1.Multimedia DirectorySlide 13Eye Anatomy AnimationSlide 39Eye Anatomy ExerciseSlide 46Conjunctivitis VideoSlide 55Optometrist VideoSlide 62Cataracts VideoSlide 63Macular Degeneration VideoSlide 75Snellen Chart VideoSlide 93Audiology VideoSlide 95Ear Anatomy AnimationSlide 109Ear Anatomy ExerciseSlide 114Inner Ear Anatomy AnimationSlide 129Otitis Media VideoSlide 133Tympanometry VideoSlide 136Audiometry Video

2. Special Senses: The EyeMedical Terminology for Healthcare ProfessionalsFlorida State College of Jacksonville Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS 3. The Eye at a Glance Function of the Eye Contains sensoryreceptors for visionPart 1 Part 2 4. The Eye at a Glance Structures of the Eye Sclera Choroid Retina Eyeball Conjunctiva Eye muscles Eyelids Lacrimal apparatus 5. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 6. Visual Processing of the Cerebrum 7. Anatomy and Physiology Ophthalmology (Ophth) is study of the eye Eyeball Organ of sight Transmits external image using sensory impulsesvia optic nerve to brain Brain translates sensory impulses into image 8. Anatomy and Physiology External structures important for vision In addition to eyeball Eye muscles Eyelids Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus 9. The Eyeball Composed of three layers: Sclera Choroid Retina 10. Sclera Outermost layer Tough protective layer Another term for sclerais white of eye Anterior portion iscornea 11. The internal structures of the eye.Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 12. Cornea Anterior portion of sclera Clear, transparent Allows light to enter Bends, or refracts, light rays 13. Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 14. Choroid Middle layer Provides blood supply for eye Anterior portion: Iris Pupil Ciliary body 15. Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 16. Iris and Pupil Iris Colored portion of eye Smooth muscle that changes size of pupil Pupil Opening in center of iris Allows light to enter into eyeball 17. Ciliary Body and Lens Lens Behind iris Not actually part ofchoroid layer Attached to ciliary body Ciliary body Pulls on edge of lens Changes shape of lensso it can focus light ontoretina 18. Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 19. Retina Contains sensory receptorcells that detect light rays Rods Active in dim light See gray tones Cones Active only in bright light Color vision 20. Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 21. Retina Macula lutea Area of retina where image forms Fovea centralis Depression in center of macula lutea High number of cones Point of clearest vision 22. The internal structures of the eye.Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 23. Optic Disk Point where the optic nerveleaves eyeball Retinal blood vessels enter andleave through optic disk No rods or cones Results in blind spot in each eyes field of vision 24. Photograph of the retina of the eye. The optic disk appearsyellow and the retinal arteries radiate out from by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Copyright 2009 it.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 25. Eye Fluids Aqueous humor Watery fluid Located between cornea and lens Vitreous humor Semi-solid gel Located between lens and retina 26. The internal structures of the eye.Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 27. Muscles of the Eye Six muscles that connect eyeball to skull 4 rectus muscles pull straight 2 oblique muscles pull on an angle Contract in combination to change directionin which each eye is looking 28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4RxYRpIqLs&feature=related The external eye muscles. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 29. Eyelids A pair cover each eyeball Provide protection from foreign particles, injury,sun, and trauma Both upper and lower edges have eyelashes orcilia that protect eye from foreign particles Sebaceous glands located in eyelids secrete alubricating oil onto surface of eyeball 30. The internal structures of the eye. 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. CopyrightMedical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 31. Conjunctiva A mucous membrane Forms continuous covering onunderside of each eyelid andacross anterior surface ofeach eyeball Protects eyeball 32. Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 33. Lacrimal Apparatus Lacrimal gland Located under outer upper corner of each eyelid Produces tears Tears wash and lubricate anterior surface of eyeball Lacrimal ducts Located in inner corner of eye socket Collect tears Drain into nasolacrimal duct Ultimately drain into nasal cavity 34. Figure 13.5 The structure of the lacrimal apparatus. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 35. How We See Light rays pass through: Cornea Pupil Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor Then strike retina Stimulating rods and cones 36. The path of light through the cornea, pupil, lens, and strikingthe retina. