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K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum

Technology and Livelihood Education

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates understanding

of the underlying concepts and principles

on diagnosing and troubleshooting of

computer systems.

The learner independently diagnoses

and troubleshoots computer systems as

prescribed in the TESDA Training

Regulation.

MODULE 4:

DIAGNOSE AND

TROUBLESHOOT COMPUTER

SYSTEMS (DT)

Number of Sessions (Time Allotment): 60 hrs

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

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Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course. In this module you will have a great deal of diagnosing and troubleshooting computer system. At the end of this module you will be able to plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer system errors, configure, inspect and test computer system networks and errors. Those skills are essential for you to reach the door of National Certification II in Computer Hardware Servicing.

In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for

easy understanding. After carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the activities, showing evidences of learning and finally answering the summative test, then you will have a considerable knowledge and skills in diagnosing and troubleshooting computer system essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career option in ICT.

Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start

exploring new things in this module.

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In this module, there will be four (4) major topics that you will encounter: (1)

be plan and prepare diagnosis of computer system errors; (2) diagnose and

configure computer systems and networks ; (3) inspect and test the configured

computer systems and networks ; and (4) test systems and networks. The four major

topics contains sub-topics which all leads to diagnose and troubleshoot computer

systems. This module contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS, what to

REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies

for this module are:

LO 1. Plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer systems errors

Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems errors

Determine the computer systems errors using manual and software diagnosis LO 2. Diagnose and configure computer systems and networks

Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems and network errors

Identify the diagnosed computer systems and network errors based on the job requirements

Configure computer systems and networks

LO 3. Inspect and test the configured computer systems and networks

Follow OHS procedures in inspecting and testing configured computer systems and networks

Inspect configured computer systems and networks

Replace defective components

Reinstall defective computer systems

Identify networks errors

Repair networks errors based on standard procedures

Test the configured computer systems and networks

LO 4. Test Systems and Networks

Follow OHS procedures in testing systems and networks

Test computer systems and networks in accordance with the job requirements

Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted

In order to master the above listed competencies, you must be knowledgeable

of the topics under what to KNOW, perform activities required under what to

PROCESS, accomplish additional meaningful tasks under what to REFLECT and

UNDERSTAND and finally show some evidences of your learning by transferring

what you have learned in a different context under what to TRANSFER.

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You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous

experiences about computer hardware servicing.

Instruction:

Read each of the statements in the left-hand column of the chart.

Place a check on the column that indicates your answers. Knowledge

able Have a little Knowledge

No Knowledg

e at All

Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health and safety (OHS) policies and procedures are followed

Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices needed to on form with job requirements

Interpret work instructions according to job requirements

Obtain computer components/devices/systems and determines its location prior to installation

Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job requirements

Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to determine the conformity to job requirements.

Check computer systems and networks for configuration in accordance with specifications and requirements

Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and networks in line with standard operating procedures (SOP)

Configure the identified systems and networks based on specifications and job requirements

Inspect and test configured computer systems and networks in conformity with manufacturer's instructions/manual

Correct/Adjust components or parts of computer systems and networks in accordance with job requirements

Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe operation

Perform scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance with manufacturer's requirements

Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with established procedures, when necessary

Document tasks undertaken in accordance with SOP

Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials in accordance with company SOP

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LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

ERRORS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Personal Protective Equipment

Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make

sure that you have the tools you will need, and secure a clear well-lit workplace.

Gather all the components youll be using and unpack them at the same time.

Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer

technician.

Types of personal protective devices

1. Anti-static devices

2. Power surge protectors

3. Personal equipment

Anti-static devices

Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.

Anti static wrist strap Anti- static mat

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Power surge protectors

Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from

intermittent power sources.

Examples:

1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators)

2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

Personal Equipment

Small paint brush

Anti- static bag Anti-static spray

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Screw drivers

Pliers and tweezers

Compressed air

Handheld vacuum

Directions: Perform the activity below.

Choose a partner

Do a simulation exercise

o One will act out the role of a computer teacher.

o The other will be the student

Situation: Computer teacher will show/demonstrate to the students the

Personal Protective Devices, what they are and how they are used.

The Student keeps on asking about the Personal Protective

Devices/Equipment and how they can be maintained in good condition of PC.

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Answer the following questions in your own answer/test notebook

1. For somebody who always works (do troubleshooting) with computers, what

personal protective devices do you usually use? How often do you use them?

2. Computers should be protected from static electricity to prevent component

malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such

malfunction?

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM ERROR

There are several errors in a computer from the point you open it up to the point you

reach the stand by window (reaching standby windows means boot process has no

error). Here's a list of computer error.

1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and

the LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color.

2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your

monitor is in steady orange color.

3. Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the

motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system

restart over and over again.

4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots

but when the operating system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if

you're going to wait for it to load.

5 Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you

try disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called

aftershock virus which will continue to run even if internet is disconnected.

6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try

installing the hardware. When you restart your set it will happen again.

7. Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list

of files in Command prompt style.

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8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode,

when you move your mouse or type something, your system will automatically restart

and the worst part is it will delete a file at random.

9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading

sound and then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be

heard.

10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you

open a program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a

program applications, when you close it, it will cause your system to restart.

Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different

Operating System (OS) errors. OS errors can be classified into various categories,

such as:

1. System errors These are moderately dangerous types of errors among

those that can pop up on your PC. System errors are caused by

malfunctioning hardware components, corrupted operating system modules,

etc.

2. Runtime errors Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning

system files or software executables. Most runtime errors cause the

application that caused it to shut down. However, more serious runtime errors

may cause the system to become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with

no choice but to reach for the Reset button.

3. Stop errors Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially

malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can

be difficult to resolve at times.

