral practice of Mayan people (lacandones) of growing the tree they call ‘chujúm’ (Ochroma pyramidale). The "chujúm" is a pioneer tree which grows spontaneously in "acahuales" (common term used in Mexico to describe secondary vegetation growth resulting from agricultural practices) and in natural clearings in the Lacandon Forest. The "chujúm" produces light and strong timber in growing cycles of only 5 to 6 years. According to the farmers, this tree allows them to shorten the fallow period of their lands, it promotes soil fertility recovery and controls the presence of other colonising species competing with their crops. In this respect, records show average increases of 5% of organic matter content in the soil of "acahuales" where this tree is dominant (Levy and Golicher, 2004). In the Lacanhá Chansayab, Frontera Corozal and Nueva Palestina communities there are several experimental plantations established over 13 years, where the growth and yield of chujum trees have been monitored. Research on balsawood started in 1996 and there are only a few public references providing information on its production, growth rate, regeneration capacity and traditional management of acahuales (Levy 2000; Levy and Golicher 2004; Douterlungne 2005; Levy et al. 2007; Douterlungne et al., in print; Roman et al. in print). The most significant results show that almost all balsa plants transplanted from the nursery to the paddock survive, and that direct sowing also yields good results. The tree growth in height over the first year showed some surprising data: in the "milpa" plot and “petatilla” paddock (densely invaded by the fern Pteridium aquilinum) trees reached average heights of 7 m in one year, and in the paddock about 2.5 m. For the first two, monthly growth was calculated at a rate of 63 cm (±7 cm) over the first year with a basal area of 4.1 m2/hectare-1 (±0.3). Another significant feature was that when the trees were transplanted in a 2 x 2 m framework, the crowns began to overlap some six to eight months after planting, thus providing a diffuse shade that prevented the growth of the rhizomes of the fern P. aquilinum which completely disappeared from the experimental plot by the end of the first year. The growth of these trees and their subsequent balsawood production could go hand in hand with the “milpa” agricultural cycle, since the latter coincides with the fallow period allowed which ranges between five and eight years (Levy, 2000). Under this scheme, the commercial use of balsawood could have great potential for ecological certification, and for inclusion in fair and green markets. On this basis it is considered advisable to recommend this crop for commercial plantations; however, a previous process is required to ensure success. Also, it is felt necessary to carry out provenance studies in various areas of the Lacandon region and to validate the crop technically and financially in commercial operating conditions that will help estimate yields in various areas, provide data on market opportunities, evaluate the quality of

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the timber with respect to domestic and international demand as well as recognizing the risks involved overall in a project of this size. 1.2. Relevance

1.2.1 Conformity with ITTO’s objectives and priorities The correlation between ITTO objectives and priorities and this project proposal is detailed below. Only those objectives that are directly linked to this project are included under the same order/item as in the original ITTO agreement document. c) Commercial forest plantations, both in pure forest stands and in agro-sylvo-pastoral systems, provide a profitable production alternative to natural forest harvesting. The use of fast-growing local species such as ‘chujum’ with high production potential in plantations can guarantee optimal management and their value-added processing can contribute to sustainable development, while at the same time providing economic benefits to producers and generating employment to help alleviate poverty. The development of balsawood plantations will help producers obtain economic income to improve their quality of life, which is consistent with the objective of contributing to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. d) Since balsawood has a wide range of uses and Mexico imports this timber to meet its domestic demand, balsawood plantations will, on the one hand, supply the national market and on the other, contribute to increasing forest sector exports through the implementation of management, harvesting, processing and marketing strategies that will help achieve certification and chain of custody systems. As a result, the capacity of members to implement strategies for achieving exports of tropical timber and timber products from sustainably managed forest resources will be enhanced. f) The planned sustainable harvesting of balsawood plantations will require knowledge of the various aspects of quality seed collection, seedling production, plantation establishment and management, optimal harvesting and value-added processing of timber, diversification of end products and marketing. Thus, the project envisages research activities in all of these areas so as to promote and support research and development with a view to improving forest management and efficient wood utilization and the competitiveness of wood products relative to other materials, as well as increasing the capacity to conserve and enhance other forest values in timber producing tropical forests. i) The harvesting of tropical timber species needs to be increasingly integrated and diversified. Balsawood is a light wood so it requires different processing and value-adding methods to those used for other timber species. Special advanced techniques will be used in the harvesting of balsawood plantations so as to ensure integrated utilization in the processing of quality end-products. This will contribute to the development of planned sustainable forest management processes. As a result, tropical timber processing in producer member countries will be improved with a view to promoting their industrialization and thereby increasing their employment opportunities and export earnings. j) The establishment of balsawood plantations in wastelands and degraded areas will help extend the tropical forest area and will encourage members to support and develop tropical timber reforestation, as well as rehabilitation and restoration of degraded forest land, with due regard for the interests of local communities dependent on forest resources in the Lacandon Forest. The project is consistent with research, extension and human resource development priorities as well as the actions and goals provided in item 3.3 Forest Industries. The project proposes the following activities:

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Support laboratory research on new species and products; Support industrial trials and production at the pilot level; support extension, training

and dissemination programmes through short technical courses for downstream processing industries;

Prepare research and development proposals that contribute to trials and marketing of new processing and manufacturing technologies;

Organize workshops/seminars on the use of new and/or improved techniques, including technology for increased and further processing;

Study training needs for the sector, develop training strategies, training centers and study curricula; develop training manuals and provide training courses.

1.2.2 Relevance to the submitting country’s policies Mexico's membership of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) has placed the country on a new level with respect to recognizing the value of logging, processing and marketing tropical timbers, which will need to be competitive on international markets. It is a fact that despite its great wealth of tropical timber species, traditionally there has been a focus only on so-called precious species (cedar and mahogany) overlooking other timbers, with a lack of knowledge on their processing properties and technical characteristics still persisting today. To a certain extent this trend has already been reversed as a result of Government policies on the use of so-called common tropical species. In 2002, tropical timbers made up 4.1% of national forest timber production with only 0.3% of the so-called precious species, and the largest share was taken up by timber with low levels of processing and by products such as sleepers for which a large amount of timber is sacrificed in order to comply with the relevant specifications for this kind of product. Current forest policies offer tropical forest land owners access to support for forestation and reforestation, for promotion of sustainable management production chains, as well as technical support for management and utilization of their resources. All this and the backing provided for quality products, completes the scheme for sustainable utilisation of tropical timbers. Mexican policies for this sector regarding research, trials and certification of timber products are described in the following paragraphs extracted from the Strategic Forest Plan - SFP 2025 and from the General Law on Sustainable Forest Development - LGDFS: The SFP 2025 for Mexico provides that specific strategies by activity for timber production must satisfy the needs of the forest industry so that it can successfully face increasingly competitive domestic and international markets. Sub-paragraph “5.4.1 Forest use” provides that one of the priority actions is “To strengthen the role, range and efficiency of PRODEFOR as a mechanism to boost sustainable forest use”, an activity that perfectly matches the activities in this project. In another section relating to the forest industry, sub-paragraph 5.4.3, one of the objectives states as follows: “To renew and expand industrial capacity and the technological and operating base through private investment to create an internationally competitive industry.” Finally, regarding strategies, the project is consistent with the following sub-paragraphs: • To adapt policies and the institutional framework. • To increase education, training and research programme activities. • To support research projects and expand knowledge and technologies on the use of lesser known timber and non-timber species. • To strengthen education on the forest industry in professional, technical and vocational study curricula. • To strengthen training programmes available to industry and producers on new technologies, e-trade and business management. • To link the forest industry with academic and research institution programmes. It is clear from the above that the objective of this project is perfectly consistent with the objectives mentioned both in the SFP 2025 and in the LGDFS.

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1.3. Target area

1.3.1 Geographic location The Lacandon Forest (Selva Lacandona) covers a large moist, tropical region of approximately 1,800,000 hectares located in the State of Chiapas, in Mexico's southeast, on the border with the Republic of Guatemala. The "Selva Lacandona" is the largest remaining high altitude perennial forest in Mexico (Breedlove, 1973; Miranda, 1952), where 28.4% mammal, 31.8% bird, 1.7% reptile, 8.8% amphibian and 14.4% freshwater-aquaculture fish species of Mexico may be found (INE, 1997). The region has seven protected natural areas including two biosphere reserves (INE, 1998). Because of its location connecting Central America and North America, fauna and flora from both sub-continents may be found in the Lacandon Forest which is also home to 12 different ecosystems (INE-SEMARNAT, 2000). As a result, it has been identified by various national and international bodies as one of the highest priority areas for conservation action in the country (Mendoza and Dirzo 1999; Mas et al. 2004). The area is part of the Usumacinta River basin (Muench, 1982). The climate is hot and humid (Am) with abundant rainfall in summer and parts of autumn, and a short dry season (March to May). The average annual temperature is 25°C with an average annual rainfall ranging between 2300 and 2500 mm (García, 1973). The predominant flora is high altitude perennial forest (Miranda and Hernández, 1963), or low mountain rainforest (Breedlove, 1973).

1.3.2 Social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects The Lacandon rainforest is made up of more than a thousand localities that are held under the different land tenure systems provided for in the Mexican National Agrarian Law. In terms of frequency and extension, the main land tenure systems are “ejidos”, followed by community lands and finally small private properties. In 1990 the population of the region was approximately 287,815 spread throughout five sub-regions: Zona Norte (Northern Area), Lacandon Community, Marques de Comillas, Cañadas and Margaritas. The demarcation of these areas was carried out after taking into account the different characteristics found in each area, including: ethnic groups, the origin of the population, the different settlement and

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colonization processes, their levels of integration with the surrounding urban centres (Palenque, Ocosingo, Altamirano, Las Margaritas and Comitan), the quantity and quality of their road communications network, the degree of deforestation and the different land use practices (Marquez, 2001). These sub-regions are home to 8.9% of the total Chiapaneca population and have the highest registered population growth rate (5.7%) of the State of Chiapas and indeed of the whole country. In 2005, the Lacandon rainforest region reached a total population of approximately 620,646, which accounts for 10.2% of the total population of the State of Chiapas (Leyva and Ascencio, 1996; Zúñiga, 1996, 1997 and 2000). The project will be implemented in two of the five sub-regions (Cañadas and Comunidad Lacandona) which are briefly described below. The Cañadas area is a pioneer region in terms of incoming settlers from the Lacandon rainforest region, who are mainly indigenous farmers (Tseltales, Ch´oles y Tsotsiles), from the Altos Region and the municipalities of Altamirano and Margaritas, as well as from the north of the State. The land tenure system in Cañadas includes both the “ejido” system and the private tenure system, with both systems being applied throughout the area in accordance with the settlement process. The main economic production activities include basic grain crops (corn and beans), with coffee increasingly gaining significance as it has become one of the most important commercial crops in the area. Cattle ranching is another important economic production activity that is now practised by a wide range of social groups, from small land owners to indigenous farmers. Forest activities are limited to harvesting activities for household use. The lack of road communication in this region has gradually improved due to the development of an important network of roads that are open and passable throughout most of the year. The area known as the Lacandon Community (Comunidad Lacandona) is the territory occupied by the ethic land partnership formed by the Lacandons, Ch’oles and Tseltales ethnic groups. The Lacandons are settled in Nahá, Metzabok and Lacanjá Chansayab and the Ch’oles and Tseltales in Frontera Corozal and Nueva Palestina respectively. It should be pointed out that the area is functioning under a communal land tenure system which originated from the famous land grant of more than 600,000 hectares given to 66 Lacandon families under the communal land modality system (50 ha per settler in the case of the Tseltales and Ch’oles ethnic groups) which resulted from the population concentration alliance formed between these groups in the population centres of Frontera and Palestina in 1976. The area is named after the Lacandon ethnic group which is currently considered one of the few forest groups that have been able to (partially) maintain their traditional lifestyle adapted to their environment The Lacandons and Ch´oles are native ethnic groups from this region and they have a in-depth traditional knowledge of the regional flora and vegetation and of the clear, slash and burn (CSB) methods used to manage and use it (Marion, 1991; Zuñiga, 2000). "Milpa" is the main agricultural activity in this system; it produces over forty crops associated with maize, mainly for self consumption. During the fallow period or clearing intervals for the "milpa", forest logging activities take place for internal use (building materials and other materials used to make crafts, edible plants, fuel, medicinal plants, tanning and ornamental materials, and wildlife) and for sale (Chamaedorea spp. leaves and Aechmea magdalenae fibre). Tourism and income from the sale of labour complement the production of these lands (Marion, 1991). This traditional agricultural production system is highly adaptable and ecologically balanced; it has potential for sustained and intensive land use without appreciable degradation of the biological and soil environment. Cattle ranching is mainly practised by the Tseltales and to a lesser degree by the Ch’oles and this activity has remained stagnant in terms of development for the past twenty or more years. Despite the implementation of the Pilot Forest Plan in the State of Chiapas, forest activities have faced enormous difficulties due to bureaucratic, organizational and market related problems. However, these three Mayan ethnic groups have experienced an increasing cultural erosion, particularly of their agricultural practices; this has become evident in the drop in "milpa" yields, drop in crop diversity, dissolution of the family structure for production purposes, drop in the rest period for "acahuales" and the dominance of a heavy mosaic of incipient successional phases in large tracts of communal lands (Levy and Aguirre, 1999). Also, one of the major problems in the region is the reduction by over 50% of the forest area in less than five decades, as a result of intensive settlement processes, the expansion of communication

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pathways, uncontrolled forest logging and encroachment into new forest areas for agricultural and livestock raising purposes (Muench N., 1982; Vásquez-Sánchez et al. 1992). 1.4 Expected outcomes at project completion By the end of the project there will be technical knowledge available to recommend growing Ochroma pyramidale in the Lacandon Forest, as a profitable and productive option. The information derived from the establishment of validation plots sown with seeds of various provenances, and the studies of timber quality and market, will provide certainty regarding potential downstream processing, financial profitability and solutions to technical problems arising in commercial scale plantations of Ochroma. As a result of this work, a suitable technological package will be available for the establishment of balsawood plantations and production. Data will be available on the technological properties of the timber and on value-added processing methods for this species. There will be a market survey or study as well as an information system providing type, volume figures, prices, niches, provenance and various processing methods for balsawood. Farmers and business people will have received training in efficient production practices for the establishment of commercial plantations and the manufacture and marketing of their products. It is estimated that over 50% of the deforested area in the Lacandon area is in abandoned paddocks and "acahuales" in fallow periods. Over the past five years some 12,000 hectares of the Chiapaneca coast have been dedicated to growing the African palm (Elaeis guianensis). Differently from this palm, balsawood is a native species for which 5 to 10,000 hectares could easily be made available for the establishment of commercial plantations. Actions will be launched to promote balsawood growing in the sustainable use area of the Reserve of the Biosphere Montes Azules, where the aim is to manage 1,500 hectares under sustainable use over the period 2007 to 2012. A total of 30 dissemination and training courses will be organized for approximately 900 producers and business people interested in growing balsawood. These workshops will emphasize critical issues such as collecting seeds, handling in the nursery and transplanting to the field, as well as growing practices used in plantations. Technical skills will be developed with specialized personnel for the development of a strategy to establish commercial plantations with producers and business people. All of the above will require the support of investment programmes from CONAFOR bodies. Historically, this institution has shown its ability to contribute to the development of innovative proposals such as this one for balsawood.