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 37. How We See Upside-downimage forms onretina Optic nervetransmits thisimage to brain Brain turns upside-down image intoright-side up image 38. The image formed on the retina is inverted. The brain rights the image as part of the interpretation process. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 39. Vision Vision requires four mechanisms: Coordination of external eye muscles so thatboth eyes move together Correct amount of light admitted by pupil Correct focus of light upon retina by lens Optic nerve transmitting sensory images tobrain 40. Eye Vocabularyemmetropia state of normal visionem--tr-p-legally blindseverely impaired vision; having 20/200 acuityNyctalopia difficulty seeing in dim light; also called night blindnessnik-t-l-p-ophthalmologydiagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eyeoptician specialist in grinding corrective lenses 41. Eye Vocabulary specializing in examining eyes, testing vision,optometry and prescribing corrective lensesPapilledemaswelling of the optic disk; also called chokedpap-l--d-mdiskphotophobiastrong sensitivity to bright lightpresbyopia visual loss due to old ageXerophthalmia dry eyeszir-f-thal-m-, 42. Eyeball Pathologyachromatopsia unable to perceive one or more colors; color-kr-m-tp-s- blindnessmonochromatismunable to perceive one specific coloramblyopia loss of vision not as a result of eye pathology;am-bl--p- commonly called lazy eyecorneal abrasionscraping injury to cornea 43. Eyeball Pathologyblurred vision due to uneven cornea; light rays do notastigmatismfocus sharply on retinaimage comes into focus behind retina; can see clearly athyperopiaa distance but not up close; also called far sightednessimage comes into focus in front of retina; can see clearlymyopiaup close but not at a distance; also callednearsightedness 44. Hyperopia (farsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the image would come into focus behind the retina, making the image on the retina blurry. The bottom imageshows how a biconvex lens corrects this condition. Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Copyright 2009 by PearsonUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 45. Myopia (nearsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the image comes into focus in front of the lens, making theimage on the retina blurry. The bottom image shows howa biconcave lens corrects this condition. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 46. Eyeball Pathologycataract damage to lens causing it to become cloudy chronic increase in intraocular pressure; results inglaucoma atrophy of optic nervemacular deterioration of macula lutea area of retinadegeneration 47. Photograph of a person with a cataract in the right eye. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 48. Cataracts VideoClick here to view a video on cataracts. 49. Macular Degeneration Video Click here to view a video on macular degeneration. 50. Eyeball Pathology separation of retina from choroid layer; damages bloodretinal detachment vessels and nerves causing blindness progressive disease in which retina becomes hard andretinitis pigmentosa pigmented, then atrophiesretinoblastoma malignant eye tumor occurring in young children 51. Conjunctiva PathologyPterygium hypertrophied (excessively developed) conjunctivalte-rij--m tissue in inner corner of eyetrachomachronic bacterial infection of conjunctivaPronunciation: te-rij--m 52. Eyelid Pathologypurulent infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid; alsohordeolumcalled a stye (or sty) 53. Photograph of an infant with strabismus. The left eye is turned inward, called esotropia. (Barts Medical Library/Phototake NYC) 2009 byRiver, NewEducation, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Copyright Upper SaddlePearsonJersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 54. Brain-related Vision Pathology loss of vision in half of visual field; often result of ahemianopia strokenystagmusjerky involuntary eye movements; indicator of brain injury 55. Eye Examination Tests use of multicolored charts to determine ability tocolor vision tests recognize colorsfluoresceininjection of fluorescein dye into bloodstream to observeangiographyblood flow within eye applying fluorescein eye drops to cornea to look forfluorescein staining corneal abrasions 56. Eye Examination Test 57. An example of color blindness test. A person with red-green color blindness would not be able to distinguish the green 27 from the surrounding red circles. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 58. Eye ExaminationTestskeratometry measures curvature of corneaophthalmoscopyexamination of interior of eyevision test for defect in ability of eye to focus imagerefractive error teston retina; tests for hyperopia and myopiaslit lamp microscopyexamining posterior surface of cornea 59. Examination of the interior of the eye using an ophthalmoscope. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 60. Eye Examination TestsSnellen chartused for testing distance visiontonometrymeasures intraocular pressurevisual acuity (VA) measures sharpness of vision 61. Surgical Treatmentsuse of extremely cold probe to liftcryoextractioncataract from lensPhacoemulsification use of high-frequency sound waves toliquefy lens with a cataract which is thenfak--i-ml-s-f-k-shn removed with a needlesurgical repair of cornea with a corneakeratoplastytransplantenucleationsurgical removal of eyeball-n-kl-t 62. Surgical Treatmentslaser-assistedIn-situ keratomileusiscorrection of myopia using laser surgery to(LASIK) remove corneal tissueker-t--mil--ssphotorefractive keratectomyuse of laser to reshape cornea; treats myopia(PRK)spoke-like incision around cornea to flatten it;radial keratotomy(RK)treats myopia 63. LASIK surgery. The cornea has been lifted in order toreshape it. (Chris Barry/Phototake NYC) Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 64. Surgical Treatmentscryoretinopexy surgical fixation of retina using extreme cold use of laser to destroy very small precise areas oflaser photocoagulation retina placing band around outside of sclera to stabilizescleral buckling detached retinastrabotomy incision into eye muscles to correct strabismus 65. Eye PharmacologyanestheticOcu-Caine,eyedrops to deaden painophthalmic solution PontocaineantibioticDel-Mycin,eyedrops to treat bacterial infectionophthalmic solution Ilotycinophthalmicconstricts arterioles of eye toVisine, Murinedecongestantreduce redness and itching 66. Eye Pharmacologyantiglaucoma reduces intraocular Betimol, Timopticmedication pressureartificial tears treats dry eyes Akwa Tears, Refresh Plusmiotic constricts pupilEserine Sulfate, Miostat Atropine-Care, Atropisolmydriaticdilates pupil Ophtalmic 67. The Ear at a Glance Function of the Ear Contains sensoryreceptors for hearingand equilibrium(balance) 68. The Ear at a Glance Structures of the Ear Auricle External ear Middle ear Inner ear 69. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 70. Ear Suffixes cusis hearing otia ear condition 71. Anatomy and Physiology Otology (Oto) is study of the ear Audiology is study of hearing disorders Ear responsible for two senses: Hearing Equilibrium or sense of balance Sensory information carried to brain byvestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear nerve hearing information Vestibular nerve balance information 72. The Ear Ear is subdivided into three regions: External ear Middle ear Inner ear 73. External Ear Auricle or pinna Only portion visible Captures soundwaves Directs themthrough externalauditory meatus 74. External Ear Auditory canal Sound moves alongcanal Cerumen Produced by oilglands in auditorycanal Oily wax slowlyflows out of earcanal removing dirtthat has stuck to it 75. External Ear Tympanicmembrane Commonly calledeardrum Sound waves strikemembrane Causes it to vibrate Tympanic membraneseparates externalear from middle ear 76. The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 77. The Middle Ear Small cavity Located in temporalbone of skull Contains three tinybones called ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes 78. The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 79. Ossicles Tympanic membranevibrates incus Vibrations amplify asthey move from oneossicle to next Stapes transmitsvibration to ovalwindow Start of inner ear 80. Close-up view of the ossicles within the middle ear. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 81. Eustachian Tube Also called auditory tube Connects nasopharynx with middle ear Opens with each swallow Equalizes pressure between middle earcavity and atmospheric pressure 82. The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 83. The Inner Ear Labyrinth Cavity withintemporal bone Houses inner ear Contains sensoryorgans 84. Sensory Organs of Inner Ear Hearing Cochlea Organs of Corti Equilibrium Semicircular canals Utricle Saccule 85. The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 86. How We Hear Sound waves travel down external auditorycanal, strike eardrum Eardrum vibrates 87. How We Hear Ossicles conduct vibrations across middleear from eardrum to oval window Oval window movements initiate vibrationsin fluid that fills cochlea 88. How We Hear Fluid vibrations strike hair cells, bending smallhairs and stimulating nerve endings Nerve ending sends electrical impulse to brain oncochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve 89. The path of sound waves through the outer, middle, and inner ear.Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 90. Inner Ear Anatomy Animation Click here to view an animation on inner ear anatomy. 