4. Device Manager Errors These are usually caused by corrupted driver files

or malfunctioning hardware components. In case of the former cause, the

problem is usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the drivers.

However, the latter cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware

components.

5. POST code errors POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning

hardware components, and are characterized by short beep sounds from the

tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors occur when you

press the power button to turn on your PC..

6. Application errors These can be caused at any point of time. As the name

suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. These

are usually caused by glitches in the program code itself. These are usually

resolved by updating the program to its latest version.

7. Browser Status Codes These are caused by problems faced by browsers

when trying to access a website. These can be caused by misplaced web

pages in the server of the website itself, or due to connection problems. For

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instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a

webpage that does not exist in the specified location.

DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS

PC Diagnosing

Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into

are startup problems, where your computer wont boot. Equally

annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your

computers startup process. In this module you will be given a

few tips on how you can avoid some of the most common

problems that happen right after your computer is turned on.

Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting.

Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it

with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the

component or not.

Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your

computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cables and

make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine.

Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the

device manager of the system and make all the device drivers up to date and

all the cards are plugged in properly.

Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your

computer, determine what was changed before the problem occurred.

Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning

messages associated with any faulty hardware or software.

Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot

when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes

including the error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record on

how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it.

Common PC Problems and solutions

You are working away at your computer when suddenly, up comes an error

message or worse, your computer comes to a screeching halt. Here are the

common computer problems and solutions that can help you.

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Steps

1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first

or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears

before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problems

found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also

display problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at

its full capacity during operation.

2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load

time may indicate errors in the hard drive.

3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics

may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards.

4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way

of judging how a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any

decent length audio file (usually above 30 sec). If the audio is choppy or slow, it

usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not

enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way

to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed

Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a

drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster reads and writes,

and can sometimes repair choppy audio.

5. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems, especially

Windows, can conflict with new drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may

conflict with another process. Windows will usually notify you about devices that are

causing a problem, or have a problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this

can be accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking

the Hardware tab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange

the properties of hardware.

6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than

the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts,

the software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be

caused by software that starts automatically on boot.

7. Check RAM and CPU consumption. A common problem is a choppy or sluggish

system. If a system is choppy it is good practice to see if a program is consuming

more resources than the computer can provide. An easy way to check this is

to use the Task Manager, right click on the taskbar select Task Manager, and click

the Processes tab. The CPU column contains a number that indicates the

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Network

HUB

Network

cable

Network

card

percentage of CPU the process is consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates

how much memory a process is consuming.

8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises,

shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen

to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can

tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity.

9. Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused by

malware on the computer. Running a virus scan can unearth any problems. Use a

commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus)

10. Check for the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly

during POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is

a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame.

Common Trouble shooting for Computer Units

1. Double check the power connections.

2. Voltage Regulator and power supply could

cause power failure in the computer unit.

3. Check the power cords and cable connectors

in your computer unit.

4. Unseated card. Loose cards could cause

malfunction.

5. Check the boot sequence configuration in the advance BIOS (Basic Input

/Output Unit) setup.

Diagnosing Network Connection

Things to look for if a PC is connected to the internet or network:

First check the cable connecting to the

network card into the network hub.

Check the back of the computer to see if

the network card light is on

Check the network cable ( use cable

tester)

Check the network HUB

(use multi-tester)

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Identify the following:

1. Moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your

PC.

2. Caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are characterized by

short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard.

3. Caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by

applications while those are running.

4. Usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware

components.

5. Caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables.

6. Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and

bad sectors on hard disks.

7. Caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.

Task: Develop a Sample Diagnostic Plan

List down all possible components to be checked based on the symptoms.

Symptoms: Dead Computer Monitor

Good Defective Remedy

AC outlet

AVR

AVR fuse

Monitor Power Cable

Monitor Switch

Power Supply

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Diagnosing a Computer Power Supply

Create a diagnostic plan for troubleshooting a power supply with the use of

the following tools, materials and equipment.

You will be assessed using the following criteria

CRITERIA Passed Failed

1. Sequence of steps in diagnosing is followed.

2. Safety precaution is observed.

3. Appropriate tools are used in diagnosing.

4. Diagnostic plan for troubleshooting is created.

PERFORMANCE RATING

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LESSON 2. DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND

NETWORKS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies,

procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all

people at the workplace.

Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment

that enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices

should be learned early and always adhered when working with any electrical device

including personal computers and peripherals.

Personal safety while working with PCs

The following statements are some safety precautions to take before working with

any computer devices:

Before doing anything, listen to your teachers instruction to prevent accidents

or any unwanted events that may occur on your workplace.

Do not work on computer when you are wet because you might get

electrocuted.

Do not remove internal devices of the computer when it is turned on.

Avoid playing or running while inside the room.

Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with

rubber sole, anti-static wrist strap, etc.

Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes on dealing with computer

devices.

Applying safety measure when handling tools and equipment are necessary

to avoid certain damages.

The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal

appearance and to practice safe working procedures at all time with appropriate

equipment.

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Basic Concepts of Electricity

This lesson will introduce us to the fundamental knowledge of electricity. It will

enable student to be equip with the basic knowledge in electricity.

Basic Electrical Terms

Electricity is define as the flow of electron or electric current. It

is an invisible form of energy that can be transform

into other form of energy like heat light and

mechanical.

Electron is the negatively charge component of an atom. It

has the ability to flow.

Proton is the positively charge component of an atom. It

had the ability to attract electron.

Matter is anything that occupy space and has mass. It can

be a solid, liquid or gas in state.

Atom Basic component of matter. It composes of a

nucleus which is the central part, the protons and

electrons.

Current Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount

of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in

ampere (I).