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PART II. PROJECT RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Rationale

2.1.1 Institutional set-up and organizational issues Through a wide ranging survey process, Mexico has developed an ambitious national forest programme that covers all the types of forests growing in the country: the Strategic Forest Plan 2025. The purpose of this Plan is to promote sustainable development through the creation of new mechanisms or the upgrade of current ones, and to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by international agreements. Many Latin American countries already have a national forest programme, but few attempt to coordinate their activities with other administrative bodies. In Mexico, this inter-institutional coordination is even more necessary now that a long-term Strategic Plan has been launched. The body in charge of the country’s forest portfolio is the Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) through the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR). Because Mexico has only recently become a member of ITTO, to date it has not implemented production projects involving the range of activities from sowing to marketing a tree that has the added advantage of being a native plant, and whose commercial use has been underestimated. However, since Mexico became a member of ITTO approval has been given to, and execution is in progress of projects on mangroves, criteria and indicators for forest management, control of the Meliaceae borer, a laboratory for timber testing and promotion of tropical timber species. On the basis of the experience gained in the region over more than 15 years and with the strong support of ECOSUR and Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C., it is believed that this project would generate valuable technical data that may be translated into new opportunities for growing and processing balsawood as well as tropical timbers in general, so that resource owners may sell their timber with higher added value, for their benefit and for the benefit of the environment.

2.1.2 Stakeholder analysis It is envisaged that this project will be implemented in six “ejidos” and one community, located in the natural resources utilization area within the REBIMA buffer zone. The validation plots will be established in the ejidos of La Democracia, San Felipe Jatate, Nuevo Rodulfo Figueroa, Agua Perla, Nueva Esperanza, Nueva Argentina and in the Lacandon community in the population centers of Nueva Palestina, Frontera Corozal and Lacanhá Chansayab. The ejidos are located in the Canadas sub-region and in particular, in the Miramar micro-region which covers 38,358 hectares and has about 24 population centers, all of which are “ejidos”. Table 1 below shows an analysis of the characteristics of the most important primary and secondary stakeholders in the region. Table 1. Analysis of primary and secondary stakeholders in the Cañadas and Comunidad Lacandona sub-regions of Chiapas

Stakeholder group

Characteristics Problems, needs and interest

Potential Project involvement

Productores orgánicos choles de Montes Azules SSS

Group of Choles indigenous producers from the Nueva Argentina ejido who work in forestry and agroforestry activities; their main economic activity is the production of cocoa in association with sunflower crops

The group has title to their lands. However, they have not managed to diversify their forest production area due to a lack of training in forest management practices

They are settled inside the REBIMA buffer zone and are part of the boundary protection belt between the core zone and the buffer zone; they are keen to participate and are organized.

Direct project beneficiaries

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Stakeholder group

Characteristics Problems, needs and interest

Potential Project involvement

Voces del Jatate SSS

Indigenous group from the Miramar region who live in several ejidos in the region; they participate in agroforestry activities, particularly in cocoa production; they have storage infrastructure as well as a cocoa production plant; they have forested areas as well as areas suitable for reforestation.

Despite being organized, they do not have technical training in forest plantation management, nor have they been given expert advice on the management of forest species.

They cover several ejidos, are well organized and have sufficient land to be able to implement the project.

Direct project beneficiaries

Pop Chan SSS An organization of the Lacandon Community belonging to the Nueva Palestina sub-community that is made up of Tseltal indigenous farmers; it conducts ecotourism activities and has developed an environmental education and community development plan; the members of this organization own lands and have implemented forest harvesting activities.

Tourism regulation MX 133 commits the organization members to establish forest plantations and implement reforestation activities on their lands, but they lack the expertise and economic resources to fulfil their commitment.

Its activities include reforestation and forest plantation establishment in the group’s lands and in the lands of its members; they are very willing to cooperate with the project.

Direct project beneficiaries

Hax Winik Lacandon group that have a diverse range of activities, including ecotourism and forest management; they are located in Lacanja Chansayb, in the Lacandon communal lands.

No technical assistance services or training has been provided to this group in forest management practices, so there is ample room for the implementation of forest management in abandoned areas.

They are trying to secure support mechanisms to carry out forest activities; they are accessible and willing to cooperate.

Direct project beneficiaries

Arrollo Aguilar An organization of Choles indigenous forest producers from the Frontera Corozal sub-community; their economic activities include reforestation and forest rehabilitation and forest plantation projects, as well as projects for the payment of environmental services and harvesting of non-timber forest resources.

No technical assistance services or training has been provided to this group in forest management practices; they have been supported by REBIMA, CONANP

They are very cooperative with the institutions and with their community

Direct beneficiaries

Subcomisariado de Bienes Comunales Palestinos

An agricultural group of the Nueva Palestina sub-community in the Lacandon Community lands; they are notoriously wary of production, conservation and natural resource management programs.

The Tseltal leaders have very limited first-hand information about forest production projects and this has caused them to be very suspicious and wary.

A dialogue has been established with the group and it is expected that relations will be stabilized in the next few months.

They can promote the implemen-tation of the project in Nueva Palestina

Follajes Lacandones

An organization of Choles indigenous producers from the Frontera Corozal sub-community; they are implementing projects for the payment of environmental services and the harvesting of non-timber forest resources; they have authorization for the management of an endangered Camedora palm tree species through a Wildlife Management Unit authorized by SEMARNAT.

Even though they are are organized as a Wildlife Management Unit, they have abused their permit as they do not have the required training for the harvesting of forest resources.

They are very cooperative with the institutions and with their community

Direct project beneficiaries

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Stakeholder group

Characteristics Problems, needs and interest

Potential Project involvement

Secondary stakeholders CONAFOR Government organization

that can support the project with equipment, training and technical assistance in the environmental services area.

The operational rules have not been disseminated and, therefore, there are no major benefits to be derived from forest management; furthermore, there is a lack of technical personnel.

They can facilitate the harmonization and legalization of harvesting permits.

Direct project collaborators

CONANP Government body that can provide social services and support for the organization, as well as facilitating the regulation of the environmental impact.

Has presence and is accepted in the majority of ejidos and communities; however, it has limited financial resources.

Can facilitate community relations and provide technical monitoring, as well as facilitating the harmonization of permits under the General Law on Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (GEEPA)

Direct project collaborators

COFOSECH Government institution responsible for the management, protection and conservation of forests in the State of Chiapas

The institution is far away from the communities

Trained forest personnel that can cooperate with the project

They can facilitate contacts with forest agents

Etnobiología para la Conservación A. C.

Non-government organization that has demonstrated expediency, efficiency and success in the implementation of forest research, ecological rehabilitation and development projects

Very small bureaucratic structure that could be slightly increased to facilitate administrative processes

Has had several successful experiences with projects implemented in the Lacandon Forest

General coordination

ECOSUR Federal Government research institution responsible for the management of natural resources with a significant presence in the south-east of Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Quintana Roo)

An oversized bureaucratic structure which imposes high administration costs on projects

Given its wide recognition, it constitutes a solid institutional support partner

It will provide counterpart funds to the project

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2.1.3 Problem analysis Among the uses of forest resources in Mexico, timber production is still extremely low when compared with domestic demand figures produced by the timber industry. Currently, silvicultural production is the weakest link in the timber production chain, so much so that present domestic production is equivalent to one third of consumption of forest timber products, while imports are needed to cover the other two thirds (National Presidential Office, 2007). Balsawood is a native tree from the tropical rainforests of Mexico; however, its commercial use has been overlooked in several States of the country where it grows spontaneously. In the Lacandon Forest Region there is emerging economic development towards reforestation, mainly in paddocks not currently in use, with exotic species plantations such as melina (Gmelina arboerea), teak (Tectona grandis), rubberwood clones (Hevea brasiliense), bamboo (Bambusa), eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), and African palm (Elaeis guianensis). Furthermore, there have been natural resource-friendly proposals especially for ground cover crops, agro-forestry-livestock systems and other crops such as coffee and cocoa. However, balsawood has elicited no interest whatsoever among the business sector and silvicultural farmers in the region, and to date there are no records of any commercial plantations of this tree in the State or at national level. Lack of knowledge on balsawood properties may be the main reason why it is considered to be useless for forest purposes, despite the fact that with its significant marketing it has always been widely used for aircraft modelling, floating device fill, tongue depressors, crafts and modelling material, mainly with imported timber. In the best case scenario, it may be used, at the local or regional levels, as building material, for arts and crafts or simply cut down and burnt while clearing forest lands for agricultural or livestock purposes. Also, the main obstacle to commercial use of this tree is the lack of awareness of production and commercial viability of plantations of Ochroma pyramidale in the region. To promote this tree it is necessary to define its opportunities as a commercially competitive production alternative, and as a new and native species. There is also a need to acknowledge the technological characteristics of its timber and recommended uses on the basis of such characteristics. Furthermore, balsawood domestic and international market connections and present and potential market opportunities need to be recognized. The necessary basic data for financial assessments need an estimate of actual yield levels in operating conditions, production costs, target markets and product characteristics for Ochroma pyramidale timber. Another major aspect to be considered is genetic diversity of the species. Because the Lacandon Forest is probably the space with the greatest concentration of major and more abundant natural stands and genetic variables of Ochroma pyramidale, it is considered essential to take this genetic variability into consideration by including in the project four provenances along latitudinal and moisture gradients.

14

Lack of

technology development and transfer

Lack of

knowledge on technology,

management and production

costs

Loss and degradation of large

forest areas

Lack of contribution to

development (economic development and social well-

being)

High dependence on balsawood imports

High environmental impact (erosion of water bodies, CO2 emissions, soil degradation, invasion of exotic species)

Lack of

sufficient knowledge on

wood technology

Lack of definition of sawmilling,

drying, machining and

timber processing processes

Lack of

competitive-ness and

processing infrastructure

Lack of market

information system

Lack of information on access to national and

international markets for balsawood products

Lack of knowledge on commercial and production viability and quality of timber

from Ochroma pyramidale plantations in the Lacandon Forest, Chiapas

Lack of plantation establishment technology

Lack of information on technological characteristics and value-added processing

of balsawood

Lack of information on training and technical

assistance for balsawood production

Poor dissemi-

nation of adequate

information

Lack of coordination of technology development

processes with users

PROBLEM TREE

CONSEQUENCES

CAUSES

15

2.1.4 Logical framework matrix

Intervention strategy Measurable indicators Means of verification Key assumptions Development objective To increase the production, productivity and competitiveness levels of forest plantations in the Mexican southeast region.

By 2012 there is a forest area receiving support: a) to incorporate or reintroduce to technical management 7.92 mha, b) to implement silvicultural improvement and forest activities in 1.62 mha and c) to establish commercial forest plantations on 600 mha.

-National statistical data on commercial forest plantations CONAFOR -Satellite images - Plantation management programmes approved by SEMARNAT

The industrial sector and farmers will develop commercial plantations

Specific Objective Achieve profitable and productive Ochroma pyramidale plantations in the Lacandon Forest

1) After three years: a) technical characteristics of Ochroma pyramidale are available to establish plantations; b) market niches have been identified to market balsa timber; c) there are standards for balsawood processing 2) In the area of sustainable use of the Reserve of the Biosphere Montes Azules the goal is to manage 1,500 hectares sustainably in the 2007 to 2012 period

- Technical reports - Manual for sustainable crop management -Agreements with participating communities -Call to support commercial plantations of Ochroma pyramidale

-Farmers and the business sector are interested in sustainable forest production of balsawood -There is legal, political and economic support from CONAFOR and CONANP for the establishment of Ochroma pyramidale plantations -The technological evaluation of the timber promotes competitiveness on the market

Output 1 There is a suitable technological package for the establishment of balsawood plantations and production

-In the first quarter, 10 locations have been selected with contrasting ecological characteristics, for the establishment of balsawood plantations. - In the first semester seeds from 15 parent trees from four different provenances have been selected and collected. - By the end of August of the first year five nurseries have been established.

- Technical reports - Geo-referencing of the five locations and four provenances - Photographs - Kg of seed recovered per tree - Location of nurseries, number of plants produced

- Mechanisms are available for technological transfer and sufficient financial resources for project operation. - There is interest and engagement from producers in the establishment and maintenance of validation plots. - Financial resources from ITTO are received on time.

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Intervention strategy Measurable indicators Means of verification Key assumptions -From the third quarter, four 1 hectare validation plots have been established in each location; four establishment methods of O. pyramidale will be evaluated, for the four different provenances. - Measurements of tree growth and survival rates are taken on a quarterly basis during the first year of the project and every six months from the second year onwards in the validation plots situated in different locations. - Over the three years of the project weeding, pruning and plant protection have been implemented in the validation plots, according to general guidelines for commercial plantations.

- Field verification protocols prepared. - Technological packages developed by the end of the project.

Output 2 Technological characteristics and design of balsawood processing systems are available

By the middle of the second year the following are available: - Assessment of physical and mechanical properties. - Anatomical classification and characterization of wood. - Identification of main chemical components. - Machining tests. - Natural durability tests (bio-degradation). - Suitable processes and techniques for upstream and downstream

- Technical reports on technological properties and processing of balsawood. - Proposals for processing, protection and more suitable uses for balsawood according to its technological and milling characteristics. - Utilization coefficients. - Dimensional stability.

- Technological characteristics of timber coming from natural forest trees are different from timber from plantation trees; there are differences between young and mature trees. - Balsawood has properties that make it suitable for high quality alternate products.

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Intervention strategy Measurable indicators Means of verification Key assumptions processing of balsawood. - Suitable drying processes for balsawood. - Preservation techniques for manufactured products. - Cutting techniques using saws and blades.

