extrusion extrusion is the method that produces the largest volume of plastic products a typical...
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Extrusion
Extrusion is the method that produces the largest volume of plastic products
A typical extruder.
Extruded products are generally long uniform and solid or hollow complex cross-sections
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Sheet and Film Extrusion
A common dye to produce sheets is referred to as the coathanger dye.
To extrude thin film, air is forced into an extruded sheet and then
either pinched or cut.
Other types: Tubing, Electrical wire coating, Pipes
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Injection Molding
Injection molding is similar to extrusion only a mold replaces the die.
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Injection Molding Process
• The polymer is pushed into the mold.• The part is cooled within the mold.
• Once cooled, the part is eased out of the mold with ejector pins
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Molds
• Cold runner, Two-plate mold• Cold runner, Three-plate mold• Hot runner mold
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Machine• Cost range: $85,000 - $140,000
• Die cost: $20,000 - $200,000• Mold cost: approx. $100,000
• Process: 5 sec. – 60 sec.
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Extrusion Blow Molding
A polymer is extruded and clamped within a mold. Air is then pushed is and the part is made. The
mold is removed and excess pieces are removed as well.
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Injection Blow Molding
The polymer is injected into a closed mold with a blow pin and parison. Air is blown in and the part is made. The blow pin is then removed.
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19.6 - Thermoforming• Sheets available in multitude of sizes, thicknesses, and
fillers (to create specific properties).• Parts cannot include holes and openings.• Material: thermoplastics, must exhibit high, uniform
elongation• Packaging trays, signs, appliance housings, refrigerator
liners, shower stalls
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19.7 – Compression Molding• Done at temperatures of 200 C (400 F) and higher• Pressures range from 1400- 22000 psi• Material: usually thermosetting plastics, sometimes
thermoplastics• Cures in die• Dishes, handles, container caps, fittings, electrical
components, housings• Fiber reinforced parts with chopped fibers use this
process exclusively.
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19.8 -Transfer Molding
• Pressures may reach 43,000 psi• Viscous flow also raises temperature and homogonizes
material• High complexity and dimensional control• More expensive
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19.9 - casting• Thermosets and thermoplastics may be used• Slow and simple yet cheap• Flexible molds can be used • Continuous casting can be used• Centrifugal casting• Potting and encapsulation (electrical components)
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19.10- foam molding
• Polystyrene beads are the raw material. • Beads, blowing agent, and heat• Pre-expanded beads may be shaped just as plastics• Structural foam molding created hard outer shell and
light cellular core, outside is cooled rapidly• Polyurethane foam processing utilizes chemical
reactions to create foam which is poured into molds or sprayed on surfaces for insulation.
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19.11- cold forming and solid phase forming
• Many of the cold working processes that apply to metals can also be used on plastics.
• Thermosets are used because of their ductility at room temperature.
• Advantages: strength, toughness, improved dimensional accuracy, and faster cycle times
• Solid phase forming is carried out at temperatures 10-20 C. Below the melting point.
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19.12 Processing Elastomers
•Processing elastomers uses processes similar to shaping thermoplastics•These include:
–Extrusion (tubing, hoses, molding)–Injection molding (components for automobiles
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Calendering
• Used to form rubber and thermoplastic sheets.• Process:
– Warm mass fed into series of rolls to create a flat sheet– End product usually 0.3 to 1mm thick
• Uses:– Tines– Belts for machinery
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Dipping
• Process:– Dip metal form into a
liquid elastomer compound
– Compound adheres to form, creating item
• Uses:– Rubber gloves
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19.13 Processing Polymer-Matrix Composites
• Polymer-matrix composites are also known as reinforced plastics
• Special methods required to shape due to complex structure:– Molding– Filament winding– Pultrusion– Pulforming
Motorcycle parts made of reinforced plastics
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Prepegs
• Process: continuous fibers aligned and subjected to surface treatment, then dipped into a resin bath to form a tape
• Uses: flat architectural panelling
• Example of use: F-14 fighter jet horizontal stabilizer F-14 fighter jet
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Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC)
• Process: continuous fibers cut into short fibers and deposited in random orientation over layers of resin paste
• Use: random orientation gives the product strength in many directions, instead of just one, like in unidirectional fiber products
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Molding of Reinforced Plastics
• Different types of molding used for reinforced plastics:– Compression molding– Vacuum bag molding– Contact molding
Mold for hull of a catamaran
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Compression Molding
• Process: Polymer-Matrix composite is placed between two molds and compressed
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Vacuum-Bag Molding
• Process: material is placed in a mold, covered by a plastic bag, and a vacuum is created to compress the material into the shape of the mold
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Contact Molding
• Two types:– Spray Lay-up:
spray into mold evenly to the thickness desired
– Hand Lay-up: painted onto the mold Jet ski hull made by hand lay-up
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Filament Winding
• Resin and fibers are combined at curing
• Process: fiber wound on a rotating mandrel while within resin bath.
• Benefits: very strong and heavily reinforced
• Uses: Aircraft (engine ducts, propellers), spherical pressure vessels
(a)
(b)
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Pultrusion
• Process: prepeg pulled through resin bath, heated in a die, and but to length after sufficient cooling time
• Uses: parts with uniform cross-sections that are made continuously (aluminum ladders)
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Pulforming
• Process: similar to pultrusion– Prepeg pulled through resin bath, then
clamped between two halves of die. Cut piece and repeat.
• Uses: parts with non-uniform cross-section
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19.14 Processing Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites• Metal-Matrix Composites (MMC)
– Liquid-phase processing– Solid-phase processing– Two-phase (liquid-solid) phase processing
• Ceramic-Matrix Composites (CMC)– Slurring infiltration
Ceramic-matrix turbinewheel
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• Liquid-Phase Processing:– Casting together liquid material (ex. Aluminum)
and solid reinforcement (ex. Graphite)
• Solid-Phase Processing:– Consists of powder metallurgy techniques.– Proper mixing important to obtain even distribution
of fibers (ex. Tungsten-carbide tools)
Tungsten-Carbidetools
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• Two-phase processing– Involves liquid and solid states– Reinforcing fibers are mixed with a matrix
that contains liquid and solid phases of the metal
• Slurry infiltration– Slurry: mixture of matrix powder, carrier
liquid, and organic binder– Prepare a fiber preform, and hot press it
with the slurry
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Chapter 20 Rapid Prototyping
• Produces and example of a part from a CAD drawing before production.
• Additive, subtractive and virtual.
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20.3 Additive Processes
• Parts are broken down into layers and constructed slice by slice, usually .004-.020 in. thick.
• Stereolithography, fuse-deposition modeling, ballistic-particle manufacturing, three-dimensional printing, selective laser sintering and laminated-object manufacturing.
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(a)
Fuse-deposition Modeling(a)
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Stereolithography
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Selective Laser Sintering
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Selective Laser Sintering
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