Voltage the amount of pulling force that makes the electron

flow. Also known as potential difference or

EMF(electromotive force). The amount of voltage

can be measured in volt (V).

Resistance define as the opposition to the flow of current. The

amount of resistance can be measure in ohms ().

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Conductors and Insulators

Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low

resistance to current flow.

Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron

Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a

high resistance to current flow.

Examples; rubber, plastic, paper

Types of Current

1. Direct Current

In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This

is the type of electricity is produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is

created, and maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the current flows directly, in

one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage (this is

oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight,

pocket radio, portable CD player or virtually any other type of portable or battery-

powered device, you are using direct current.

Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is

approximately 12V, and that's about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.

Figure 1. Direct Current

An ideal 12 V DC current. The voltage is considered positive because its potential is

measured relative to ground or the zero-potential default state of the earth.

Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their

appearance is that of a straight line which does not vary. They are produced from

power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators. Photovoltaic

devices such as solar cells also generate DC power.

2. AC Alternating Current

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In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge

periodically reverses direction. This type of electricity is produced or generated by

AC generators commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial power that

we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC

current can be reduced through the use of power transformer to suite for its

application. It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose. In the Philippines

AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz.

Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other.

They are sinusoidal waves, so that they change in time. They are produced from

sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North America, AC is 120

volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times

per second. In Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.

Figure2. Alternating Current

Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current?

There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic

of AC is that it is relatively easy to change voltages from one level to another using a

transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This capability allows the

companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner,

by transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to

the resistance in the transmission wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to

mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct current.

PCs use only direct current, which means that the alternating current

provided by your utility must be converted to direct current before use. This is

the primary function of your power supply.

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Figure 3. Simplified block diagram of a PC power supply

Electric Circuit

Electric circuit - is the pathways for electricity to flow.

Components of Circuit

Load - commonly represented by a bulb or any electrical component that

consumes electricity.

Supply - Commonly represented by a cell or a battery

Switch - an electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.

Figure4. A simple circuit

Types of Circuit

1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means

that current cannot flow in open circuit.

AC POWER

PCs PSU DC POWER

MOTHERBOARD

DRIVES

COOLING FANS

Load

Switch

Supply

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Figure5. An open circuit

The switch is said to be OPEN the current cant flow into the circuit and the

bulb is OFF

2. Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It

means that current can flow in a closed circuit.

Figure 6. A closed circuit

The switch is said to be CLOSED the current cant flow into the circuit and

the bulb is ON

Load

Switch

Supply

- +

Load

Switch

Supply

- +

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I. Identification:

Direction: Identify the following statement.

_________1. Define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of

energy that can be transform into other form of energy like heat light and

mechanical.

_________2. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow.

_________3. Define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance

can be measure in ohms ().

_________4. The positively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to attract

electron.

_________5. Anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas

in state.

_________6. Basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central

part, the protons and electrons.

_________7. Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a

circuit can be measured in ampere (I).

_________8. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as

potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage

can be measured in volt (V).

_________9. Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to

current flow.

_________10. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high

resistance to current flow.

_________11. A computer power supply converts AC to ___________________.

_________12. Define as the pathways for electricity to flow.

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_________13. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a bulb or any

electrical component that consumes electricity.

_________14. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a cell or a

battery.

_________15. An electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.

_________16. A type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that

current can flow in this circuit.

_________17. A type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that

current cannot flow in this circuit.

_________18. A circuit connection has only one path of current flow. In this circuit

connection the current remain constant.

_________19. A circuit connection that has 2 or more path of current. In this circuit the

voltage remains constant.

_________20. An invisible form of energy.

Techniques for diagnosing computer systems

Computer Diagnosis

Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and the

problem may be intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help

determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps that, if followed

each time, can be of help.

Rules in Diagnosing Computer System

1. Know the facts

Educate oneself on all aspects and operation of computer parts.

Continuous learning on computer technology. 2. Use your common sense 3. Focus on Field Replaceable Units

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Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for replacement or sub assembly.

4. Proper assembly and disassembly 5. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects

People ware

Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC. Firmware

Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted. Software

Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail. Hardware

Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction.

Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance.

ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your computer. Electricity

Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated; power surges can damage

computer units.

Problem Isolation

Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is

out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally

and record any information as you proceed. The information you will be able to

gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any

abnormalities in the unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the

sounds, and error codes.

Component Isolation

This section will aid in determining components in your system which are

failing. First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system unit, and

printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you need to isolate

major components which are failing to operate.

Diagnostics Procedure for ATX Power Supply Failure

1. Determine whether or not the power comes on.

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2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or resistance setting.

3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to the motherboard.

4. Replace the power supply unit if defective.

ATX Version 1.2 - 20 wire motherboard connector

Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 9 Pin 10

3.3V 3.3V Gnd 5V Gnd 5V Gnd P_OK 5VSB 12V

Oran Oran Blk Red Blk Red Blk Gray Purp Yell

Oran Blue Blk Green Blk Blk Blk White Red Red

3.3V -12V Gnd P_ON Gnd Gnd Gnd -5V 5V 5V

Pin 11 Pin 12 Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 15 Pin 16 Pin 17 Pin 18 Pin 19 Pin 20

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Flowchart for ATX Power Supply Repair

Warning! You must unplug your ATX power supply from the wall before working inside the case.

ATX Diagnostic chart

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Things to Consider

There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which

means that there are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your

computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems. However, no

matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a

solution:

Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in

the cables and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot

most problems is to check all related cables and connections.

Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you

can't get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the

mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one

plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine

if the mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem,

only make one change at a time.

Figure 7. An error message

Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error

messages, be sure to write down as much information as possible. If the basic

troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information.

Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start

troubleshooting, you will want to remember what you have done, so you don't

repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If you end up asking

someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've

taken.