Output 3 There is a market intelligence system for O. pyramidale timber available

By the end of the first year, market survey and information system studies have been completed.

- Technical reports - Market study

- Access to information on international markets

Output 4. Efficient balsawood production and marketing practices for most farmers and forest businesses

After three years the following activities have been completed: - 15 training workshops and discussion - 40 visits to demonstration plots - 10 farmer groups have received support - 1 group of business people has received support

- Lists of participants - Training material - Photos - Report of events - Training evidence

Farmers and industrialists are motivated to take part in the actions promoted by the project

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2.2 Objectives

2.2.1 Development objective and impact indicators To increase the production, productivity and competitiveness levels of forest plantations in the Mexican southeast region. Long-term impact indicators include: By 2012 there is a forest area receiving support: a) to incorporate or reintroduce to technical management 7.92 mha, b) to implement silvicultural improvement and forest activities in 1.62 Mha and c) to establish commercial forest plantations on 600 Mha.

2.2.2 Specific objective and outcome indicators Establish profitable and productive Ochroma pyramidale plantations in the Lacandon Forest area. Medium and long-term impact indicators include:

After three years: a) technical characteristics of Ochroma pyramidale are available to establish plantations; b) market niches have been identified to market balsa timber; c) there are standards for balsawood processing

In the area of sustainable use of the Reserve of the Biosphere Montes Azules the goal is to manage 1,500 hectares under sustainable use over the period 2007 to 2012

19

PART III. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INTERVENTIONS 3.1 Outputs and activities

3.1.1 Outputs Specific Objective 1. Establish profitable and productive Ochroma pyramidale plantations in the Lacandon Forest area.

Output 1. There is a suitable technological package for the establishment of balsawood plantations and production. Indicators

In the first quarter, 10 locations have been selected with contrasting ecological characteristics, for the establishment of balsawood plantations.

In the first semester seeds from 15 parent trees from four different provenances have been selected and collected.

By the end of August of the first year five nurseries have been established. From the third quarter, four 1 hectare validation plots have been established in each

location; four establishment methods of O. pyramidale will be evaluated, for the four different provenances.

Measurements of tree growth and survival rates are taken on a quarterly basis during the first year of the project and every six months from the second year onwards in the validation plots situated in different locations.

Over the three years of the project, weeding, pruning and plant protection have been implemented in the validation plots, according to general guidelines for commercial plantations.

Field verification protocols prepared. Technological packages developed by the end of the project.

Output 2. Technological characteristics and design of balsawood processing systems are available. Indicators By the middle of the second year the following are available:

Assessment of physical and mechanical properties. Anatomical classification and characterization and chemical composition of wood. Workability properties (machining). Assessment of resistance to bio-degradation. Suitable processes and techniques for upstream and downstream processing of

balsawood. Suitable drying processes for balsawood. Preservation techniques for manufactured products. Cutting techniques using saws and blades.

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Output 3. There is a market intelligence system for O. pyramidale timber available. Indicators By the end of the first year, market survey and information system studies have been completed. Output 4. Efficient balsawood production and marketing practices for most farmers

and forest businesses After three years the following activities have been completed:

15 training workshops 40 visits to demonstration plots 10 groups of farmers have been trained 1 group of business people has been trained

3.1.2. Activities Specific Objective. Establish profitable and productive Ochroma pyramidale plantations in the Lacandon Forest area.

Output 1. There is a suitable technological package for the establishment of balsawood plantations and production.

Activity 1.1 Selection of 10 locations with contrasting ecological characteristics (soils and moisture), for the establishment of balsawood plantations in the buffer zone of the Reserve of the Biosphere Montes Azules (REBIMA). Activity 1.2 Phenotype selection of parent trees and collection of seeds for each provenance or variety of O. pyramidale along latitudinal and moisture gradients. Selection of four provenances. Selection and collection of seeds from 15 parent trees from each provenance. Activity 1.3 Establishment of ten nurseries (one for each location) with capacity for 4,000 plants each. Activity 1.4 Establishment of 40 1 hectare validation plots (four per location), with four treatments for the establishment of O. pyramidale that will correspond to the four different provenances. Activity 1.5 Evaluate the growth and yield of O. pyramidale in validation plots situated in different locations. Measurements of tree growth and survival rates will be taken on a quarterly basis during the first year and every six months from the second year onwards. Estimates of commercial yield and preliminary totals in the third year using variable regression analysis. Evaluation of cumulative leaf litter, organic matter, N and its components, CEC and other relevant edaphic variables. Activity 1.6 Application of tree management and phytosanitary protection according to general guidelines for commercial plantations. Activity 1.7 Preparation of a technological package for sustainable growing of balsawood.

21

Output 2. Technological characteristics and design of balsawood processing systems are available

Activity 2.1 Collection of testing material, transport, preparation of laboratory specimens and purchase of equipment. Activity 2.2 Assessment of physical and mechanical properties. Activity 2.3 Anatomical classification and characterization of wood. Activity 2.4 Assessment of chemical composition of wood. Activity 2.5 Machining tests to assess response to machines during various processes (dressing, molding, chiseling, sanding and drilling, response to adhesives and finishes) Activity 2.6 Bio-degradation tests with insects and fungi, both in the laboratory and in the field Activity 2.7. Definition of appropriate processes and techniques for upstream and downstream processing of balsawood. Activity 2.8 Selection of suitable drying processes for balsawood. Activity 2.9 Selection of preservation techniques for manufactured products. Activity 2.10 Selection of cutting techniques using saws and blades.

Output 3. There is a market intelligence system for O. pyramidale timber available.

Activity 3.1. Market survey or study. Definition of the product or products for market analysis purposes, pricing of selected products, identification of target market clients. Activity 3.2. Information system study. Product type, volume, pricing and provenance, identification of competition, selected product channels or markets, development of strategies for entry into, and positioning on the target market.

Output 4. Efficient balsawood production and marketing practices for most farmers and forest businesses

Activity 4.1. Training workshops and discussion on commercial management techniques for O. pyramidale plantations, with an emphasis on critical issues such as seed collection, nursery management and transplantation to the field, and crop management practices during the growth phase of the plantation. Activity 4.2. Visits to demonstration plots to study growth, with demonstration of management practices and discussion of potentially suitable agro-forestry systems for ecological, economic, technical and social conditions in the community. Activity 4.3. Organization of farmer and industrialist groups to establish networks for the exchange of information on sustainable processes for the use of balsawood.

22

3.2 Implementation approaches and methods The project will work in cooperation with stakeholders who are directly or indirectly interested in producing and utilizing REBIMA balsawood commercially. A participatory approach will help interested farmer and forest industrialist groups participate in the development of a consensus vision for the sustainable use and management of regional forests. In developing processes to mobilize and train beneficiaries, account will be taken of the need to make progress one step at a time, building awareness, changing perceptions, analyzing problems and identifying socio-economic priorities. The following steps will be taken to implement this participatory development approach. Provenance and validation plots: In order to estimate the impact of interaction with the provenance location and to assess whether there are yield and timber quality differences between the trial locations, validation plots will be established in ten locations in the Lacandon Forest with four different provenances. Regarding the locations, it was agreed to focus on the REBIMA buffer zone, in the sub-regions of Cañadas and Lacandon Community. Regarding provenances it was agreed to collect seeds along an altitudinal and moisture gradient, so four locations were selected: Palenque, in the southern end of the region, the Lacandon Community in the southwest, Nueva Villa Flores in the central area and Pico de Oro in the southeast of the Lacandon Forest region. The first step will be to make a phenotype selection of parent trees for each provenance according to common selection criteria (shape, clean stem, health status, dominance in the stratum and vigor). Collection of germplasm. The above described provenance locations will be searched to identify and locate O. pyramidale trees for seed collection purposes. In this respect, specimen selection criteria will include: DBH over 70 cm, taller than 15 m and with abundant fruit, straight growth pattern and healthy. Also, 15 trees will be selected with these characteristics per provenance, and seeds will be collected when 80% of fruit are ripe. The fruit will be set to dry until the cobs open to free the seeds covered in cottonwool. Cottonwool covering the seeds will be removed by hand. It is expected that 200 g of clean seeds will be obtained per tree; each kilo of seed contains approximately 80,000 seeds. Seeds will be heat-treated (by immersion in boiling water) to encourage germination. Nursery establishment. A nursery will be established in each of the selected locations with minimum capacity for the production of seedlings to be used in the validation plots to be installed. Since 4-ha plantations will be established in each location (with 834 seedlings/ha), the production capacity of each nursery should be 4,000 seedlings, considering an additional 15% to cover germination failure and/or eventual death of seedlings during the initial development phase. Nursery buildings will be of a rustic construction and seedlings will be produced in 15x25 cm plastic bags. Plot establishment. Four 1 hectare validation plots will be established in the selected locations with completely random block designs. Four O. pyramidale treatments (plots) will be evaluated, corresponding to the four different provenances. Four treatment repeats will be implemented in each plot. Planting density will be 4 x 3 m (834 plants/hectare) in a trefoil formation. A common 20 x 20 x 30 cm strain is planned. The validation plots will be subdivided into 2500 m2 per treatment (n = 209 plants) with 625 m2 per repeat (n = 52 plants). Tree growth (base and DBH diameter, total height and cover) and survival rate measurements will be taken on a quarterly basis during the first year and every six months in the second year. The latter represents the percentage of seeding points with live plants. Total plant height from 2 to 4 m will be measured with a tape measure or a 7 meter measuring stick marked every 50 cm. Base and DBH diameter data will be recorded with calipers (1/1000). Tree cover will be measured using the projected shade on the ground at midday. Planting and management. Plants will be produced in 260 mm containers for their establishment at a maximum age of 3 months and seedling height of 25 cm. The silvicultural management system provides for weed control over the first year after planting, with a pre-clearing in the third year. If actual timber production improved on the estimates, clearing in the fifth year with final cutting in the seventh year would be recommended. It is expected that by

23

the third year preliminary estimates of commercial and full yields will be available using variable regression analysis. Timber grading and physical and anatomical characteristics. Sampling size will be four trees with three test samples per tree. These samples will be taken from trees with a minimum DBH of at least 40 cm; straight stem and with no more than 15° deviation from the vertical; with no visible natural defects such as twisted or spiralling grain, etc.; no artificially induced defects such as scars left by physical damage, fire, etc. and in good health, and free from pest attacks (Barcenas, 1995). These trees will be from four previously defined provenances, if possible, taking into consideration the parent trees selected for germplasm collection. It is expected that with this sample size probability rates of 90% may be achieved, with a reliability range of ± 28% with respect to the average (Barcenas, 1995). Samples will be cut outside the sampling sites to avoid altering sample conditions. Anatomical descriptions and identification of physical, mechanical, workability and bio-degradation properties will be carried out in accordance with ASTM D-143, D-1666 standards. Tests will also include the technological characterization of O. pyramidale wood and assessment of correlations between timber quality and tree behaviour at different ages, so as to determine optimal harvesting age. Despite the fact that balsawood is mostly used for indoor applications, the project envisages the implementation of tests to determine the resilience of this timber species to degrading agents as there is very little information available regarding its susceptibility to deterioration in tropical regions. Balsawood is the lightest timber known, with a density of only 100 to 200 kg/m3. This makes the timber vulnerable to attacks from fungi and insects which can occur over short periods of time if the timber is exposed to the elements during its storage, transport and sale. It should be pointed out that fungi attacks in particular can change the natural colour and integrity of the timber, adversely affecting its commercial value. Therefore, the more complete the information generated on the timber, the greater the technological support that can be provided for its utilization. The additional equipment that will be required to assess the physical properties of balsawood will include a liquid carbon dioxide tank and a connection system to adapt it to the temperature and relative humidity control machine to be used for the timber dimensional stability and absorption tests. Furthermore, given that the work to be carried out involves taking a great number samples to determine the shrinkage, expansion and relative density of the timber, we need to accelerate the measurements to ensure the timely completion of the work. In view of this, the project has also considered the purchase of a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer in the Attenuated Total Reflectance Mode (FTIR-ATR), which can also be used to determine chemical composition with greater speed and less contamination. Activities under Output 2 will mostly be conducted in the Forest Product Testing Laboratory of the Institute of Ecology (Instituto de Ecología A.C.) as well as in the San Martinito Experimental Center of the National Institute for Agricultural, Forestry and Livestock Research. Organization of information workshops and discussion: Participatory workshops will be organized in all locations. The substantive aim of these workshops will be to create interest among farmers and businessmen so as to engage them in the project and future project-related activities. To this end, both farmers and businessmen will be kept informed about the outputs achieved in each of the action lines of this project, so as to provide them with updated information on: balsawood species varieties showing the highest growth rates, the mechanical properties of their wood, their technological and design characteristics for processing and industrialization, the opportunities available for this type of timber in the national and international markets, and the type of organization required for production. The aim of these discussions is to develop partnerships as required for the establishment of core working groups for the commercial utilization of balsawood. At the start there will be an explanation of the objectives and interests of the project and of the establishment procedure for validation plots. In this respect, the focus will be on critical issues related to seed collecting, handling in the nursery and transplanting to the field, and growing practices applied in plantations. Later the workshops will discuss the progress achieved towards the outcomes and will clarify any doubts generated along the process. Agroforestry systems will be designed for the ecological,

24

economic, technical and social conditions prevailing in the community. As a result, a common vision and better understanding will be achieved between the work team and workshop participants. Strengthening of local forest management and use organizations: The project will provide support and promote existing cooperatives and associations, and efforts will be made to create a consultation space among groups interested in sustainable balsawood plantations. The information generated by the project will also be useful to federal government institutions (Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources, Natural Protected Areas Commission, National Institute of Ecology), state government institutions (Secretary of Rural Development of the State Government of Chiapas) and NGOs (Conservation International, PRONATURA A.C.).

25

3.3 Work Plan

Year 1 Quarters

Year 1 Quarters

Year 1 Quarters

Outputs/Activities Responsible Party

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Output 1 1.1. Selection of 10 locations with contrasting ecological characteristics Regional Coord. X 1.2. Phenotype selection of parent trees and collection of seeds for each provenance or variety of O. pyramidale

Regional Coord. X

1.3. Establishment of 10 nurseries Local Coordinator Nursery Consultant

X

1.4. Establishment of 40 1-hectare validation plots Regional Coord. X X 1.5. Evaluate the growth and yield of O. pyramidale in validation plots situated in different locations

Regional Coord. X X X X X

1.6. Application of tree management and phytosanitary protection according to general guidelines for commercial plantations

Local Coordinator Regional Coord.

