extra credit daily grade to replace your lowest “daily grade” write a letter to a soldier who...
TRANSCRIPT
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Extra Credit
To Replace your lowest “Daily GradeDaily Grade”Write a letter to a soldier who was hurt fighting for our country
Assignment: Write a letter to a recovering American soldier and return it unsealed in an addressed and stamped envelopeaddressed and stamped envelope first thing in the
morning and I will replace your lowest daily grade with a 100.
Address: A Recovering American SoldierA Recovering American Soldierc/o Walter Reed Army Medical Hospitalc/o Walter Reed Army Medical Hospital
6900 Georgia Avenue, NW6900 Georgia Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20307-5001Washington, DC 20307-5001
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The South’s economy relies on cotton, and the slave labor used to produce it.
Antebellum Society1800–1860
The South builds a cotton economy, but also creates a class system with race as the most critical factor.
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Antebellum Society1800–1860
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
Southern Culture
Antebellum Society in Georgia
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Section 1
Southern Culture The South becomes a distinct region that is quite different from other regions of the United States by the 1850s.
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“Cotton is King”
Southern Culture
Antebellum South Focuses on Cotton
• Southern antebellum society based on cotton(antebellumantebellum means “before the war,”)
• Late 1700s, cotton is Georgia’s most important crop with English textile mills creating a huge
demand
SECTION
1
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
The Cotton Gin•Cotton seeds limited amount of cotton produced because the seeds hard to remove
• Eli WhitneyEli Whitney designs cotton gin in 1793- cotton gincotton gin—machine that removes seeds from
cotton- allows each worker to clean 50 times more
cotton per day
• More planters begin growing cotton as a result of cotton gin
continued “Cotton is King”
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The Cotton Gin
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SECTION
1
Cotton Gin Brings Changes• Cotton boom allows South to focus on agriculture
• North focuses on industry
• Cotton easy to sell, commands high prices
• Planters begin to grow more cotton than any other crops and less food crops
• South becomes dependent on cotton
The Cotton Boom
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Slavery Expands• Cotton requires large workforce; slavery
increases in South
• Cotton profits skyrocket, very profitable
• As profits rise, slave prices jump: - male field hand is $300 in 1790s; rises to
$1,000 by late 1830s
• Slave importation illegal after 1808 - continue to trade slaves already living in U.S.
continued The Cotton Boom
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SECTION
1 Difficulties with Farming
Continued . . .
Soil Exhaustion• Farmers plant same crops each year; takes vital
nutrients from soil
• “Exhausted” soilExhausted” soil no longer supports crops; plantations shift west
• Some rich farmers use use guanoguano, bird droppings, as as fertilizerfertilizer by 1850s
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1
Crop Failures• Georgians too reliant on cotton; use profits for
more land, slaves
•Wealth in south is determined by land and slaves owned not cash on hand. Crop failure can lead to poverty
continued Difficulties with Farming
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SECTION
1
Industry is Limited• Little industry in Georgia; some textile (cotton) mills;
iron- these industries later vital to Civil War effort
Industry in Georgia
Barriers to Industry• Wealthy reinvest money in cotton instead of
developing industries
• Planter class—no need to change industry while cotton is profitable
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SECTION
1
River Travel• Rivers are main transportation method until mid-
1800s
• Samuel Howard launches Georgia’s first steamboat, EnterpriseEnterprise, 1816
• In 1819, SavannahSavannah makes first transatlantic steamboat trip- launched by group of Savannah businessmen
Transportation in Georgia
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Railroads• In 1837, Construction of Western and AtlanticWestern and Atlantic
(W&AW&A) Railroad begins - first W&A stake driven seven miles east of
Chattahoochee River- staked spot called Terminus—beginning of
modern-day Atlanta
• All but two major southern railroads pass through Atlanta by 1860
•Southern railroads are lighter gauge than northern railroads-built for lightweight hauling of agricultural goods (esp. cotton)
continued Transportation in Georgia
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SECTION
1
Georgia’s Public School Systems • Georgia’s public school system weak, develops
later
• Georgia creates poor school systempoor school system to educate needy children in 1817
• Many Georgians embarrassed to send children to poor schools
• If able, families pay to send children to old fieldold field schoolsschools instead
• Education neglected—20% of Georgia’s white adults literate by 1850
Education in Georgia
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Georgia Still Mostly Rural• Savannah is Georgia’s largest city in 1860,
22,000 people
• Augusta—12,500; Columbus, Macon, Atlanta—under 10,000 each
• Most Georgians live in rural areas, small towns
Georgia’s Cities
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Antebellum Georgia develops distinct social classes based largely on race and partly on economic opportunity.
Section 2
Antebellum Society in Georgia
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The Old South
Antebellum Society in Georgia
Social Classes and Slavery• Georgia, South divided into social classes; race
the critical factor PlantersYeoman FarmersPoor WhitesFree BlacksHouse slavesField Slaves
• Whites of all classes see themselves as higher in status than blacks - even free, wealthy African Americans considered lower than whites• Only about 25% of Southern whites own slaves
- slave ownership sign of wealth, political power
SECTION
2
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Planters
A Wealthy Minority• Planters—wealthy elite, own 20 or more slaves
on plantations
• Plantations—large farms extending hundreds of acres
• 1860, under 3,000 of Georgia’s 600,000 whites considered planters
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
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Small Communities• Plantations small self sufficient communities
• Plantation owners usually hire overseer to head farming operation
• Owners live in towns to enjoy social lives, better education
• Coastal owners come to cities to avoid disease-carrying insects
• Planters often well-educated community leaders
SECTION
2
continued Planters
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Yeoman Farmers
The Majority of White Georgians• Most Georgia whites yeoman farmers—own and
farm a few acres of land
• Some slave owners, some rent farms from larger landowners
SECTION
2
Poor Whites• Poor whites own no land, hire selves out to land,
business owners
• Live at subsistence level; many move to towns, work in mills by 1860
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Free African Americans
Freedom Not Guaranteed• About 3,500 free African Americans in Georgia,
1850
• Slaveholders free slaves or slaves purchase their own freedom
• Live mainly in towns where they can find work
• Many free slaves still must register; some kidnapped and enslaved
SECTION
2
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Different Roles on a Plantation• Field hands tend crops on plantation; driver maintains discipline
• Some skilled slaves become carpenters or blacksmiths - some allowed to keep portion of earnings
• House slaves cook, clean, tend homes, care for children Considered of a higher class than field slaves
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
Enslaved Africans
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Life Under Slavery• Slaves live in slave quarters; some in servants’ quarters in homes
• Many slaves allowed plots to grow food; some can sell surplus food
• Illegal to teach slaves literacy, but some taught; pass it on
• Slaves can’t legally marry; many owners recognize informal marriage
• Owner may sell a slave anytime; children of slaves are also slaves
• Slave families often broken up throughout South
SECTION
2
continued Enslaved Africans
Continued . . .
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Resistance• Slaves develop means of protest; most common to work slowly
• Some escape to North; severe punishment to deter others if caught
• Many white Georgians fear slave revolts; pass strict slave codes
SECTION
2
continued Enslaved Africans
*Life of a slave girl
reading slave girl
Unchained Memories