Simple Solutions to Common Problems

Most of the time, problems can be fixed by using simple troubleshooting

techniques, such as closing and re-opening the program. It's important to try these

simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't

fixed, you can then try other troubleshooting techniques, such as reinstalling the

software.

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Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right

If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you

should try is closing the program and re-opening it.

You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up

again. Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this.

Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.

Figure 8. Checking for updates

Program is Completely Unresponsive

If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold)

Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then

select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are using a Mac,

you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.

Figure 8. The Task Manager

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Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer

Power Button Will Not Start Computer

Figure 9. Resetting a surge protector

If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm

that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power

outlet.

If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will

require you to plug a lamp or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it

is receiving power.

If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You

may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can

also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it is on.

If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter

into the wall and then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may

need to wait a few minutes and then try again.

"Non-System Disk or Disk Error" Message

If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means

there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which is

interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from the drive

and restart the computer.

Figure 10. The Non-System Disk or Disk Error Message

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Windows Shutting Down Message Will Not Disappear

Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this

happens, the Windows is Shutting Down message screen will stay active on

your screen. To finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the power

button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off.

Figure 11. The Windows shutdown screen

Computer Begins Randomly Rebooting or Crashing

Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm

that there is good air flow around the computer.

Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.

Figure 12. Virus Scanning

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Problems with the Monitor and Speakers

No Picture on the Monitor

Confirm the computer is turned on.

Check the brightness control, located on your monitor or your keyboard, and

make sure it is not set too low.

Check the connections for the monitor and surge protector, and make sure the

surge protector is turned on.

Figure 13. Cable plugged into monitor

Monitor Goes Blank Periodically

You may have the screensaver enabled.

If the screen saver is enabled, just move

your mouse back and forth and your

original screen will appear. You can

change the screensaver settings by

going to your Control Panel (or your

System Preferences if you're using a

Mac).

Figure 14. Opening the Control Panel

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No Sound

Figure 15. Adjusting the sound volume on a Mac

Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will

usually be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in the

Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the screen or

in System Preferences.

Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a

volume control, which will need to be turned up.

Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.

Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB

port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be

green.

Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible

from the headphones.

Searching the web for a solution

If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask

someone else for help. Try searching the web for the problem that you're having, as

other people may have had similar problems. Also, if you have a friend or family

member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you.

Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it

may take some time to find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic

solution may be required, such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling

programs, or reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's

possible that you could make the situation worse, so it's best to consult a

professional if you think a drastic solution is needed.

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Task. Examining the Motherboard in Detail

1. Look at the back of your computer. Without opening the case, list the ports that

you believe come directly from the motherboard.

2. Remove the cover of the case. List the different expansion cards in the expansion

slots. Was your guess correct about which ports come from the motherboard?

3. To expose the motherboard so you can identify its parts, remove all the

expansion cards.

4. Draw a diagram of the motherboard and label these parts: Processor (Include the

prominent label on the processor housing.)

a) RAM (each DIMM slot)

b) CMOS battery

c) Expansion slots (Identify the slots as PCI, PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x16,

and AGP.) Each port coming directly from the motherboard Power supply

connections, SATA or IDE drive connectors and floppy drive connector

5. Draw a rectangle on the diagram to represent each bank of jumpers on the

board.

6. What is the brand and model of the motherboard?

7. Locate the manufacturers Web site. If you can find the motherboard manual on

the site, download it.

8. You can complete the following activity only if you have the documentation for the

motherboard:

What do you do if a program on a PC is completely unresponsive? What about

a program on a Mac?

What should you do if you've tried everything and the problem still isn't fixed?

Diagnosing Power Supply Failure

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Directions: Divide the class into five (5) groups. Choose a leader for each group.

The group will prepares a chart and perform the tasks required by the Diagnostics

Procedure of ATX Power Supply Failure. After the activity they will be graded

through the given Performance Score Card below:

PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD

Performance Criteria Passed Failed

1. The students clearly identified the problem and applied the

possible solution correctly.

2. The students utilized actual tools/device in performing the actual

usage of each tools and OHS was observed.

3. The students applied safety precautions during the Activity.

4. The activity gave students more critical thinking on the personal

protective equipment.

5. The students cooperatively performed the activity.

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Tools for Testing Computer System

Tools and equipment play vital roles in troubleshooting. They help the user

determine the errors found in their computer hardware and network.

Tools used to test hardware problems:

1. Screw drivers - are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit.

Figure 16. Screw Drivers

2. Pliers and tweezers - are used for picking small parts in the computer unit.

Figure17. Pliers and Tweezers

3. Soldering iron- is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and circuit board with the use of a soldering lead.

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Figure18. Soldering iron

4. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and spray- are used for eliminating electrostatic

discharge in the work area.

Figure19. Anti- static wrist strap, mat and spray

5. Lens cleaner a device used for cleaning optical media, such as DVD-ROMS and

CD-writers.

Figure20. Lens Cleaner

6. Thermal paste-is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor.

Figure21. Thermal Paste

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Network Troubleshooting Tools

1. LAN Tester is a device used for testing the network connection.

Figure22. LAN Tester

2. Crimping tool- is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable.

Figure23. Crimping Tool

Direction: Answer the following question. Write your answers on your notebook.

.

Enumerate the six tools used for

troubleshooting.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2. Enumerate the two network

troubleshooting tools.

a.

b.

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Troubleshooting computer system network

Causes of Network Trouble

If a computer is unable to connect to a network or see other computers on a

network, it may be necessary to troubleshoot the network. A network may not work

because of any of the reasons below.