X X X X X X X X

Output 2 2.1. Collection of testing material, transport, preparation of laboratory specimens and purchase of equipment

Local Coordinator Regional Coord. INIFAP, INECOL

X X

2.2. Assessment of physical and mechanical properties INECOL X X X 2.3. Anatomical characterization of wood INECOL X X X 2.4. Assessment of chemical composition INECOL X X X 2.5. Machining tests INECOL X X 2.6. Bio-degradation tests Consult., INECOL X X X 2.7. Definition of appropriate processes and techniques for upstream and downstream processing of balsawood

INECOL

2.8. Selection of suitable drying processes for balsawood INIFAP X X 2.9 Selection of preservation techniques for manufactured products INIFAP X X X X X 2.10 Selection of cutting techniques using saws and blades Consult., INIFAP X X X X X Output 3 3.1. Market survey or study Economics Consultant X X X X Output 4 4.1. Training workshops Comm. Planning Consultant

Facilitators Regional Coord.

X X X X X

4.2. Visits to demonstration plots Comm. Planning Consultant Facilitators Regional Coord.

X X X X

4.3. Organization of farmer and industrialist groups Comm. Planning Consultant Facilitators Regional Coord.

X X

26

3.4 Budget

3.4.1 Master budget

Quantity ITTO Executing Agency Outputs/ Activities

Description Budget Component Year

1 Year

2 Year

3

Unit Unit Cost US$

Total Cost US$ Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Output 1 There is a suitable technological package for the establishment of balsawood plantations and production Proj. Coord. 11.1 3 m/m 2,692.00 8076 8076 Local Coord. 11.2 3 m/m 1,111.00 3333 3333 Local Technicians (4) 11.3 12 m/m 450.00 5400 5400 Labourers 12.1 10 m/m 300.00 3000 3000 DSA 31 90 day 40.00 3600 3600 Air travel 32.1 3 300.00 900 900 Local transport 33 15 100.00 1500 1500 Vehicle 43 1 19,000.00 19000 19000 Fuel & Lubricants 50 8 250.00 2000 2000

Activity 1.1: Selection of 10 locations with contrasting ecological characteristics

Office supplies 54 1 100.00 100 100 Proj. Coord. 11.1 3 2,692.00 8076 8076 Local Coord. 11.2 3 1,111.00 3333 3333 Local Technicians (4) 11.3 12 450.00 5400 5400 Labourers 12.1 20 300.00 6000 6000 DSA 31 70 40.00 2800 2800 Air travel 32.1 7 300.00 2100 2100 Local transport 33 6 100.00 600 600 Herbarium install. 41 3 1,200.00 3600 3600 Office space 41 3 1,200.00 3600 3600 Fuel & Lubricants 50 6 250.00 1500 1500 Utilities 53 1 200.00 200 200 Office supplies 54 1 100.00 100 100

Activity 1.2: Phenotype selection of parent trees and collection of seeds for each provenance or variety of O. pyramidale

Miscellaneous 61 1 2,000.00 2000 2000

27

Forest nursery & botany consultant

13 2 2,000.00 4000 4000

Proj. Coord. 11.1 3 2,692.00 8076 8076 Local Coord. 11.2 3 1,111.00 3333 3333 Local Technicians (4) 11.3 12 450.00 5400 5400 Labourers 12.1 45 300.00 13500 13500 DSA 31 130 40.00 5200 5200 Air travel 32.1 7 300.00 2100 2100 Local transport 33 15 100.00 1500 1500 Pumps and pipes 44 5 540.00 2700 2700 Accessories 44 5 80.00 400 400 Water tanks 44 5 160.00 800 800 Chicken wire 50 5 235.00 1175 1175 Fence posts 50 5 385.00 1925 1925 Germination trays 50 5 615.00 3075 3075 Nursery bags 50 5 310.00 1550 1550 Fertilizers 50 5 160.00 800 800 Barbed wire 50 5 308.00 1540 1540 Tools 44 5 390.00 1950 1950 Computer equipment 44.1 1 1,500.00 1500 1500

Activity 1.3: Establishment of nurseries

Fuel & lubricants 50 6 250.00 1500 1500 Proj. Coord. 11.1 3 2,692.00 8076 8076 Local Coord. 11.2 3 1,111.00 3333 3333 Local Technicians (4) 11.3 12 450.00 5400 5400 Officer in charge of plots

12.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 1,115.00 11150 3716.666 3716.66 3716.66

Labourers 12.1 55 300.00 16500 16500 Plantation Consult. 13 1 2,000.00 2000 2000 Air travel 32.1 7 300.00 2100 2100 DSA 31 100 40.00 4000 4000 Local transport 33 20 100.00 2000 2000 Fuel & Lubricants 50 6 250.00 1500 1500 Soils analysis 50 44 150.00 6600 6600

Activity 1.4: Establishment of 40 1-ha validation plots

Use of laboratory 53 1 500.00 500 500 Proj.Coord. 11.1 6 6 2,692.00 32304 16152 16152 Local Coord. 11.2 6 6 1,111.00 13332 6666 6666 Local Technicians (4) 11.3 48 450.00 21600 21600 Plantation Consult. 13 1 2,000.00 2000 2000 DSA 31 150 150 40.00 12000 6000 6000 Air travel 32.1 7 300.00 2100 2100 Local transport 33 15 100.00 1500 1500 Fuel & lubricants 50 25 250.00 6250 6250

Activity 1.5: Evaluate the growth and yield of O. pyramidale in validation plots situated in different locations Use of library 53 5 500.00 2500 2500

28

Proj. Coord. 11.1 6 6 2,692.00 32304 16152 16152 Local Coord. 11.2 6 6 1,111.00 13332 6666 6666 Local Technicians (4) 11.3 48 450.00 21600 21600 Labourers 12.1 150 300.00 45000 45000 Plantation Consult. 13 1 2,000.00 2000 2000 Air travel 32.1 7 300.00 2100 2100 DSA 31 50 50 40.00 4000 2000 2000 Local transport 33 15 100.00 1500 1500

Activity 1.6: Application of tree management and phytosanitary protection according to general guidelines for commercial plantations

Fuel & lubricants

50 25 250.00 6250 6250

Output 2 Technological characteristics and design of balsawood processing systems are available DSA 31 45 40.00 1800 1800 Fuel & toll fees 50 4 250.00 1000 1000 Labourers 12.1 3 300.00 900 900 Log transp. 33.3 4 1,500.00 6000 6000 Local transport 33 3 100.00 300 300 Air travel 32.1 4 300.00 1200 1200

Activity 2.1: Collection of testing material, transport, preparation of laboratory specimens and purchase of equipment

Labourers

50 20 40.00 800 800

Technician 11.3 14 13 450.00 12150 6300 5850 Nat. Consult. Wood Tech.

12.3 9 1,400.00 12600 12600

Nat. Consult. Wood Tech.

12.3 7 1,400.00 9800 9800

Equipment (wood physics)

44.3 1 60,000.00 60000 60000

Equipment & tools 50 1 1 750.00 1500 750 750 Chemicals & glassware

50 1 1 800.00 1600 800 800

Chromatography lab

44 16 16 55.00 1760 880 880

Activity 2.2: Assessment of physical and mechanical properties and chemical composition of wood

Consumables (trays, wire)

50 1 450.00 450 450

Lab. equipment (Machining) 44.3 1 20,000.00 20000 20000

Consumables (stationery)

50 1 180.00 180 180

Fungus strains 50 1 1 600.00 1200 600 600 Fuel & toll fees 50 2 1 500.00 1500 1000 500

Activity 2.3: Bio-degradation & machining tests

Technicians 11.3 14 14 450.00 12600 6300 6300

29

Tools 50 1 1 800.00 1600 800 800 DSA 31 30 40.00 1200 1200 Labourers 12.1 24 24 300.00 14400 7200 7200 Nat. Consult. Timber Processing

12.3 9 9 1,400.00 25200 12600 12600

Air travel 32.1 3 300.00 900 900 Power tools 50 3 2 150.00 750 450 300 Processing tests 50 1 1 6,428.57 12857.14 6,428.57 6,428.57 Computer equipment

44.1 1 1 300.00 600 300 300

Consumables 50 1 1 450.00 900 450.00 450.00 Fellowships 15 12 12 250.00 6000 3000 3000

Activity 2.4: Definition of appropriate processes and techniques for upstream and downstream processing of balsawood

Local transport 33 0.5 100.00 50 50 DSA 31 25 40.00 1000 1000 Air travel 32.1 2 300.00 600 600 Equipment – Solar kiln

44.3 1 8,000.00 8000 8000

Fuel & lubricants 50 1 250.00 250 250 Air drying 50 1 800.00 800 800 Conventional kiln drying

50 1 1,500.00 1500 1500

Solar kiln drying 50 1 900.00 900 900 Local transport 33 0.75 100.00 75 75 DSA 31 25 40.00 1000 1000 Air travel 32.1 1 300.00 300 300 Fuel & lubricants 50 1 250.00 250 250 Solar kiln drying 50 1 900.00 900 900

Activity 2.5: Selection of suitable drying processes for balsawood

Labourers 12.1 1 300.00 300 300 Local transport 33 2.5 100.00 250 250 DSA 31 51 40.00 2040 2040 Air travel 32.1 2 300.00 600 600 Fuel & lubricants 50 25 250.00 6250 6250 Preservation treatments

50 1 1 2,332.00 4664 2,332.00 2,332.00

Labourers 12.1 1 300.00 300 300 Air travel 32.1 1 300.00 300 300 Preservation treatments

50 1 1,166.00 1166 1166

Activity 2.6: Selection of preservation techniques for manufactured products

Labourers 12.1 1 300.00 300 300

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Local transport 33 2.5 100.00 250 250 DSA 31 25 25 40.00 2000 1000 1000 Air travel 32.1 2 300.00 600 600 Fuel & lubricants 50 30 250.00 7500 7500 Cutting process 50 1 1 1,200.00 2400 1,200.00 1,200.00 Labourers 12.1 1 300.00 300 300 DSA 31 12 40.00 480 480 Air travel 32.1 1 300.00 300 300

Activity 2.7: Selection of cutting techniques using saws and blades

Cutting process 50 1 1 2,400.00 4800 2,400.00 2,400.00 Output 3: There is a market intelligence system for O. pyramidale wood available Activity 3.1: Market survey or study

Market analysis consultant 13.1 1 31,940.00 31940 31940

Output 4: Efficient balsawood production and marketing practices for most farmers and forest businesses Facilitator 13.2 5 5 5 800.00 12000 4000 4000 4000 Community planning consultant

13 1 2,000.00 2000 2000

DSA 31 50 50 50 40.00 6000 2000 2000 2000 Local transport 33 5 5 5 100.00 1500 500 500 500 Fuel & lubricants 50 5 5 5 250.00 3750 1250 1250 1250 Meeting room 53 1 1 200.00 400 200 200 Miscellaneous 61 5 5 5 500.00 7500 2500 2500 2500

Activity 4.1: Training workshops

Community planning consultant

13 1 2,000.00 2000 2000

DSA 31 10 20 20 40.00 2000 400 800 800 Local transport 33 2 2 2 100.00 600 200 200 200 Fuel & lubricants 50 3 4 3 250.00 2500 750 1000 750

Activity 4.2: Visits to demonstration plots

DSA 31 5 5 5 40.00 600 200 200 200 Local transport 33 1 1 1 100.00 300 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fuel & lubricants 50 1 2 2 250.00 1250 250.00 500 500 Labourers 12.1 42 300.00 12600 12600 Auditing 62 1.00 1 1 1,150.00 3450 1,150.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 Administrator’s salary

11.4 11.0 12 12 214.00 7490 2354 2568 2568

Activity 4.3: Organization of farmer and industrialist groups

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3.4.2 Consolidated project budget by component

Budget Components

Component

Project Personnel Input Unit Costs TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 11.1. Project Coordinator 36 2692 96,912.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 11.2. Local Coordinator 36 1111 39,996.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 11.3. Local Technicians 199 450 89,550.00 33,975.00 33,975.00 21,600.00 11.4. Administrator 35 214 7,490.00 2,496.67 2,496.67 2,496.67 12.1. Labourers 377 300 113,100.00 60,300.00 30,300.00 22,500.00 12.2. Officers in charge of plots 10 1115 11,150.00 3,716.67 3,716.67 3,716.67 12.3. Other labour 18 2644.4444 47,600.00 25,200.00 22,400.00 13. National Consultants 1 14000 14,000.00 6,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 13.1. Market Analysis Consultant 1 31940 31,940.00 31,940.00 13.2. Workshop Facilitator 15 800 12,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 15. Post-graduate fellowships 24 250 6,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00

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19. Component Total 469,738.00 216,264.33 149,524.33 103,949.33

Travel 0 31. Daily Subsistence Allowance 1243 40 49,720.00 24,126.67 14,726.67 10,866.67 32.1. Air travel 54 300 16,200.00 10,200.00 3,900.00 2,100.00 33. Local Transport Costs 119.25 100 11,925.00 7,012.50 2,612.50 2,300.00 33.3. Other 4 1500 6,000.00 6,000.00

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39. Component Total 83,845.00 47,339.17 21,239.17 15,266.67

Capital Items 0 41. Equipment 6 1200 7,200.00 7,200.00 43. Vehicles 1 19000 19,000.00 19,000.00 44. Accessories 52 146.346154 7,610.00 6,730.00 880 44.1. Computer Equipment 3 700 2,100.00 1,800.00 300 44.3. Other 3 22000 88,000.00 44,000.00 44,000.00

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49. Component Total 123,910.00 78,730.00 45,180.00 0

Consumable Items 294 336.33381 98,882.14 54,423.57 35,708.57 8,750.00 53. Meeting room 9 400 3,600.00 833.33 1,383.33 1,383.33 54. Office supplies 2 100 200 200

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59. Component Total 102,682.14 55,456.90 37,091.90 10,133.33

Miscellaneous 0 61. Sundry 16 593.75 9,500.00 4,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 62. Auditing 3 1150 3,450.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 1,150.00

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69. Component Total 12,950.00 5,650.00 3,650.00 3,650.00

