f earth observation s high altitude pseudo satellites...

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High Altitude Pseudo-satellites: Proposal of Initiatives to Enhance Satellite Telecommunications1

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AuthorsJesús Gonzalo (*), Deibi López, Diego Domínguez, Alberto Escapa, Adrián García-Gutiérrez, Universidad de León, Spain

* Corresponding author: [email protected] of the High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites (HAPS) are nowadays in design and development phases.Besides, many of them have Earth Observation (EO) as one of their target markets, where high resolutionand persistent monitoring are considered quantum leaps with respect to current data providers.In parallel, the aerospace industry is preparing the development of dedicated payloads, evolving the spaceand airborne concepts to the new operational environment. Both active and passive instruments are understudy, with promising tests already developed in balloons and airplanes.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance of EO services and products, to assesscapabilities and limitations of platforms and sensors. This includes technology surveys, geometric andradiometric budgets, operational performance evaluation (e.g. revisit time), data processing and storageanalysis, communication link budgets and mass/volume estimations.Finally, a synthesis exercise from the above results provides simplified models to preliminarily evaluate theexpected performance of several kind of instruments, together with their dimensioning figures, from themajor technical and operational requirements.

FACTS AND FIGURES OF EARTH OBSERVATIONSERVICES FROM HIGH ALTITUDE PSEUDO-SATELLITES (HAPS)

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IntroductionAnalysis of EO market for HAPSHAPS EO payload capabilityPayload conceptsConclusions

Facts and Figures of Earth Observation Services from High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites (HAPS)

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HAPPIEST is a ESA General Studies Programme study to analyse the applications in which lighter-than-air pseudo-satellites can complement, augment or substitute current space-based or ground-based systems

1. IntroductionHAPPIEST Study

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Different in shape, size and performance!

1. IntroductionWhat a HAPS is

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1. IntroductionWhat HAPS can offer in EO

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Resolution

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Applications:

1. IntroductionWhat that is for

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2. Analysis of EO market for HAPSTaxonomy of EO sector revenues

Agriculture, 7.5%Forestry, 4.0% Fisheries, 5.0%

Oil and Gas, 3.0%Alternative energy, 1.0%Minerals and Mining,

1.5%Utilities (water,

electricity, waste), 2.0%

Construction, 2.0%

Transportation infrastructure,

Maritime , 10.0%

Comms Support, 2.0%Insurance & Finance,

3.0%Real-estate

management, 3.0%Retail & Geo-

marketing, 3.0%

News and Media, 1.0%Travel and Leisure,

2.0%Local and regional

planners, 5.0%

Emergency services, 6.0%

Education & research, 2.0%

Security and Defence , 9.0%

Environmental, Pollution &

Climate, 2.0%

Humanitarian Ops and Health, 2.0%

Unknown, 22.0%

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2. Analysis of EO market for HAPS Market growth/delta due to HAPS

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

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Fore

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Fishe

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as

Alte

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ive e

nerg

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Min

erals

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Min

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ies (w

ater

, elec

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Cons

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Tran

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n in

frastr

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Mar

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uppo

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Insu

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Real-

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il & G

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arke

ting

News

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Trav

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Loca

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onal

plan

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Emer

genc

y se

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Educ

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n &

rese

arch

Secu

rity

and

Defe

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Envir

onm

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Hum

anita

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Unkn

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Delta VIS/NIR HiFreqDelta IR HiFreqDelta SAR HiFreqDelta VISNIR/SAR HiFreqDelta LIDAR

1

2

34

+7/13%

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Complement existing servicesAd-hoc missionsRapidly changing scenariosHigh-value areas (larger GDP within HAPS coverage)

Exploit disruptive services ( HiRes persistent video)

3. Target EO servicesMarket analysis summary

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Payload capability strongly depends on the selectedHAPS platform and its size. How big can you go?

Envisaged limits:Aircraft: 50-60 m wingspanÆ ~35 kg payloadAirship: 120-130 m longÆ ~250 kg payload

3. HAPS EO payload capabilityNarrow FOV design& performance

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Ref: [1] Gonzalo J., Dominguez D., et al., “On the capabilities and limitations of HAPS”, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2018

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22.5 deg

15 deg

7.5 deg

WFOV GSD- Pan: 2m- RGB/NIR: 2-4m- MWIR/LWIR: 4-6 m

NFOV GSD- Pan: 0.5 m- RGB/NIR: 1 m- MWIR/LWIR: 2 m

Variable FOV

20 km 8.3 km 2.6 km

Main EO Payload capabilities

- Maximum integration time: 0.19 ms- WFOV image freq: 1/3 Hz- WFOV Revisit time: 120 s per rev.- NFOV agility: 20 s side-to-side- Higher received irradiance than Sats- Off-nadir observation better than UAVs- Platform stability: hovering with long

period modes

Main EO payload specifications

- Coverage: 20 km radius- Wide FOV Cameras:

- Pan scanning - VIS (x3) + IR (x3)

- Narrow FOV Cameras:- Pan & Tilt pointing- VIS (x3) + IR (x1)- Video capability

- Mass Budget: 39-70 kg- Power Budget: 687-1093 W

Data downlink

- WFOV data: 320 (160) Mbps- NFOV Video: 7700 (180) Mbps

4. Payload conceptsMultiple camera arrangement

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4. Payload conceptsNarrow & Wide FOV sensors

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MOSP3000 HDMass: ~33kg

Power: <200 WVisible: 1920x1080

IR: 1280x1024, 3-5 μm (MWIR)

ULTRAFORCE 350-HDMass: ~28kg

Power: <150 WVisible: 1280×720

IR: 640x512, 3-5 μm (MWIR)

MX-15Mass: < 45kg

Power: ~ 280 WVisible: 1920x1080

IR: 1280x1024, 3-5 μm (MWIR)

COTS

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GNSS-R dataWater level monitoring (sea, lakes, reservoirs, rivers)Wind and current measurements for weather forecasting and maritime studiesBiomass measurements for land management, crop and forest monitoringIce monitoring

GNSS-RO dataTroposphere studiesWeather forecasting using GNSS data

Calibration and testing platform for GNSS-RO and GNSS-R receivers

4. Payload conceptsGNSS-based EO services

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After market analyses target services are identifiedSecurity, maritime (coasts), emergencies, local planning (urban)High value/risk areas, rapid changing scenariosHAPS cover both existing and new niches

Payload concept simple and scalableWFOV persistent surveillanceNFOV high resolution steerableMany COTS componentsGNSS-based sensors are good options to complement EO servicesAttractive concepts from 25 to 100 kg depending on complexityPossibly, business case also for very light payload (~5 kg)

5. ConclusionsHAPS-based Earth Observation

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Authors:Jesús Gonzalo (*), Deibi López, Diego Domínguez, Alberto Escapa, Adrián García-Gutiérrez, Universidad de León, Spain* Correspondent author: [email protected]

Thank you very much!

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