1. Network card not properly connected.

2. Bad network card drivers or software settings.

3. Firewall preventing computers from seeing each other.

4. Connection related issues.

5. Bad network hardware.

Solution

Because of the large variety of network configurations, operating systems,

setup, etc... Not all of the below information may apply to your network or operating

system. If your computer is connected to a company or large network, or you are not

the administrator of the network, it is recommended that if you are unable to resolve

your issues after following the below recommendations that you contact the network

administrator or company representative.

Verify connections / LEDs

Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the

computer. In addition, when checking the connection of the network cable, ensure

that the LEDs on the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network card

with a solid green LED or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or

receiving a signal.

If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is

possible that either the card is bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the

card is not receiving a signal from the network.

If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a

hub or switch, verify that the cables are properly connected and that the hub or

switch has power.

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Adapter resources

Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that

the card's resources are properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the

computer.

Adapter functionality

Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using

the ping command. Windows / MS-DOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS

prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.

To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host

This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an

error or if the transmission failed, it is likely that either the network card is not

physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.

Protocol

Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks

today will utilize TCP/IP, but may also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.

When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer

assigns the IPX address, the user must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet

Mask. To do this, follow the instructions below.

1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel

2. Double-click the Network icon

3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do

not click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.

4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab

5. Select the option to specify an IP address

6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an

address could be:

IP Address: 102.55.92.1

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192

7. When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have

the same Subnet Mask and have a different IP Address. For example, when using

the above values on one computer you would want to use an IP address of

102.55.92.2 on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.

Firewall

If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are

open. If possible, close the firewall software program or disconnect the computer

from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.

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Additional time

In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see

the network. If after booting the computer you are unable to see the network, give

the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users may also want to try

pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network

connections and possibly detect the network

Additional troubleshooting

If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to

connect or see the network, attempt one or more of the below recommendations.

If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another

computer's IP address to verify if the computer is able to send and receive data. To

do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux / Unix variant

users must open or be at a shell.

Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to

ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type:

ping 102.55.92.2

If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different

computer), this demonstrates that the computer is communicating over the network.

If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that other issues

may be present.

Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command

if you are a MS-DOS or Windows user or the trace route command if you are a Linux

/ Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the command prompt or

shell. Or trace route 102.55.92.2

This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network

devices. When the connection fails, determine what device is causing the issue by

reviewing the trace route listing.

Networking with DHCP

Task: Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol

(DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server provides all the information your computer

needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will check

network connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.

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Procedure

Getting connected

1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the Windows XP operating

system is running on your computer. You will use Windows XP sp2 throughout this

activity.

2. Next, open a terminal window on your computer by clicking on Applications-

>Accessories->Terminal.

3. In the terminal window, type ipconfig and press Enter.

a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your

worksheet.

b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your

IP address (es) in your worksheet.

4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a

light on the switch? Record the port number you connected to in your worksheet.

5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the

router, any switches or hubs, and all connected PCs.

6. Run ifconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet.

7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what

happens.

Checking your connection

1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1

and press Enter. Record the times listed in the last column of the output. What was

the average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to the router and back?

2. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's

computer with ping. Run ping as shown above, substituting the new IP address for

the one listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in the last column below.

What was the average round trip time (rtt)?

3. When you have completed the activity, shut down your computer and return to

your seat.

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Title: Networking with Static IPs

Purpose: While setting up a network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol

(DHCP) server is very convenient, it is sometimes preferable to use static IP

addresses. In this activity, you will join the network using an IP address and netmask

provided by your instructor. Once connected, you will check network connectivity

with at least one other peer on the network.

Procedure

Getting connected

1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the windows Operating

system is running on your computer.

2. When the boot process is completed, connect your computer to the network

switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light? What port number did you connect

to on the switch?

3. Draw a diagram of the entire network in the space below.

4. To configure your network settings, click System->Administration->Network.

5. In the Network settings window, make sure the Connections tab is selected.

6. Click on Wired connection, and then click the Properties button.

7. In the Interface properties window, change the Configuration setting to Static IP

address.

8. Enter the IP address provided by your instructor in the IP address field.

9. Enter 10.0.1.0 in the Gateway address field.

10. Finally, enter 255.255.255.0 in the Subnet mask field. Click OK to close the

Interface

properties window.

11. Click OK to close the Network settings window.

Checking your connection

1. Open a terminal window on your computer, if one is not already open, by clicking

Applications->Accessories->Terminal.

2. Type ipconfig and press Enter. Are your network setting correct? If not, repeat the

steps 411 in the previous section

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3. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's

computer with ping. For example, ping -c4 10.0.1.200. Record the times listed in the

last column below. What was the average round trip time?

4. Ask a second group for their IP address. Check connectivity to that group's

computer with ping. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the

average round trip time?

CRITERIA

Evaluation:

Passed Failed

1. Sequence of steps in diagnosing is followed.

2. Safety precaution are observed.

3. Appropriate tools are used in diagnosing.

4. Diagnostic plan for troubleshooting is created.

Remarks

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Computer System and Network Configurations

Computer Networks

Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all

connected to help their users work together. A network connects computers by

means of cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage data

traffic. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as

well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.

The most common networks are Local Area Networks or LANs for short. A

LAN connects computers within a single geographical location, such as one office

building, office suite, or home. By contrast, Wide Area Networks (WANs) span

different cities or even countries, using phone lines or satellite links.

Network System Configuration

All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout,

configuration, and management.

Designing Your Network

Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days,

depending on how much help you have ad how big your network is.

Here are the key tasks:

Settle on a peer-to-peer network or a client/server network.

Pick you network system software.

Pick a network language.

Figure out what hardware you need.

Decide on what degree of information security you need.

Choose software and hardware solutions to handle day-to-day management

chores.

Rolling Out Your Network

Rolling out your network requires the following steps:

Run and test network cables.

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Install the server or servers if youre setting up a client/server network. (If you are

setting up a peer-to-peer network, you typically dont have to worry about any

dedicated servers.)