91. Hearing LossConductiveSensorineuralhearing loss hearing loss Disease or malformation Damage or malformation ofof outer or middle earinner ear (cochlea) or the All sound is weaker and cochlear nervemuffled since it is not Sounds are distortedconducted correctly tobecause nerve impulse isinner ear incorrect 92. Word Building with acous/o, audi/o &audit/oticacousticpertaining to hearinggram audiogram record of hearingmeteraudiometerinstrument to measure hearinglogist audiologist hearing specialistoryauditorypertaining to hearing 93. Word Building with aur/o, auricul/o,cochle/o and salping/oalauralpertaining to eararauricularpertaining to eararcochlear pertaining to cochleaitissalpingitisinflammation of eustachian tubeotomy salpingotomy incision into eustachian tube 94. Word Building with labyrinth/o &myring/oectomy labyrinthectomy removal of labyrinthotomylabyrinthotomyincision into labyrinthitis myringitisinflammation of eardrumectomy myringectomyremoval of eardrumplasty myringoplasty surgical repair of eardrum 95. Word Building with ot/oalgia otalgiaear painicotic pertaining to earitisotitis inflammation of earlogistotologistear specialistrrhagia otorrhagia bleeding from ear 96. Word Building with ot/oscopeotoscopeinstrument to view earplasty otoplasty surgical repair of earmyc/ootomycosisabnormal condition of ear fungusosispy/ootopyorrhea discharge of pus from earrrhea 97. Word Building with tympan/oictympanic pertaining to eardrumitistympanitis inflammation of eardrummeter tympanometer instrument to measure eardrumplastytympanoplastysurgical repair of eardrumrrhexis tympanorrhexis ruptured eardrumotomy tympanotomyincision into eardrumectomytympanectomy removal of eardrum 98. Word Building with otiamacro macrotia large earsmicro microtia small ears 99. Ear VocabularyAmerican Signnonverbal method of communicating using hands andLanguage (ASL) fingers to represent words and conceptsbinaural referring to both earsmonaural referring to one eardecibel (dB) measures loudness of soundhertz (Hz) measures pitch of sound 100. Ear Vocabularydiagnosis and treatment of diseases of ear,otorhinolaryngology (ENT)nose, and throatpresbycusis normal loss of hearing with ageamount of hearing remaining after damage hasresidual hearingoccurredtinnitusringing in earsvertigo dizziness 101. Hearing Loss Pathologyanacusis total absence of hearing; total deafness inability to hear or having some degree of hearingdeafness impairment 102. External Ear PathologyCeruminomaexcessive accumulation of earwax forming hard waxs-r-m-nsplugexternal ear infection; often by fungus; also calledotitis externa (OE)otomycosis or swimmers ear 103. Middle Ear Pathologyinfection of middle ear; most commonly seen inotitis media (OM) children; watery fluid (serous otitis media) or pus(purulent otitis media) accumulates in middle ear cavityloss of mobility of stapes bone; leads to hearing loss asotosclerosisit cannot vibrate 104. Inner Ear Pathologybenign tumor of cochlear nerve; symptoms includeacoustic neuromatinnitus, headache, dizziness, and hearing lossinner ear infection; causes hearing and equilibriumlabyrinthitissymptomsprogressive hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus; causesMnires diseasenot well understood 105. Audiology Teststest of hearing ability in regards to both intensity andaudiometrypitch person is able to hearuse of a tuning fork placed either next to ear orRinne & Weberagainst skull to assess both nerve and bonetuning fork testsconduction of sound 106. Otology Testsotoscopy examination of ear canal and eardrum measurement of movement of tympanic membranetympanometry to asses pressure inside middle ear 107. An otoscope, used to visually examine the external auditoryMedical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition tympanic membrane. Saddle River, New Jersey 07458ear canal andCopyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. UpperBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. 108. Audiometry Video Click here to view a video on audiometry. 109. Balance Tests assesses equilibrium; balancing on one foot withfalling test eyes open and then closed 110. Audiology Procedureshearing aid mechanical device used to amplify sound 111. Surgical Treatments mechanical device surgically placed behind outer ear; converts sound into magnetic impulses tocochlear implant stimulate auditory nerve; treats sensorineural hearing lossMyringotomyincision into eardrum to drain fluid accumulated inmir-n-gt--mmiddle ear cavitypressure equalizingsurgical placement of tube in eardrum to allow fortube (PE tube) continuous drainage of fluid from middle ear cavitystapedectomy replacement of damaged stapes 112. Photograph of a child with a cochlear implant. by Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright 2009Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. FruchtAll rights reserved. 113. Ear Pharmacologyantibiotic oticeardrops to treat otitis externa Neomycin, Otocortsolutiontreats nausea associated withAntivert,antiemeticsvertigoCompazineanti-inflammatory reduces inflammation and itching Allergan Ear Dropsotic solution of otitis externawax emulsifiers softens ear waxDebrox Drops