100 GRAND TOTAL 793,125.14

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3.4.3 ITTO budget by component Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 10. PROJECT PERSONNEL 11.2. Local Coordinator 39,996.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 11.3. Local Technicians 89,550.00 33,975.00 33,975.00 21,600.00 11.4. Administrator 7,490.00 2,496.67 2,496.67 2,496.67 12.1. Labourers 98,700.00 53,100.00 23,100.00 22,500.00 12.2. Officers in charge of plots 11,150.00 3,716.67 3,716.67 3,716.67 13 Forest nursery & botany consultant 4,000.00 4,000.00 13 Plantation management consultant 6,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 13 Community planning consultant 4,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 131. Market analysis consultant 31,940.00 31,940.00 13.2. Workshop facilitator 12,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 15. Post-graduate fellowships 6,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 19. COMPONENT TOTAL 310,826.00 153,560.34 87,620.34 69,645.34 30. DUTY TRAVEL 31. Daily subsistence allowance (DSA) 49,720.00 24,126.67 14,726.67 10,866.67 32.1. Air travel 16,200.00 10,200.00 3,900.00 2,100.00 33. Local transport costs 11,925.00 7,012.50 2,612.50 2,300.00 33.3. Log transport 6,000.00 6,000.00 39. COMPONENT TOTAL 83,845.00 47,339.17 21,239.17 15,266.67 40. CAPITAL ITEMS 43. Vehicles 19,000.00 19,000.00 44. Capital equipment (Irrigation pumps and pipes, water tanks, tools, accessories)

7,610.00 6,730.00 880

44.1. Computer equipment 2,100.00 1,800.00 300 44.3. Solar kiln equipment 8,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 49. COMPONENT TOTAL 36,710.00 31,530.00 5180 50. CONSUMABLE ITEMS 51. Consumable supplies and raw materials 98,882.14 54,423.57 35,708.57 8,750.00 53. Meeting room 400.00 133.33 133.33 133.33 54. Office supplies 200 200 59. COMPONENT TOTAL 99,482.14 54,756.90 35,841.90 8,883.33 60. MISCELLANEOUS 61. Sundry 9,500.00 4,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 62. Auditing 3,450.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 69. COMPONENT TOTAL 12,950.00 5,650.00 3,650.00 3,650.00

SUBTOTAL 1 543,813.14 292,836.41 153,531.41 97,445.34 80. PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION 81. ITTO monitoring and review $30,000.00 82. ITTO ex-post evaluation $15,000.00

SUBTOTAL 2 $588,813.14 83. Program Support Costs (8% of Overall Budget) $47,105.05 ITTO TOTAL $635,918.19

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3.4.4 Executing agency budget by component

Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

10. PROJECT PERSONNEL 11.1.Project Coordinator 96,912.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 12.1. Labourers 14,400.00 7,200.00 7,200.00 12.3. National Consultants 47,600.00 25,200.00 22,400.00 19. COMPONENT TOTAL 158,912.00 64,704.00 61,904.00 32,304.00 40. CAPITAL ITEMS 41. Premises 7,200.00 7,200.00 44.3. Laboratory equipment (wood physics and machining)

80,000.00 40,000.00 40,000.00

49. COMPONENT TOTAL 87,200.00 47,200.00 40000 215608 50. CONSUMABLE ITEMS 53. Library costs, laboratory costs, utilities 3,200.00 700.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 59. COMPONENT TOTAL 3,200.00 700.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 EXECUTING AGENCY/HOST GOVT. TOTAL 249,312.00 112,604.00 103,154.00 249,162.00

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3.5 Assumptions, risks, sustainability

3.5.1 Assumptions and risks The main risks are associated with the willingness of farmers and the business sector to engage in the sustainable forest production of balsawood. It may be that initially they are interested in attending training workshops and getting information on the general characteristics of the project; however, and despite the fact that balsawood is produced after a short cycle, medium and long-term actions involve a significant risk of desertion, especially by the poorest farmers. Another risk is that the quality and quantity of Ochroma timber from Chiapas plantations are not competitive, thus affecting the ability to sell their products. To reduce such risks, the strategy will be to try to ensure legal, political and economic support from CONAFOR, the state government and CONANP to promote the establishment of Ochroma pyramidale plantations. It is hoped that this will keep officers of these institutions informed on the progress and prospects of the project, with the purpose of eventually seeing them incorporate into their development plans and internal policies, initiatives that provide support for this kind of emerging production projects. Also, forest commercial plantations could receive incentives and support from soft loans and local development projects. For balsawood to become more competitive the project has planned to collect the most outstanding variables (provenances) of this tree, as well as the most favourable ecologic conditions (locations) from which to define the best production conditions and most productive varieties. These two are unknown aspects for the region and the country.

3.5.2 Sustainability 3.5.2.1 Social sustainability Unfortunately, the Chiapas State ethnic groups, together with the ones from the State of Oaxaca, are the poorest in the country. In the Lacandon Forest region, indigenous groups have few opportunities to use the forest and to produce income from the forest. The sale of balsawood, after a certain amount of processing, could generate additional income for these farmers, by applying some kind of sustainable utilization of secondary vegetation and without the need to cut mature forests in order to open up land suitable for cultivation. In this respect, the use of O. pyramidale offers the possibility of trading the timber of this species which grows spontaneously in the "acahuales" of the region. Large abandoned paddocks and fallow "acahuales" could be used in this process, which would increase their economic profitability as it could even bring in the equivalent of the income provided by livestock farming. 3.5.2.2 Technical sustainability Despite the fact that Ecuador has been growing balsa trees for over 20 years, there are very few publications on the agricultural and silvicultural management of the species with a focus on the selection of strong and light timber varieties. Furthermore, our research on balsawood constitutes one of the few public references providing data on growing the tree, growth rates, restoration ability of this species and traditional management methods for "acahuales" (Levy, 2000; Levy and Golicher 2004; Douterlungne 2005; Levy et al., 2007 and Douterlungne et al., in print; Román et al., in print). However, there is still much to be done on the development of growing techniques for Ochroma pyramidale, as well as on the study of its role in the improvement of three major aspects: the use of land in the Lacandon Forest area which requires stabilization, procedures for its reconversion to tree vegetation and the opportunity to utilize native forest species commercially. By studying the behaviour of different provenances of balsawood in different locations it will be possible to define the most favourable production conditions and the most productive varieties. However, little is known regarding the characteristics of the timber of the varieties of this species, its cultivation methods, commercial use and domestic market. A thorough search of material on this species was completed, with very poor results. Basically, monograph data were found on the species and some more abundant information on its commercial uses. This gap in information may be attributed to the fact that despite the significant experience gained in Ecuador with commercial production of this species, the data generated has been used for private purposes and is not generally available. This project will produce a wealth of information on the above mentioned aspects, which will be complemented with any data generated over the past 15 years. 3.5.2.3 Economic sustainability. Ochroma's economic significance lies in the fact that its timber is strong and of very light density, it is useful for over 50 commercial products (pencils, tongue depressors, aircraft modelling, ornamental and others) and for internal consumption (rural buildings). Growing this species could benefit an important sector of the farming community living in the Lacandon Forest area. Balsawood is grown successfully in Ecuador where 95% of the global crop originates, and it is estimated that the market represents US $20,000,000.00 each year, with an annual growth rate of 5%. It is believed that processing

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and selling balsawood could offer an excellent economic opportunity for the region's farmers. Ochroma has been successfully grown in the Lacanhá Chansayab community, in association with ‘pita’ (Aechmea magdalenae) and there is potential to extend this combination to other commercially interesting wild species such as ‘palma xate’ (Chamaedorea spp.), heliconias, ferns, cocoa, cedar and mahogany. 3.5.2.4 Environmental sustainability. The ability of this species to increase the amount of organic matter in the soil means that it helps shorten the fallow period without impacting on agricultural production. Considering that this is a native species offering economic potential, rapid growth and easy establishment, its use in rehabilitation of "milpas" and degraded paddocks may be a viable alternative. In this respect, there is a first documented case of efficient eradication of P. aquilinum in the tropical region without the use of herbicides. Furthermore, this tree may be used to restore areas affected by forest fires, as there is evidence that this species not only facilitates successional development but also is able to accelerate such development by encouraging the development of intermediate and late growing species and suppressing the growth of early species. These are all tangible effects after only four years since the trees were planted. This species also can be used as an alternative for the establishment of connectors in the current international project of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, as well as in the buffer strip of the Reserves of the Chiapas Biosphere and its natural protected areas. 3.5.2.5 Institutional and financial sustainability It is imperative to guarantee the financial sustainability of this project after the financial backing from ITTO has ended. Fortunately, both CONAFOR and CONANP have provided support for more than 10 years for the harvesting and utilization of balsawood. In cooperation with these two institutions, we are currently implementing a project for the rehabilitation of degraded pasturelands through the use of balsawood and other native species. This initiative has allowed us to raise interest among local farmers in the use of this species and its potential for commercial utilization. Both CONAFOR and CONANP are fully aware that the financial support of ITTO will only last for a period of three years and that the harvesting cycle for balsawood can have a duration of 5 to 7 years. In view of this, both institutions have expressed their willingness to provide support from their wide range of forest development programs for the continuation of this project for a minimum additional period of two years. This financial support will be required to cover field expenses (travel costs and DSA) for the work team to conduct the necessary measurements and implement the required phytosanitary practices, as well as financial compensation for plot owners. Furthermore, it is possible that, upon project completion, the results of this project will attract the interest of the industrial sector, which would be an excellent partner to ensure the financial sustainability of the project.

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PART IV. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 4.1. Organization structure and stakeholder involvement mechanisms

4.1.1 Executing agency and partners The top hierarchy of the project will be the Steering Committee, consisting of a representative from each of the following institutions: Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C., the Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) and the Reserve of the Biosphere Montes Azules. The project will be implemented in the Lacandon Forest region, with an administration office based in the City of San Cristóbal de las Casas. Support will be provided by a Consultative Council based in the City of San Cristóbal de las Casas; to this end, besides the institutions members of the Steering Committee, regional public and private sector organizations will be invited, associated with forest development, such as regional CONAFOR, the Sustainable Forest Commission of the Chiapas Government, regional Chapingo Centers and Chiapas timber businesses. The executing agency in charge of project administration is Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C., which will implement activities in cooperation with ECOSUR. The Colegio de la Frontera Sur, a CONACYT public research centre established to contribute to sustainable development in the southern border areas of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean by generating knowledge, training human resources and linking social and natural sciences, is located in five cities of the southern border area of Mexico. It has 122 researchers and 172 academic technicians, and focuses on three research areas: Conservation of Biodiversity; Society, Culture and Health and Alternative Production Systems. It has two postgraduate courses, one master’s degree in Natural Resources and Rural Development and a PhD in Ecology and Sustainable Development, both accredited on the national schedule.

4.1.2 Project management team The project proposes Dr Samuel I. Ley Tacher as general coordinator who will be in charge of coordinating daily management of the project and who will also appoint other professional, administration and finance personnel for the project management team. A local coordinator is also envisaged, to work together with three technicians. This team will be in charge of implementing field activities undertaken by the project. In the various locations, 10 farmers will be selected, who will be in charge of coordination with their peers. These farmers will be led by the coordinators.

4.1.3 Project steering committee A Steering Committee will be established to oversee project execution, approve expenditure under the budget, review activities implemented and study budgets and scheduled activities to propose changes where applicable. The Steering Committee of the project will oversee the general strategic administration of the project and will ensure that the project advances efficiently and according to the stipulated programme under its logical framework matrix, work plan and other aspects of the project document. The Steering Committee will consist of: • M. C. Alberto Nulman Magidin, chairperson, • A representative of CONAFOR, • A representative of ITTO, • A representative of REBIMA • Dr Esperanza Tuñon, Director of ECOSUR. • Alejandro Dumas, representative of non-governmental organizations (NGO), • Dr Samuel I. Levy Tacher, Project Coordinator.

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4.1.4 Stakeholder involvement mechanisms A Consultative Committee will be established, consisting of representatives of local and regional authorities and organizations, local communities, research and education institutions, civil society groups and NGOs, as well as freelance experts, members of Parliament and other stakeholders. This committee will maintain all stakeholders informed of project execution and will ensure their involvement; it will also provide a platform for stakeholders to provide their input to the project. 4.2 Reporting, review, monitoring and evaluation a) Mid-term progress reports: six-monthly progress reports will be prepared as provided by ITTO. These will be sent to the Steering Committee members at least 4 weeks before scheduled evaluation meetings. Mid-term reports will be prepared for each monitoring visit, 4 weeks in advance and 2 months before the ITTO Council Session. b) Final report of the project: The final report will be delivered within 90 days of the expected completion date of the project, unless an extraordinary extension is requested and this is approved. The Coordinator will be responsible for report preparation in accordance with ITTO requirements. c) Project technical reports: A partial report, additional to the final report, will be prepared for each outcome. All reports will be submitted by the Technical Coordinator. Partial, technical and final reports, as well as the documents developed for training, dissemination and promotion purposes, will be in electronic format with a hard copy version, and will bear the relevant credits. d) Monitoring and reporting visits by the Steering Committee: The project will be subject to control and evaluation by the Steering Committee every 6 months. If the Steering Committee so requires, non scheduled evaluations will be carried out. e) Evaluation: the dates of the monitoring, review and evaluation will be agreed jointly by ITTO and the project management. It is expected that an ex-post evaluation will be done within 6 months of project completion. 4.3. Dissemination and mainstreaming of project learning Project outcomes will be transferred to beneficiaries through seminars, workshops, conferences and manuals. They will also be disseminated through two existing platforms: ECOSUR (www.ecosur.mx) and Etnobiología para la Conservación (www.adastra.com.mx). Furthermore, the professional staff that will execute the project will be available to users for additional consultation, either in person or via Internet. Equipment purchased with project finance will be the responsibility of Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C. and ECOSUR, for similar future work.