Set up the workstation hardware.

Plug in and cable the Network Interface Cards (NICs these connect the network

to the LAN).

Install the hub or hubs (if you are using twisted-pair cable).

Install printers.

Load up the server software (the NOS, or Network Operating System) if your

network is a client/server type.

Install the workstation software.

Install modem hardware for remote dial-up (if you want the users to be able to

dial into the network).

Install the programs you want to run (application software).

Configuring Your Network

Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use.

Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups).

Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files.

Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless

everyone runs programs from their own computer).

Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers).

Installing network support on user workstations, so they can "talk" to your

network.

Managing Your Network

The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you

huge amounts of time in the coming months.

Mapping your network for easier management and troubleshooting.

Setting up appropriate security measures to protect against accidental and

intentional harm.

Tuning up your LAN so that you get the best possible speed from it.

Creating company standards for adding hardware and software, so you dont

have nagging compatibility problems later.

Putting backup systems in place so that you have copies of data and programs if

your hardware fails.

Installing some monitoring and diagnostic software so that you can check on your

networks health and get an early warning of impleading problems.

Figuring out how you plan to handle troubleshooting educating your LAN

administrator, setting up a support contract with a software vendor, and so on.

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Smooth Setup

One key advantage of a peer-to-peer network is that its easy to setup. With

the simplest sort of peer-to-peer network, you just use the built-in networking that

comes with your operating system (Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 7,

Windows 8 and so on) and you have very little software to set up even less if you

have computers that have the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do

these days.

For Windows XP and Windows 7, the basic steps to setting up a peer-to-peer

network are as follows:

(Review for Cabling) UTP Cable

A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable

consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable).

Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they

usually use.

Preparation

You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter

Figure24. Materials for Cabling

Making Cable

Follow the steps below.

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1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this

side A-side).

2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement

table). Don't remove the shield of each metal line.

3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire

arrangement.

4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.

5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.

6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any

cable in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the

cable to either device.)

How to see the wire arrangement

Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right

hand. Hold the RJ45 connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the

RJ45 connector.

The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of

green/green-white, orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted

pairs.

10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight

10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP

category-5 cable for both modes. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT,

in which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.)

A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to

connect 2 hubs in the case one of the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal

port on the other hub).

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10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross

A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers

directly (with ONLY the UTP cable). It is also used when you connect 2 hubs with a

normal port on both hubs. (In other words, the cross cable is used relatively in a rare

case.)

Pin ID side A side B

1 orange-white green-white

2 orange green

3 green-white orange-white

4 blue blue

5 blue-white blue-white

6 green orange

7 brown-white brown-white

8 brown brown

To create a peer network, you must have the following components:

Pin ID side A side B

1 orange-white orange-white

2 orange orange

3 green-white green-white

4 blue blue

5 blue-white blue-white

6 green green

7 brown-white brown-white

8 brown brown

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A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The

same manufacturer and model of network card is preferred.

Cabling that is supported by the network cards.

Windows XP or 7 drivers for the network cards.

A common network protocol.

A unique computer name for each computer.

Task. Creating Peer to Peer Network

To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the

network:

1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate cabling for

each computer.

2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network

card and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers

are not included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to

install the network drivers.

3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow

these steps:

a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click

Network.

b. Click Add, click Client, and then click Add.

c. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the

appropriate client in the Network Clients box, and then click OK.

d. Click Add, click Protocol, and then click Add.

NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically

connect your computers, consult the documentation included with your network adapters

or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.

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e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the

appropriate protocol in the Network Protocol box, and then click OK.

4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer

Sharing can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing,

use the following steps:

a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click

Network.

b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers,

click OK, and then click OK again.

c. Click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.

1. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:

a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click

Network.

b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.

c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.

:

Task. Setting Windows Network Connection

Equipment, Tools and Materials Required:

- UTP cables

- 4 Computer units

- 1 hub

NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the network and

should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small networks, the workgroup

name should be the same for each computer so that all computers are visible in the

same workgroup when browsing. You should not use spaces or the following

characters in computer and workgroup names

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Given the following materials, set-up a network connection on four computers.

Task 2. Using the Internet for Research

In this project, you will learn how useful the Internet can be for a PC support

technician.

1. Using your own or a lab computer pretend that the motherboard manual is not

available and you need to replace a faulty processor. Identify the manufacturer and

model of the mother board by looking for the manufacturer name and model number

stamped on the board. Research the Web site for that manufacturer. Print the list of

processors the board can support.

2 .Research the Web site for your motherboard and print the instructions for flashing

BIOS.

3.Research the Abit Web site (www.abit.com.tw) and print a photograph of a

motherboard that has a riser slot. Also print the photograph of the riser card that fits

this slot. What is the function of the riser card?

More Security for Remote Desktop

Task. Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follows.

When Jacob travels on company business, he finds its a great help to be able to

access his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop.

However, he wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate

network is as safe as possible. One way you can help Jacob add more security is to

CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5

Safety Precautions are observed.

All the UTP are properly connected to the computer and

hub.

Computers are properly connected and seen in the

network.

Proper boot-up and shutdown of the computer is

observed.

Total:

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change the port that Remote Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that

Remote Desktop uses port 3389, but if you change this port to a secret port, hackers

are less likely to find the open port. Search the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles

(support.microsoft.com) for a way to change the port that Remote Desktop uses.

Practice implementing this change by doing the following:

1. Set up Remote Desktop on a computer to be the host computer. Use another computer (the client computer) to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions.

2. Next, change the port that Remote Desktop uses on the host computer to a secret port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the change. Use the client computer to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer using the secret port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the connection using the secret port. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions.

3. What secret port did you use?

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Lesson 3. INSPECT AND TEST THE CONFIGURED COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND

NETWORKS

General Safety Tips and Reminders

Observe good housekeeping in the area of the machines during and after

maintenance.

Place removed covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all personnel,

while you are servicing the machine.

Dress for the Job

Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will not trip over

it.

Do not wear loose clothing that can be trapped in the moving parts of a machine.

Ensure that your sleeves are fastened or rolled up above your elbows. If your hair

is long, use hair net or hair cap.

Insert the ends of your necktie or scarf inside clothing or fasten it with a

nonconductive clip, approximately three (3) inches from the end.

Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eyeglasses, or metal fasteners.

After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels, and ground wires.

Replace any safety device that is worn out or defective.

Finally, reinstall all covers correctly before returning the unit to the customers.

Electrical safety

Electric current from power, telephone, and communication cables can be

hazardous. To avoid personal injury or equipment damage, disconnect the attached

power cords, telecommunications systems, networks and modems before you open

Remember: Metal objects are good conductors

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the server/workstation covers, unless instructed otherwise in the installation and

configuration procedure.

Precautions

Disconnect all power before:

Performing a mechanical inspection

Working near power supplies

Removing or installing main units

Before starting work on the machine, unplug the power cord.

Never assume that power has been disconnected from a circuit. First, check that

it has been powered-off.

Always look carefully for possible hazards in your work

Moist floors

Non-grounded power extension cables

Power surges.

If an electrical accident occurs:

Switch off power

Send another person to get medical aid

Safety Inspection Guide

1. These steps will help you identify potentially unsafe conditions on electrical

products:

Check exterior covers for damage (loose, broken, or sharp edges)

Power-off computer. Disconnect the power cord.

The power cord should be the appropriate type.

Insulation on the power cord must not be frayed or worn out.

Remove the cover.

Check for any obvious alteration. Use good judgment as to the safety of

any alterations.

Check for worn out, frayed or pinched cables.

Check that the power-supply cover fasteners (screws or rivets) have not

been removed or tampered with.

Accident Reporting Policy and Procedure

There must be a process put in place to report accidents, incidents or near misses

for immediate action and to help track causes. The organization needs to identify what

needs to be reported, to whom it is to be reported, and how to report it, then put this

process into a written procedure.

For example:

Any accident, incident, or "near miss," no matter how slight the injury or damage, must be

reported to the department supervisor immediately for appropriate action.

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The supervisor is responsible for taking appropriate follow-up action, including getting

medical attention for the injured, completing an investigation report and recommending or

implementing appropriate corrective actions.

The primary purpose of the accident investigation is to identify the cause(s) of the

accident, incident or "near miss" and take action to prevent a similar occurrence in the

future. In some instances, an employee's or volunteer's failure to follow recognized safety

procedures requires disciplinary action to protect co-workers.

Remember: One person's actions can jeopardize the safety of others in the workplace.

Accident Reporting Policy

Sample

Approved by

Chairman:

Date:

1. Purpose [complies with legislation, ensure the necessary action to prevent any

recurrence and to enable the organization to maintain proper records.

2. Scope [accident, incident, near-miss; employee, volunteer, anyone on site or

involved in organization-sponsored activities]

3. Definitions [of terms]

4. Accident Reporting [timeline, to whom, how (phone, e-mail, fax) \ OSHA,

NIOSH?]

5. Absence resulting from an accident [who to report to, Return-to work]

6. Accident Investigation [who investigates, what to do with resulting

recommendations]

7. Forms [Names, where to find them]

8. Reportable Diseases [communicable diseases listed where?]

Accident Investigation Procedures

The senior staff member available at the accident scene or the first member notified

should complete the appropriate investigation reporting form (accident, incident, near

miss). The completed form should be given to the organization's safety committee,

which will forward a copy of the report to the safety coordinator for review.

When an employee or volunteer is injured:

1. Get the person professional medical attention.

2. Protect others.

3. Minimize property damage.

4. Stabilize the situation.

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5. Conduct an investigation.

General guidelines for investigating accidents:

Go to the scene of the accident while the facts are fresh.

Inspect and record any changed physical characteristics or conditions of the

accident site

Preserve any physical evidence, such as potentially defective equipment.

Take photos to help preserve the scene (i.e., puddles on the floor, overturned

storage shelves and spilled contents).

Talk to the injured person, if possible.

Talk to any eyewitnesses.

Ask simple open-ended questions, one question at a time, and attempt to have

events related chronologically to ensure thorough coverage.

Distinguish a person's actual knowledge from hearsay.

Ask when, where, who, how, and what was said or done.

Avoid opinions, judgments or conclusions and be as objective as possible. Avoid

commenting on the information gathered except to confirm your understanding or

to clarify.

Stress getting the facts.

Do not comment on liability or fault during the investigation. Listen for clues in the

conversation around you.

Unsolicited comments often have merit.

Review and finalize any notes immediately upon completion of your inspection

and any interview or other communication with those involved.

Fill out the appropriate accident, incident or near-miss form, giving an accurate

account of the facts.

Send the form to the safety coordinator and safety committee for their review.

Accident reports

Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents

happened in the laboratory during experiments.

Accident reports contain the following details:

Name of the person injured

Date and time of the accident

Type of injury

First aid given

Action taken to prevent further accidents

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Task. Accomplish the sample Accident report sample form

Form No:

Accident Report Form

Date:

Rm. No:

Name: Yr/Sec:

Type of Injury

Cause of Injury

Remedy

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Replacing different Components

Computer Parts Replacement

When replacing computer parts and peripherals, you need to consider the

following factors:

1. Compatibility of the component or part

2. Consider the component specification

3. Components form factor

Compatibility of the Component

When replacing computer parts you should check if it is compatible with your

unit. Double check on your computer manual if the component you are replacing is

compatible or not with the unit because this may lead to system crash.