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ANNEX 1. PROFILES OF THE EXECUTING AND COLLABORATING AGENCIES Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C. is a non-governmental organization founded in 1999. Its mission is to protect Mexico's biological and cultural diversity by planning and implementing development, research and dissemination projects to conserve and restore ecosystems and to recover ethno-biological knowledge. Its main objectives include the promotion, establishment and implementation of development programmes and other scientific or technical research and experiment activities, economic and scientific cooperation focusing on knowledge, use and conservation of biotic and natural resources, as well as the promotion of all kinds of activities for environmental conservation and rural community development. Flowchart of executing agency:

The Board of Etnobiología para la Conservación A. C. is headquartered in the City of Mexico and has a regional coordination office in the City of San Cristóbal de las Casas. Legal representatives

Chairperson: Mr. C. Alberto Nulman Magidin Treasurer: Ana Montes de Oca Secretary: Jaime Albarran

The project will be coordinated and implemented by Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C. in cooperation with the Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). CONAFOR will be the institution in charge of project management and supervision. The project will also have the support of other advisers who have worked for many years in the development of this proposal. These advisers will be represented by various institutions that will closely cooperate with the project. Thus, the project will have the support of Dr. J. Rogelio Aguirre Rivera, Director of the Research Institute for Desert Areas, Dr. Guadalupe Bárcenas Pazos, Director of INECOL’s testing laboratory, Dr. José Amador Honorato Salazar, INIFAP, José Zúñiga Morales MSc., Director of REBIMA, and Saúl Moreno Gómez MSc., Forestry Expert. The proposed work structure is shown in the project management chart below:

General Meeting

Management

Training and Rural Development

Administration

Regional Coordination State of Mexico

Regional Coordination State of Chiapas

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Project Organizational Chart

Provenance Evaluation, Wood Technological Characterization and Market Survey for Balsawood (Ochroma Pyramidale Cav.) in the Lacandon Forest, Chiapas, Mexico

A list of major projects or studies implemented by Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C. and respective donors is given below: Restoration of the connectivity in the landscape based on traditional Mayan ecological

knowledge in the townships of Nueva Palestina and Plan de Ayutla, Selva Lacandona, REBIMA, Chiapas. Financed by Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, A.C. Period: 01/06/2009 to 30/06/2010. Project budget $1,498,890.00.

Documenting the advantages of traditional Mayan techniques for conservation and restoration in the mitigation of climate change and biodiversity preservation. Financed by Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Period: 01/06/2008 to 30/12/2008. Project budget $200,000.00.

Rehabilitation of areas affected by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) by clustering with polyvalent native species in the Lacandon Forest. Financed by Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Period: 01/06/2007 to 30/12/2007. Project budget $170,000.00

Audiovisual recording and making of the videos “Hacedores de Selvas, Técnicas agrícolas tradicionales mayas" (Making forests, Traditional Mayan agricultural

Policy and operational framework for project implementation: Forest Strategic Programme for Mexico 2025

CONAFOR

ITTO Committee for Project Monitoring and Evaluation

General Project Coordination

Local Project Coordination

Local Technicians

Officers in charge of validation plots

Facilitators of training events

External Consultant in Botany and Forest

Nurseries

External Consultant in Wood Technology

External Consultant in Timber Processing

External Consultant in Community

Planning

External Consultant in Forest Plantations

External Consultant in Economics and

Marketing

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techniques). Financed by Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Period: 01/06/2007 to 30/12/2007. Project budget $200,000.00

Establishment of biological connectors using traditional Mayan techniques of forest management and use. Financed by COCyTECH. Period: 01/01/2007 to 30/12/2008. Project budget $402,000.00

Design of biological connectors using traditional Mayan techniques of forest management and use. Financed by Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano-México. Period: 01/01/2007 to 30/09/2007. Project budget $690,000.00

Production of firewood and building materials using plant links in the sub-community of Nueva Palestina, Municipality of Ocosingo, Chiapas, lacandon community. Financed by SEMARNAT. Period: 01/06/2006 to 30/12/2006. Project budget $332,000.00

Training farmers and dissemination of techniques to form connectors in degraded areas with commercial native forest species in the Lacandon Forest. Financed by Fisheries and Wildlife Service of the United States of America (FWS). Period: 01/01/2006 to 30/12/2006. Project budget $30,000.00 (dollars)

Production reconversion of "acahuales" and degraded areas with commercial native forest species in the Lacandon Forest. Financed by: CONAFOR-CONACYT. Period: 01/01/2006 to 30/12/2008. Project budget $1,000,000.00

Restoration of landscape connectivity based on traditional Mayan ecological knowledge in the communities of Nueva Palestina and Plan de Ayutla, Lacandon Forest, REBIMA, Chiapas. Financed by the Mexican Fund for the Conservation of Nature. Period: 01/06/2009 to 01/06/2010. Project budget: $1,498,890.00

Restoration of landscape connectivity based on traditional Mayan ecological knowledge in the community of Nueva Palestina, Lacandon Forest, REBIMA, Chiapas. Period: 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2010. Project budget: 1,344,267.30.

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ANNEX 2. CURRICULA VITAE Full name: Samuel Israel Levy Tacher Private address: Calz. Daniel Sarmiento R. # 26 Col. Los alcanfores, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas. Postcode 29246 Telephone and email 044967 114 67 27; 01 (9) 674-9000 ext 1323; slevy@ecosur.mx Place and date of birth: Mexico D.F. 14 November 1958 Marital Status: Married Nationality: Mexican Languages: English (spoken, reading and writing); Hebrew (spoken and reading) WORK DETAILS Category: Principal researcher class ‘A’ Research area: Forest conservation and restoration in Chiapas Department: Land Ecology and Systematics Area: Biodiversity Conservation Division Unit: San Cristóbal de las Casas Length of service in category: From 01/03/2006 Length of service in institution: 9 years Institution: Colegio de la Frontera Sur ACADEMIC BACKGROUND PhD Post-graduate College Botany June 2000 CONACyT Fellow Master’s Degree Post-graduate College Botany May 1991 CONACyT Fellow Bachelor’s Degree Metropolitan Autonomous University Agricultural Engineer October 1984 Publications Peer reviewed articles published in indexed publications (ISI and Padrón of CONACYT (IRMCyT)) Levy T., S.; E. Hernández X.; E. García. M.; A. Castillo M. 1991. Sucesión secundaria bajo roza-tumba-quema en Yucatán. Agrociencia (Ser. Rec. Nat. Ren). 1(3):7-24. Levy T., J. R. Aguirre R.; M. M. Romero M.; A. Durán F. 2002. Caracterización del uso tradicional de la flora espontánea en la comunidad lacandona de Lacanhá Chansayab, Chiapas, México. Interciencia 27:10:512-520. Levy T., S. I. & Golicher D. 2004. How Predictive is Traditional Ecological Knowledge? The case of the Lacandon Maya fallow enrichment system. Interciencia 29:9:496-503. Levy-Tacher, J. R. Aguirre R. 2005. Sucessional pathways derived from different use patterns by Lacandon Mayan Indians. Journal of sustainable agriculture 26:1:49-82.

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Diemont, S.A.W.; Jay F. Martin & Levy-Tacher, S. 2006. Emergy Evaluation of Lacandon Maya indigenous Swidden Agro-forestry in Chiapas, Mexico. Agro-forestry Systems 66:23-42. Golicher, D., Ramírez-Marcial N., S.I. Levy-Tacher. 2006. Correlations between precipitation patterns in southern Mexico and the El Niño sea surface temperature index. Interciencia 31:1:1-6. Martin, J. F., Diemont, S.A.W., Powell, E., Stanton M., Levy-Tacher, S. 2006. Energy Evaluation of the Performance and Sustainability of Three Agriculture Systems whit Different Scales and Management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 115:128-140. Levy-Tacher S. I., Aguirre R., J. R., Gercía P., J.D., Martínez. R., M. M. 2006. Aspectos florísticos de Lacanhá Chansayab, selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Acta Botánica Mexicana 77:69-98 Diemont, S.A.W., J.F. Martin, S.I. Levy-Tacher, R.B. Nigh, P. Ramirez-Lopez and J. D. Golicher. 2006. Lacandon Maya Forest management: Restoration of soil fertility using native tree species. Ecological Engineering. 28;205-212. Aronson, J., D. Renison, O. Rangel-Ch., S. Levy-Tacher, S., C. Ovalle, & A. Del Pozo. 2007. Restauración del Capital Natural; Sin reservas no hay bienes y servicios. Ecosistemas 16(3): 15-24. Román D., F., Levy T., S.I., Perales R., H., Ramírez M., N., Douterlungne D., López M., S. 2007. Establecimiento de seis especies arbóreas nativas en un pastizal degradado en la selva lacandona, Chiapas, México. Ecología Aplicada 6(1,2)1-8. Peer reviewed articles published in journals of other indexes and/or peer reviewed book chapters or books published by prestigious publishing houses Hernández X., E.; S. Levy T.; L. Arias R. 1987. Hacia una evaluación de los recursos naturales renovables bajo el sistema de roza-tumba-quema en México. In: H.G. Luna; M. Caballero D.; R. Villareal-Cautin (Eds.). Evaluación de tierras y recursos para la planeación nacional en las zonas tropicales. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Gen. Tech. Report wo-39. Washington, D.C. pp 338-340. Levy T., S.; E. Hernández X. 1990. Producción de leña con especies nativas y su relación con la sucesión secundaria en Yaxcaba, Yucatán. In: F. Zavala C. (Comp.) Primera Reunión Nacional sobre Dendroenergía. UACH, Univ. Autónoma de León, Univ. Autónoma Agraria Narro y Centro de Genética Forestal, A.C. Chapingo, Edo. de México. pp 327-336. Levy T., S.; E. Hernández X. 1991. La sucesión secundaria en Yucatán y su manejo. In: D. Zizumbo V.; C. Rasmussen; L. M. Arias R.; S. Teran C. (Eds.). La modernización de la milpa en Yucatán: utopía o realidad. CICY- DANIDA. Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, pp 203-215. E. Hernández X., E. Bello B., S. Levy T. (Comps.) 1995. La milpa en Yucatán: un sistema de producción agrícola tradicional. Volumes 1 and 2. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, municipio de Texcoco, Edo. de México, 642 p. E. Hernández X.; E. Bello B.; S. Levy T. 1995. Agricultura tradicional en México. In: E. Hernández X.; E. Bello B.; S. Levy T. (Comps.). La milpa en Yucatán: un sistema de producción agrícola tradicional. Volume 1. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, Edo. de México. pp 15-34. E. Hernández X.; S. Levy T.; E. Bello B. 1995. La roza-tumba-quema en Yucatán. In: E. Hernández X.; E. Bello B.; S. Levy T. (Comps.). La milpa en Yucatán: un sistema de producción agrícola tradicional. Volume 1. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, Edo. de México. pp 35-86.

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Levy T., S.; E. Hernández X.; E. García. M.; A. Castillo M. 1995. Estudio de la sucesión secundaria bajo roza-tumba-quema en Yucatán. In: E. Hernández X.; E. Bello B.; S. Levy T. (Comps.). La milpa en Yucatán: un sistema de producción agrícola tradicional. Volume 2. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, Edo. de México. pp 149-170. Levy T., S.; E. Hernández X. 1995. Aprovechamiento forestal tradicional de los hubches de Yucatán. In: E. Hernández X.; E. Bello B.; S. Levy T. (Comps.). La milpa en Yucatán: un sistema de producción agrícola tradicional. Volume 2. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, Edo. de México. pp 274-280. Levy T., S., A. Castillo M., E. Hernández X. 1995. Experimentación forestal bajo roza-tumba-quema en Yucatán. In: E. Hernández X.; E. Bello B.; S. Levy T. (Comps.). La milpa en Yucatán: un sistema de producción agrícola tradicional. Volume 2. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, Edo. de México. pp 381-400. Levy T., S.; C. Peña V. 1999. Metabolitos secundarios y alelopatía. Acta Científica Potosina. 14 (1):36-65.2000. Levy T., S.; J. R. Aguirre R. 1999. Conceptuación etnobotánica (experiencia de un estudio en la Lacandona). Revista de Geografía Agrícola. 29:83-114 Levy T., S.; J. R. Aguirre R. 2000. El aprovechamiento agrícola intensivo de los hubchés acahuales o comunidades secundarias de Yucatán. Geográfica. 28:79-103. Diemont, S.A.W.; Jay F. Martin & Levy-Tacher, S. 2005. Emergy Evaluation of Lacandon MayaAgro-forestry in Chiapas, Mexico. Conference Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Emergy pp 37.1-37.24. Dissemination publications Nulman M, A., Levy T.S., and Montes de Oca, A. 2005. Chujum: una alternativa tradicional de Manejo agroforestal en la Selva lacandona. 2005. In collaboration with Conservation International Mexico, A.C., Ad Astra Producciones, S.A. de C.V, Etnobiología para la Conservación A. C., COCyTECH, Comisión Nacional Forestal, Instituto nacional de Ecología, CONABIO, Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano. Video Betacam SP 15 min. Levy T. S; Nulman M. A.; Douterlungne D.; Roman D. F; Golicher D; Montes de Oca A. 2007. Manejo y rehabilitación en la Selva lacandona. In: Ciencia y Desarrollo. 3(33)36:41. Portales B., G. L.; Levy T., S. 2008. Tradición que restaura los lacandones y el chujum. PRONATURA 25:14-19. Nulman M. A., Levy T.S, Montes de Oca, A. and Román D, F. 2008. Constructores de Selvas: Técnicas tradicionales agrícolas mayas frente al calentamiento global. In collaboration with Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Etnobiología para la Conservación A. C. DVCPRO HD recording format 45 min. Name: Francisco José Román Dañobeytia Place and date of birth: Lima, Peru, 26 November 1976 Identity document: passport # 2977229 Current address: Ca. Las Comaleras # 8 Barrio San Diego, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas CV abstract: Forester and Master of Sciences specialising in dendrology, ethno-botany and ecological rehabilitation. Wide ranging experience in forest resource management, urban arboriculture, community forest development and evaluation of traditional ecological knowledge. Has completed numerous inventories of timber resources and projects relating to forestry with native forest species in tropical rainforests of Peru and Mexico.

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I. Personal details

II. Higher education

Bachelor in Forest Sciences Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (Lima, Peru) Period: from 1995 to 2001 Graduated as: Forester Master of Sciences in Natural Resources and Rural Development Colegio de la Frontera Sur – ECOSUR (Chiapas, Mexico) Period: from 2005 to 2006 Graduated as: Master of Sciences

III. Work experience Associated researcher Etnobiología para la Conservación A.C. (Chiapas, Mexico) Period: 2007-2008 University teacher Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (Lima, Peru) Period: 2004 Associated researcher Forest Herbarium (MOL) Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (Lima, Peru) Period: from 2002 to 2004 Freelance consultant Consultancies: ‐ Integrated sustainable use strategies for forest vocation lands in Chanchamayo,

Satipo and Villa Rica. Project FAO GCP/PER-/035/NET. Lima, August – December, 2003.

‐ Development of activities of the management plan for ‘romerillo’ Podocarpus

glomeratus and community demonstration forestation with ‘cedro virgen’ (Cedrela lilloi). Cusco, January – May, 2003.

‐ Management plan for ‘atoq cedro’ and ‘cedro virgen’ stands in the multiuse area

of the Reserve of the Biosphere del Manu. PRO-MANU Agreement Peru – European Union. Cusco, October – December, 2002.