Component Specification

This focuses on the specification of the component. Check if the voltage

rating, current rating, memory size and frequency matches your computer unit.

Form factor

The components manufacturer should be considered. Check if the unit you

are trying to repair or upgrade is generic or branded units. Branded units have their

own set of components compatible only to their units, while genetic types can be

used only to generic type of units.

List of Components Commonly Replaced in a Computer System

Note: Please refer to the Video for Proper Replacement of the components or parts

of the computer.

Memory-is technically any form of electronic

storage; it is used most often to identify fast,

temporary forms of storage. It is commonly

called RAM (Random Access Memory).

Figure25. Memory

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Video Cards-also referred to as a graphics

accelerator, is an item of personal computer

hardware whose function is to generate and

output images to a display.

Figure26. Video Card

Network Interface Card is also known as LAN

card. A PC interface to network cabling. It is a

piece of computer hardware designed to allow

computers to communicate over a computer

network

Figure27. LAN Card

Hard disk drive is a fixed computer storage

medium

Figure27. LAN Card

Motherboard is also known as the mainboard. It

contains circuits that perform various functions.

Figure28. Motherboard

Processor is also known as CPU or the Central

Processing unit

Figure28. CPU

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CMOS Battery-Refers to a small memory on PC motherboards

that is used to store BIOS settings.

Figure29. CMOS Battery

CD/DVD Drive- A DVD is an optical disc storage media

format, invented and developed

by Philips, Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic in 1995

Figure30. CD/DVD

Sound card - is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates

the input and output of audio signals

Figure31. Sound Card

Directions: Write your answer on your notebook

1. Give the functions of each component.

1. Memory

2. Video card

3. NIC

4. Motherboard

5. HDD

2. Factors to consider when replacing a component.

1._____________________

2._____________________

3._____________________

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Upgrading Your Computer Components

To upgrade means to change some parts with faster and better performing ones.

These parts may even cost less and more powerful.

Commonly Upgraded Computer Parts

1. Monitors- replace old CRT monitors to new LCD or LED monitors.

2. Optical drives- old CD-ROMs drives are commonly replaced with DVD-ROM and

DVD writers.

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Hard Drives- small capacity hard drives are replaced with faster and high capacity

hard drives.

Keyboards and mouse- keyboards and mouse are commonly replaced with optical

mouse and wireless keyboards.

RAM (Random Access Memory)- upgrading the computers memory or RAM

speeds up the performance of the computer

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Video cards- upgrade computers graphics card to improve the computer

performance in terms of graphics and games.

Processors- replacing the processors increase the data processing speed.

Modem- installing a modem enables your computer to connect to the internet.

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How to Speed up the Computer

1. Defragmenter utility: Automatically analyzes the empty disk space on the hard

disk and defrag all scattered files.

Figure31. Defragmenter Utility

2. Shutdown Unnecessary programs: Close all unwanted programs at the Windows start up and this will automatically increase the windows loading time and speed of the computer will also be increased.

3. Increased memory: Increasing the memory in the system will result to

exceptional speed of your computer.

Figure32. Increasing the memory

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4. Disk Cleanup: You can delete unwanted programs and files from your computer

and this will be helpful in increasing the speed.

Figure33. Disk Cleanup

5. Empty Recycle Bin: Delete all the files and folders from the recycle bin and you

will get the space of C drive for reusability.

Figure34. Emptying the recycle bin

Memory Upgrade

To make your computer faster, you can upgrade its memory. Here are the

steps in upgrading your computers memory

1. Remove the memory modules from the slot.

Figure34. Removing memory module from the slot

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2. In Fig 35 the notches we have marked as A are

used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot.

The notches we have marked as B are used to align

the memory module with the DIMM slot key C as

shown in Figure 36.

In Figure 36 you can see the ejector clips (D), using

your finger, push these into the down position as

shown in Figure 36 this allows the memory to be

inserted.

Figure 35. Notch A

Figure 36. DIMM Slot

3. Now you are ready to install the module,

ensuring the notches line up with the keys gently

but firmly push the memory into the slot until it is

seated fully(see Fig 37 the ejector clips should rise

to the vertical position as shown in Fig 38).

4. Now your memory is installed. Be sure you have

not loosened any cables while working and also

ensure that the memory module is fully seated and

the ejector clips are in the vertical position.

Figure 37. Ejector clips

Figure 38. Ejector clips in vertical

position

Video card Upgrade

Installing the video card

Next, take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot

paying careful attention to the alignment notch. When it is aligned correctly, press

gently but firmly until the card is seated fully and evenly into the slot (see fig 39).

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Figure39. Video card seated fully and evenly on a slot

When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing screw (fig

40) and check to make sure you have not loosened anything during installation.

Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.

Figure40. Inserting fixing screw

When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card

automatically, it may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came with your video

card, insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions to install the video card

driver.

Hard Drive Upgrade

The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive bay

where the hard drive will go (see fig 41 below).

Figure41. Locate the drive bay

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The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables.

In figure 42 below you can see a standard IDE Cable, note there are three (3)

connections (notice the difference in distance between the connectors). Connection

A plugs into the motherboard and then the slave and master connections are used

for IDE devices such as hard drives, if you are only installing one drive or the new

drive is to be the master then use the master connector, if the drive is to be the slave

then use the slave connector.

The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this

denotes Pin 1, match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard drive.

The power cable you will find in your case is attached to your power supply;

you can see an example below in figure 43.

Figure42. Standard IDE Cable Figure43. Power Cable

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Basic Network Errors

If your network connection is not configured properly or suffers a technical

failure, you will often see some error message generated and displayed on your

screen. These message