IV. Publications

Douterlungne, D., S. Levy-Tacher; J. D. Golicher; F. Román D. 2008. Applying indigenous knowledge to the restoration of degraded tropical rain forest dominated by bracken. Restoration Ecology (In print). Román D., F.; D. Douterlungne; S. Levy-Tacher; J. R. Aguirre R. ; A. Sánchez G. 2008. Árboles de la selva lacandona. Guía de identificación, propagación y establecimiento de especies forestales nativas para la restauración ecológica (En Prensa).

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Solari, S.; Román, F.; Lerner, T. 2008. Árboles de Lima. Guía práctica de arboricultura urbana. PTYX Editores. Lima. 98 pp. Román D., F.; S. Levy T.; H. Perales R.; N. Ramírez M.; D. Douterlungne; S. López M. 2007. Establecimiento de seis especies forestales nativas en un pastizal degradado en la selva lacandona, Chiapas, México. Ecología Aplicada 6 (1.2): 1-8. Levy T., S.; A. Nulman M.; D. Douterlungne; F. Román D.; J. D. Golicher; A. L. Montes de Oca. 2007. Manejo y rehabilitación en la selva lacandona a partir de las técnicas de agricultura tradicional. Ciencia y Desarrollo 33(206): 36-41. Román D., F. 2006. Establecimiento de seis especies de árboles nativos en un pastizal degradado en la selva lacandona, Chiapas, México. Master of Sciences Thesis Colegio de la Frontera Sur. 65 pp. Román D., F. 2002. Especies forestales utilizadas en la construcción de la vivienda tradicional Asháninka en el ámbito del río Perené, Junín, Perú. Forester graduation thesis. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Lima, 68 pp.

V. Conference papers

‐ VI Congreso Mexicano de Etnobiología. Oaxaca, Mexico. March, 2007. ‐ Expo Forestal 2005. Morelia, Michoacán. November, 2005. ‐ X Congreso Nacional de Botánica. Trujillo, Peru. May, 2004. ‐ V Congreso Mexicano de Etnobiología. Chapingo, Mexico. November, 2003.

Dr JUAN ROGELIO AGUIRRE RIVERA

General Details

Birth: 30 March 1946. Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.

Nationality: Mexican.

Permanent address: Rayo 105, Res. Aeropuerto. San Luis Potosí. 78170 S.L.P., Mexico.

Tel. 01 (444) 813-99-79.

Marital Status: married.

Areas of research and development

Ethno-botany. Traditional soil and plant use systems. Domestication and phyto-geography of

useful Mexican plants.

Education

Professional: Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Chapingo, Mexico 1964-1968. Title:

Agronomist specializing in Zootechnology (February 1971).

Masters: New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, N. M., USA. 1974-1976. Graduated as:

Master of Science (August 1976) (Ecology of pastures).

Doctorate: Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba, Spain. 1982-1988. Graduated as: PhD in

Agronomy (February 1989) (Agricultural botany).

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Professional experience Research assistant (04/69 - 12/70). Colegio Superior de Agricultura Tropical. Cárdenas,

Tabasco. Technical researcher (02/71 - 01/72). Plan Puebla. Centro Internacional para el

Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo. Puebla, Puebla. Full-time teacher (02/72 - 08/74). Fodder Section, Department of Zootechnology. Escuela

Nacional de Agricultura. Chapingo, Mexico. Full-time researcher (08/76 - 08/77). Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales.

Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit. Researcher (09/77 - 06/82). Centro de Botánica. Colegio de Postgraduados. Chapingo,

Mexico. Assistant teaching researcher (07/82 - 09/94). Centro de Botánica. Colegio de

Postgraduados. Chapingo, Mexico Full teaching researcher (09/94 - 07/96). Botanics Programme. Instituto de Recursos

Naturales. Colegio de Postgraduados. Chapingo, Mexico. Visiting researcher (08/95 - 07/96). Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas.

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Full-time teaching researcher level six (08/96 - to date) Instituto de Investigación de Zonas

Desérticas. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Manager of the Administration (28/11/96-05/08/01). Instituto de Investigación de Zonas

Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Director (6/08/2001 - to date). Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad

Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P.

Publications, human resources training and extra-academic experience

Author or co-author of 116 articles, book chapters or books.

Author or co-author of 154 abstracts in scientific event reports or institutional directories.

Principal of 24 professional biology and agronomy theses, 17 master of sciences theses and

8 PhD theses.

Assessor of 15 professional theses, 19 master of sciences theses and 14 PhD theses.

Invited speaker at 24 conferences.

Contracted participant in 11 research projects on ecological management and resource use,

and on agricultural and livestock production.

Distinctions National Researcher System. National Researcher. Level 1 (1989- 2004). Level II (2005-2008).

Member of the Assessor Council of the Consejo Potosino de Ciencia y Tecnología.

(1997-2001).

Ad-Honorem Full Teaching Researcher. Colegio de Postgraduados. Montecillo, Mexico, 17 July 1997.

Member of the External Reporting Commission of El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). (1994-2003).

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ANNEX 3. TERMS OF REFERENCE OF PERSONNEL AND CONSULTANTS AND SUB-CONTRACTS FUNDED BY ITTO The following are the Terms of reference for key personnel in the execution of this project. Required personnel to be financed with the contribution of ITTO will be recruited after a competitive evaluation by a Committee established for this purpose. 1. REGIONAL COORDINATOR Duties and responsibilities:

Coordinate the planning, scheduling and execution of project activities on time and in due form.

Use and administration of funds received. Lead technical and administrative aspects of project implementation. Lead project activities in close coordination with Etnobiología para la Conservación

and ECOSUR. Represent the Project at local and national events. Manage the project, preparing and delivering in a timely fashion reports, operating

plans and other management documents, according to the Manual of ITTO. Select professionals to carry out the objectives of the Project. Design the strategy to establish contacts with producers and the industrial sector and

to organize workshops, meetings and other applicable activities to disseminate the outcomes and progress achieved by the project.

Oversee field activities related to the production process in the validation plots. Oversee fulfillment on time, in due form and quality of outputs by collaborating

agencies. Ensure reliability of project outcomes. Review and sign off reports on outcomes, assuming responsibility for the information

reported.

2. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE LOCAL COODINATOR One forester will be recruited, to be assigned to the Lacandon Forest area for the 3-year implementation period. His/her monthly salary of US$1,111.00 will be covered by ITTO, amounting to a total of US$39,996.00 for the 3-year period. His/her qualifications and duties will be as follows:

A. Experience Forester graduated from college. Minimum 5 years experience in reforestation projects using native species

with forest product management and processing components. Fluent verbal and written communication skills.

B. Duties In coordination with the director, define methods and implementation for project

activities in his/her field. Implementation of project actions in his/her field. Supporting project consultants in the implementation of their activities in their

fields Representing the project in his/her field. Promoting and organizing events and working meetings in his/her field.

C. Outputs Six-monthly report on general project activities Six-monthly technical report on balsawood plantation growth, survival and health

evaluations.

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3. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR LOCAL EXPERTS Four young professionals or expert farmers will be assigned to the Lacandon Forest area for the duration of the project. Their monthly salary of US$450.00 will be covered by ITTO, amounting to a total of US$64,800.00 for the 3-year period. Their qualifications and duties will be as follows:

A. Experience Young people with technical or bachelor level studies in an engineering branch

(agronomy, biology, forestry) or expert farmers with over 5 years experience in forest plantations and with basic knowledge of forest species management

B. Duties Managing nursery plants and monitoring transplantation processes and plant growth

management in validation plots. Supporting data collection work, and physical and electronic record management Development of material for dissemination purposes Management of computer software (word processors, databases, spreadsheets,

multimedia) Supporting course and training workshop organization Must be able to travel Residence in the southeast area of the country C. Outputs Collaboration in the preparation of six-monthly reports on project activities. Collection of field data and their recording in EXCEL format.

4. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR VALIDATION PLOT MANAGERS Ten farmers with experience in nursery and forest species management will be recruited; they should be willing to prepare the site where the validation plots will be established. They will participate in the project during the last 2.5 years. They will receive a six-monthly wage of US$22.3 to be covered by ITTO, amounting to a total of US$1,115.00 for the 3 year implementation period. Their qualifications, duties and outputs will be as follows:

A. Experience Farmer with knowledge in regional flora, with experience in nursery management. Supporting forester in project activities B. Duties Carrying out scheduled activities relating to growing Ochroma trees in the nursery

and in the validation plots Supporting awareness building activities among producers on progress achieved with

project outcomes and organizing workshops, meetings and other activities as applicable

Participating in all technical and operating activities of the project C. Outputs Maintenance of validation plots to excellent conditions

5. TERMS OF REFERENCE OF BOTANY AND FOREST NURSERY CONSULTANT A professional with extensive experience in botanical aspects and nursery management will be recruited. This consultant will visit the work area once during the first quarter of the project. He/she will receive a payment of US$2,000.00 for this assignment to be covered by ITTO. Their qualifications, duties and outputs will be as follows: A. Experience

Accredited forest engineer. Preferably advanced academic degree. 10 years minimum experience in forest plant production and quality control

systems. Knowledge of native species reproduction

49

Experience in cash crop management B. Duties

Selecting locations and parent trees Collection and management of germplasm to be used for Ochroma reproduction. Technical assistance in the establishment of nursery for plant production Nutritional and plant health management for nursery seedlings. Representing the Project at local and national events. Participating in meetings organized by the project.

C. Outputs Submission of recommendations to improve and increase efficiency in nursery

plant production. 6. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR FOREST PLANTATION MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT A professional with extensive experience in the management of commercial plantations will be recruited. This consultant will visit the work area once a year (a total of three visits). He/she will receive a payment of US$2,000.00 per visit, amounting to a total of US$6,000.00 to be covered by ITTO. His/her qualifications, responsibilities and duties will be as follows: A. Experience

Accredited forest engineer. Preferably advanced academic degree. 10 years minimum experience in silviculture and forest plantation projects a Experience in technology transfer and adaptation of production processes. Command of experimental design and analysis techniques.

B. Duties Plant production for the establishment of Ochroma plantations. Supervision of forest plant production and quality control. Design and management of Ochroma commercial plantations. Definition and application of silvicultural systems in pilot plantations Design and implementation of measurement protocol and crop growing log book Resolution of technical problems associated with commercial plantations Participation in meetings organized by the project.

C. Outputs Design of a technological package to define optimal growing pattern based on

trial results, species yield and wood properties. 7. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR COMMUNITY PLANNING CONSULTANT A professional with extensive experience in community planning will be recruited. This consultant will visit the work area once a year (a total of 3 visits). He/she will receive a payment of US$2,000.00 per visit, amounting to a total of US$6,000.00 to be covered by ITTO. His/her qualifications, responsibilities and outputs will be as follows: A. Experience

Accredited agricultural engineer Preferably postgraduate degree. Minimum 5 years experience in community work and social organization Experience in managing participatory evaluation methodologies Experience in managing conflict resolution.

B. Duties

Designing the method to be used to organize social groups. Preparing participatory diagnoses Designing the most suitable legal organization strategies for each group, based

on participatory diagnoses Resolution of conflicts associated with the establishment and membership of

working groups Advising social groups until they are legally or formally constituted.

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C. Outputs Design and implementation of strategy for the organization of producers’ groups

interested in balsawood. Implementation of training workshops and their dissemination in coordination with the facilitators.

8. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ECONOMICS CONSULTANT A professional with extensive experience in market research and surveys. This consultant will be recruited during the first year of the project and will receive a total payment of US$26,940.00 to be covered by ITTO. His/her qualifications, responsibilities and outputs will be as follows: A. Experience

Economics engineer or Bachelor in Economics. Preferably advanced academic degree. Minimum 5 years experience in agricultural economics. Fluent verbal and written communication skills.

B. Duties Participating in the identification of potential niches on domestic and international

markets for timber products. Participating in the development of negotiation plans as required by the project. Participating in meetings organized by the project.

C. Outputs Document describing a market intelligence system for O. pyramidale timber.

9. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR FACILITATORS The project will recruit one or more professionals with extensive experience in group management, particularly farmers, with a knowledge of the region. The participation of several ethnic and migrant groups will be encouraged; therefore, consideration of cultural aspects and recognition of specific features of each ethnic group will be essential for the smooth running of workshops. The facilitators will be recruited for the 3-year implementation period of the project and their cost will be covered by ITTO. It is expected that a total of 15 workshops will be implemented; each workshop will have a duration of 2-3 days and a unit cost of US$800.00. The qualifications, responsibilities and outputs of facilitators will be as follows: A. Experience

Professional with experience in moderating events. Knowledge of the subject matter. Knowledge of the socio-cultural context of the communities involved in the forest

activities. Ability to use and manage communication and training techniques. Minimum 5 years experience in the conduction of workshops

B. Duties Proposing programmes for project events. Organizing and leading events scheduled by the project.

C. Outputs Implementation of workshops, including coordination of activities, timing and

transport. Outline workshop programs in coordination with the community planning consultant and regional coordinator.

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ANNEX 4. REFERENCES Breedlove, D. E. 1973. The phytogeography and vegetation of Chiapas (México). In: Graham, A. (ed.).

Vegetation and vegetational history of Northern Latin America. Elsevier. Amsterdam. pp.. 149-165. Douterlungne, D. 2005. Establecimiento de acahuales a través del manejo tradicional lacandón de Ochroma

pyramidale Cav. Master of Sciences Thesis Colegio de la Frontera Sur. San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. 36 pp.

Douterlungne, D., S. Levy-Tacher; J. D. Golicher; F. Román D. Applying indigenous knowledge to the restoration of degraded tropical rain forest dominated by bracken. Restoration Ecology (In print).

Evans, J. 1982. Plantation forestry in the tropics. Second edition. Oxford University Press. Oxford, MA. García, E., 1973. Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Köppen: para Adaptarlo a las

Condiciones de la República Mexicana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico. INE. 1997. Programa de Conservación de Vida Silvestre y Diversificación Productiva

en el Sector Rural. Mexico. INE. 1998. Consolidación y Fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales

Protegidas. Mexico. INE-SEMARNAP, 2000. Programa de Manejo de la Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules, Mexico. Instituto

Nacional de Ecología – Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca. Mexico, D.F. 255 pp.

Leyva, S. y G. Ascencio. 1996. Lacandonia al filo del agua. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Chiapas, Mexico. 210 pp.

Levy T., S.; J. R. Aguirre R. 1999. Conceptuación etnobotánica (experiencia de un estudio en la Lacandona). Revista de Geografía Agrícola 29: 83-114.

Levy T., S. 2000. Sucesión causada por roza-tumba-quema en las selvas de Lacanhá, Chiapas. PhD in Sciences Thesis. Colegio de Posgraduados. Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México. 165 p.

Levy T., S.; J.D. Golicher. 2004. How predictive is Traditional Ecological Knowledge? The case of the Lacandon Maya fallow enrichment system. Interciencia 29: 496-503.

Levy T., S.; A. Nulman M.; D. Douterlungne; F. Román D.; J. D. Golicher; A. L. Montes de Oca. 2007. Manejo y rehabilitación en la selva lacandona a partir de las técnicas de agricultura tradicional. Ciencia y Desarrollo 33(206): 36-41.

Marion, M.O. 1991. Los hombres de la selva, un estudio de tecnología cultural en medio selvático. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, D. F. 287 pp.

Márquez R, C. 2001. Los Retos del Desarrollo Sustentable en la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Notas para el Taller Estrategia Siglo XXI para la Selva Lacandona. San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. 26 and 27 November 2001.

Mas, J. F., A. Velázquez, J.R.G. Díaz, R.S. Mayorga, C. Alcántara, G. Bocco, R. Castro, T. Fernández, and A.V. Pérez. 2004. Assessing land use/cover changes: a nationwide multidate spatial database for Mexico. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 5:249-261.

Mendoza, E., and R. Dirzo. 1999. Deforestation in Lacandonia (southeast Mexico): evidence for the declaration of the northernmost tropical hot-spot. Biodiversity and Conservation 8:1621-1641.

Miranda, F. 1952. La vegetación de Chiapas. Chiapas State Government. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, 334 pp. Miranda F.; Hernández. X. 1963. Los Tipos de vegetación de México y su clasificación. Boletín de la

Sociedad Botánica de México (28). 73 pp. Muench, P.E., 1982. Las regiones agrícolas de Chiapas. Revista de Geografía Agrícola 2, 57–102. ITTO, 1999. Utilización industrial de nuevas especies forestales en el Perú. II Edición. ITTO project PD

37/88 (I) INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION. Yokohama and Lima. 240 p. Presidencia de la República, 2007. Plan Nacional de desarrollo 2007-2012. Mexico. Román D., F.; S. Levy T.; J. Aronson; R. R. Rodrigues; D. Douterlungne. Classification of tropical tree

species into ecological groups in the Lacandon region, Chiapas, Mexico: implications for forest management and restoration. Forest Ecology and Management (in print).

Vásquez-Sánchez, M. A.; I. J. March; M. A. Lazcano-Barrero. 1992. Características socioeconómicas de la selva lacandona En: M.A. Vásquez-Sánchez, y M.A. Ramos. (Eds.). Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules, selva lacandona: investigación para su conservación. Publ. Esp. Ecosfera. Mexico. pp. 287-323.

Zúñiga M., J. 1996. Evaluación rural participativa como herramienta para alcanzar el desarrollo sustentable en la región Miramar, Reserva de la biosfera Montes Azules. Bachelor’s Degree Thesis. Escuela de Ciencias Agronómicas campus V. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. P

Zúñiga M., J. 1997. Diagnóstico de la micro-región Miramar, Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Instituto Nacional de Ecología-Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules. Unpublished.

Zuñiga M., J. A. 2000. Agroecosistemas choles y tojolabales en Las Cañadas de La Selva Lacandona, Chiapas. Master of Sciences Thesis. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo.

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ANNEX 5. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 39TH EXPERT PANEL PD 549/09 (I,F,M): Provenance Evaluation, Wood Technological Characterization and Market Survey for Balsawood (Ochroma pyramidale Cav.) in the Lacandon Forest, Chiapas, Mexico

39th EP Recommendations Modifications made Location

1. Improve the matter of sustainability with emphasis on the financial aspect once the ITTO project is completed.

3.5.2.5 Institutional and financial sustainability It is imperative to guarantee the financial sustainability of this project after the financial backing from ITTO has ended. Fortunately, both CONAFOR and CONANP have provided support for more than 10 years for the harvesting and utilization of balsawood. In cooperation with these two institutions, we are currently implementing a project for the rehabilitation of degraded pasturelands through the use of balsawood and other native species. This initiative has allowed us to raise interest among local farmers in the use of this species and its potential for commercial utilization. Both CONAFOR and CONANP are fully aware that the financial support of ITTO will only last for a period of three years and that the harvesting cycle for balsawood can have a duration of 5 to 7 years. In view of this, both institutions have expressed their willingness to provide support from their wide range of forest development programs for the continuation of this project for a minimum additional period of two years. This financial support will be required to cover field expenses (travel costs and DSA) for the work team to conduct the necessary measurements and implement the required phytosanitary practices, as well as financial compensation for plot owners. Furthermore, it is possible that, upon project completion, the results of this project will attract the interest of the industrial sector, which would be an excellent partner to ensure the financial sustainability of the project.

PART III, page 35

2. Improve the risk mitigation measure associated with the willingness of farmers and the business sector to engage in the project.

The substantive aim of these workshops will be to create interest among farmers and businessmen so as to engage them in the project and future project-related activities. To this end, both farmers and businessmen will be kept informed about the outputs achieved in each of the action lines of this project, so as to provide them with updated information on: balsawood species varieties showing the highest growth rates, the mechanical properties of their wood, their technological and design characteristics for processing and industrialization, the opportunities available for this type of timber in the national and international markets, and the type of organization required for production. The aim of these discussions is to develop partnerships as required for the establishment of core working groups for the commercial utilization of balsawood.

PART III, page 23.

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3. Avoid personalization of the Project Organizational Chart.

Project Organizational Chart Provenance Evaluation, Wood Technological Characterization and Market Survey for Balsawood (Ochroma Pyramidale Cav.)

in the Lacandon Forest, Chiapas, Mexico

ANNEX I, page 39

Policy and operational framework for project implementation: Forest Strategic Programme for Mexico 2025

CONAFOR

ITTO Committee for Project Monitoring and Evaluation

General Project Coordination

Local Project Coordination

Local Technicians

Officers in charge of validation plots

Facilitators of training events

External Consultant in Botany and Forest

Nurseries

External Consultant in Wood Technology

External Consultant in Timber Processing

External Consultant in Community

Planning

External Consultant in Forest Plantations

External Consultant in Economics and

Marketing

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4. Since balsawood is mostly used for indoor applications, pleas justify the need for budget provision for activity 2.6 “Biodegradation test with insects and fungi”.

Despite the fact that balsawood is mostly used for indoor applications, the project envisages the implementation of tests to determine the resilience of this timber species to degrading agents as there is very little information available regarding its susceptibility to deterioration in tropical regions. Balsawood is the lightest timber known, with a density of only 100 to 200 kg/m3. This makes the timber vulnerable to attacks from fungi and insects which can occur over short periods of time if the timber is exposed to the elements during its storage, transport and sale. It should be pointed out that fungi attacks in particular can change the natural colour and integrity of the timber, adversely affecting its commercial value. Therefore, the more complete the information generated on the timber, the greater the technological support that can be provided for its utilization.

PART III, page 23

5. Eliminate the budget provision of US$40,000.00 under Activity 2.2 for Universal Testing Machine, since the project envisages collaboration with ITTO project PD 384/05 Rev.3(I) “Testing Laboratory for the Development of Quality Standards for Mexican Primary and Processed Tropical Forest Products”, which has already acquired a Universal Testing Machine.

The budget provision for the Universal Testing Machine was eliminated and the overall total was re-calculated accordingly.

3.4.2 Consolidated budget by component

Budget Components

Component

Project Personnel Input Unit Costs TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 11.1. Project Coordinator 36 2692 96,912.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 11.2. Local Coordinator 36 1111 39,996.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 11.3. Local Technicians 199 450 89,550.00 33,975.00 33,975.00 21,600.00 11.4. Administrator 35 214 7,490.00 2,496.67 2,496.67 2,496.67 12.1. Labourers 377 300 113,100.00 60,300.00 30,300.00 22,500.00 12.2. Officers in charge of plots 10 1115 11,150.00 3,716.67 3,716.67 3,716.67 12.3. Other labour 18 2644.4444 47,600.00 25,200.00 22,400.00 13. National Consultants 1 14000 14,000.00 6,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 13.1. Market Analysis Consultant 1 31940 31,940.00 31,940.00 13.2. Workshop Facilitator 15 800 12,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 15. Post-graduate fellowships 24 250 6,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00

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19. Component Total 469,738.00 216,264.33 149,524.33 103,949.33

Travel 0 31. Daily Subsistence Allowance 1243 40 49,720.00 24,126.67 14,726.67 10,866.67 32.1. Air travel 54 300 16,200.00 10,200.00 3,900.00 2,100.00 33. Local Transport Costs 119.25 100 11,925.00 7,012.50 2,612.50 2,300.00 33.3. Other 4 1500 6,000.00 6,000.00

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39. Component Total 83,845.00 47,339.17 21,239.17 15,266.67

40 Capital Items 0

PARTIII, page 31

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41. Equipment 6 1200 7,200.00 7,200.00 43. Vehicles 1 19000 19,000.00 19,000.00 44. Accessories 52 146.346154 7,610.00 6,730.00 880 44.1. Computer Equipment 3 700 2,100.00 1,800.00 300 44.3. Other 3 22000 88,000.00 44,000.00 44,000.00 49. Component Total 123,910.00 78,730.00 45,180.00 0

Consumable Items 294 336.33381 98,882.14 54,423.57 35,708.57 8,750.00 53. Meeting room 9 400 3,600.00 833.33 1,383.33 1,383.33 54. Office supplies 2 100 200 200

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59. Component Total 102,682.14 55,456.90 37,091.90 10,133.33

Miscellaneous 0 61. Sundry 16 593.75 9,500.00 4,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 62. Auditing 3 1150 3,450.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 1,150.00

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69. Component Total 12,950.00 5,650.00 3,650.00 3,650.00

100 GRAND TOTAL 793,125.14

6. Better justify the budget provision of US$80,000.00 under activity 2.2 on equipment for physical properties, and describe the type of equipment needed.

The budget estimated for the purchase of equipment was reduced to US$60,000.00 and the equipment requirements were justified as follows: The additional equipment that will be required to assess the physical properties of balsawood will include a liquid carbon dioxide tank and a connection system to adapt it to the temperature and relative humidity control machine to be used for the timber dimensional stability and absorption tests. Furthermore, given that the work to be carried out involves taking a great number samples to determine the shrinkage, expansion and relative density of the timber, we need to accelerate the measurements to ensure the timely completion of the work. In view of this, the project has also considered the purchase of a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer in the Attenuated Total Reflectance Mode (FTIR-ATR), which can also be used to determine chemical composition with greater speed and less contamination.

PART III, page 23

7. Budget tables 3.4.3 “ITTO budget by component” and 3.4.4 “Executing Agency budget by component” need to be detailed in the same manner as table 3.4.2 “Consolidated budget by component”

3.4.3 ITTO budget by component

Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 10. PROJECT PERSONNEL 11.2. Local Coordinator 39,996.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 13,332.00 11.3. Local Technicians 89,550.00 33,975.00 33,975.00 21,600.00 11.4. Administrator 7,490.00 2,496.67 2,496.67 2,496.67 12.1. Labourers 98,700.00 53,100.00 23,100.00 22,500.00

PART III, pages 32-33

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12.2. Officers in charge of plots 11,150.00 3,716.67 3,716.67 3,716.67 13 Forest nursery & botany consultant 4,000.00 4,000.00 13 Plantation management consultant 6,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 13 Community planning consultant 4,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 131. Market analysis consultant 31,940.00 31,940.00 13.2. Workshop facilitator 12,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 15. Post-graduate fellowships 6,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 19. COMPONENT TOTAL 310,826.00 153,560.34 87,620.34 69,645.34 30. DUTY TRAVEL 31. Daily subsistence allowance (DSA) 49,720.00 24,126.67 14,726.67 10,866.67 32.1. Air travel 16,200.00 10,200.00 3,900.00 2,100.00 33. Local transport costs 11,925.00 7,012.50 2,612.50 2,300.00 33.3. Log transport 6,000.00 6,000.00 39. COMPONENT TOTAL 83,845.00 47,339.17 21,239.17 15,266.67 40. CAPITAL ITEMS 43. Vehicles 19,000.00 19,000.00 44. Capital equipment (Irrigation pumps and pipes, water tanks, tools, accessories)

7,610.00 6,730.00 880

44.1. Computer equipment 2,100.00 1,800.00 300 44.3. Solar kiln equipment 8,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00 49. COMPONENT TOTAL 36,710.00 31,530.00 5180 50. CONSUMABLE ITEMS 51. Consumable supplies and raw materials 98,882.14 54,423.57 35,708.57 8,750.00 53. Meeting room 400.00 133.33 133.33 133.33 54. Office supplies 200 200 59. COMPONENT TOTAL 99,482.14 54,756.90 35,841.90 8,883.33 60. MISCELLANEOUS 61. Sundry 9,500.00 4,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 62. Auditing 3,450.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 1,150.00 69. COMPONENT TOTAL 12,950.00 5,650.00 3,650.00 3,650.00

SUBTOTAL 1 543,813.14 292,836.41 153,531.41 97,445.34 80. PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION

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81. ITTO monitoring and review $30,000.00 82. ITTO ex-post evaluation $15,000.00

SUBTOTAL 2 $588,813.14 83. Program Support Costs (8% of Overall Budget) $47,105.05 ITTO TOTAL $635,918.19

3.4.4 Executing agency budget by component

Budget Components Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

10. PROJECT PERSONNEL 11.1.Project Coordinator 96,912.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 32,304.00 12.1. Labourers 14,400.00 7,200.00 7,200.00 12.3. National Consultants 47,600.00 25,200.00 22,400.00 19. COMPONENT TOTAL 158,912.00 64,704.00 61,904.00 32,304.00 40. CAPITAL ITEMS 41. Premises 7,200.00 7,200.00 44.3. Laboratory equipment (wood physics and machining) 80,000.00 40,000.00 40,000.00 49. COMPONENT TOTAL 87,200.00 47,200.00 40000 215608 50. CONSUMABLE ITEMS 53. Library costs, laboratory costs, utilities 3,200.00 700.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 59. COMPONENT TOTAL 3,200.00 700.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 EXECUTING AGENCY/HOST GOVT. TOTAL 249,312.00 112,604.00 103,154.00 249,162.00

8. Revise the calculation for ITTO Program Support (8% of Subtotal, plus ITTO Evaluation Cost, plus ITTO Monitoring & Review Cost).

The budget was revised and amended as indicated above.