f1 & f2 short notes
TRANSCRIPT
FORM 1CHAPTER 1Mass Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. SI unit : Kilogram (kg) Lever balance
Weight Weight is the pull of gravity on an object SI unit : Newton (N) Spring balance
Basic physical quantities & S.I. Physical quantities SI Unit
Length Metre (m)Mass Kilogram (kg)Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)Electric current Ampere (A)
Measuring tools
Length : Measuring tape Metre rule Calipers
Measure area of irregular shape: Graph paper
Measure volume of liquid: Measuring cylinder Burette Pipette
CHAPTER 2
Structure of cell and its function
Unicellular organismPlant : Chlamydomonas Yeast Euglena
Animal : Amoeba Paramecium Plasmodium
Multicellular organisms:Plant : Spirogyra Sea weed Grass
Animal : Eagle Squirrel Ant
Cell organisationCell Tissue Organ System Organism
System and functionSkeleton system: Protects internal organs and gives support to
the body
Blood circulation system: Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste
materials
Nervous system: Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to
stimuli
Reproductive system: Produces reproductive cells
Respiratory system: Enables the exchange of gases with the
surroundings
Excretory system: Removes wastes materials from the body
Digestive system: Breaks up food into simples form to be
absorbed and used by the body
Muscular system: Moves the parts of the body
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NucleusCell control centre
Cell membraneControls the entry and exit
of materials from the cell
Cytoplasm Stores dissolved materials
ChloroplastProduces chlorophyll
VacuoleContains water and
solute
Cell wallMaintains the shape
of the cell
CHAPTER 3
What is matter? Matter is everything that has mass and
occupies space Matter is made up of tiny particles
Matter exist in either:Solid: Liquid : Gas :
Particles vibrate in their position
Particles move gliding among each other
Particles move fast and randomly
Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a
substance. Unit : g/cm3
Density formula:
CHAPTER 4Basic resources of earth : Water Air Soil Living things Minerals Fossil fuels
Classification of matter:Matter is classified into:
1. Element
Substance which is made up of one type of particle only
2. Compound Substance that is made up of two or more
types of elements. Chemically combined Separation method : electrolysis
3. Mixture Substance that consist of two or more
substance Joined physically Separation method :
o Distillationo Filtration
CHAPTER 5
Contents of air: Nitrogen : 78% Oxygen : 21% Carbon dioxide : 0.03% Inert gases : 0.9% Microorganisms Water vapour Dust
Properties of oxygen: Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas slightly on water no effect on litmus paper supports combustion and respiration
Confirmation test for Oxygen:Glowing wooden splinter: Presence of oxygen causes the glowing
wooden splinter to ignites.
Properties of carbon dioxide: Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas Slightly soluble in water Very soluble in sodium hydroxide Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue
to red
Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:Limewater test: Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy
Respiration
Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:Inhaled ExhaledNitrogen – 78% Nitrogen – 78%Inert gases – 0.9% Inert gases – 0.9%Oxygen – 21% Oxygen – 16%Carbon dioxide – 0.03% Carbon dioxide – 0.03%
Combustion:
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Density = ____mass of substance (g)___ Volume of substance (cm3)
Metal
Non - Metal
Oxygen
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Energy
water
Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy
Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water
CHAPTER 6
FORMS of energy: Potential energy Kinetic energy Heat energy Light energy Chemical energy Sound energy Electrical energy Nuclear energy
Potential energy: Energy stored in an object due to its position
or condition
Kinetic energy: Energy stored in any moving object
Heat energy: Is a type of energy that rises the temperature
of an object.
Light energy: Energy that enables us to see
Chemical energy: Energy stored in chemical substances Eq: Food, battery, fuel
Sound energy: Energy that is produced in vibrating object
Electrical energy: Is produced by an electric charge or current
Nuclear energy: Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
SOURCES of Energy: Fossil fuels Biomass fuels Wind Water Sun Radioactive substances Geothermal energy
Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources: Solar Water Wind
Biomass Geothermal Wave/tidal
Non-renewable: fossil fuels radioactive substances
CHAPTER 7 heat is a form of energy heat can be produced by the following ways:
o rubbing two objects togethero burning objectso electricity that runs through a
coiled wire heat causes solids, liquids and gases to
expand and contract differences between heat and temperature
Heat TemperatureA form of energy The degree of hotness
or coldness of a substance
Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K)
Heat flows in three different ways:
1. Conduction is the flow of heat through solid
2. Convection is the flow of heat through fluids such as in
gases and in liquids
3. Radiation is the transfer of heat through vacuum(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)
Land breeze:
Sea breeze:
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At night Sea is warmer than land Cool air from land flows to
the sea as land breeze
During day Land is warmer than the sea Less dense hot air on land rises Cool air from the sea flows
towards the land as sea breeze
Physical process that involved in the change of states of matter.
Absorption of heat: Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better
than shiny objects
Gives out heat: A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better
than white shiny surface.
FORM 2CHAPTER 1
Sensory organs:Skin: sense of touch Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch
Nose: sense of smell Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air
Tongue: Sense of taste Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food
Ear: sense of hearing Stimuli: sound
Eye: sense of sight Stimuli: light
Properties of light: light can be reflected and refracted
Defects of vision:1. long sighted Can see far objects clearly Image formed behind retina Causes:
- eyeball too small/short
- lens too thin correction – Use convex lens
2. short sighted can see near objects clearly image formed infront of retina causes:
- eye ball too big/long- Lens too thick
correction – use concave lens
Properties of sound: is a form of energy produced by vibrating objects travels in the form of waves can be reflected (echo) can be absorbed can only travel through medium cannot travel through vacuum
Stimuli and responses in plants:
Phototropism: Stimuli – Light Response to obtain sunlight
Geotropism: Stimuli – gravity Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to
obtain mineral salts and water
Hydrotropism: stimuli – water Response to obtain water and mineral salts
Thigmotropism: Stimuli – touch Response to obtain support and light
CHAPTER 2Classes of food:
Carbohydrate: supply energy
Protein: needed for growth produce new cells
fats: insulator of heat for the body supply energy
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solid
Liquid Gas
water: helps transport excretory products from cells
to excretory organs helps the digestion of food
vitamins: maintain good health
Minerals: maintain good health
Fibre: helps in peristalsis prevents constipation
FOOD TESTS
Starch: a few drops of iodine solution is added to
food sample +ve result = It turns Dark Blue
Glucose: Benedict’s Solution is added to the food
sample and heated +ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
Protein: Millon’s reagent is added to the food
sample and heated +ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
Fats: A little food sample is placed on a piece of
filter paper +ve result = A translucent spot is detected.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION
Starch glucoseProtein amino acidsFat Fatty acid + glycerol
CHAPTER 3
Animal kingdom:
Plant Kingdom
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Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum
Small intestineLarge intestineRectum
Anus
Vertebrates:Have backbones
Inverertebrates:No backbones
MammalsBody covered with hair/furBreath through lungsGive birth to young alive
BirdsBody covered with feathersBreath through lungsLay eggsHave wings
ReptilesBody covered with dry scalesLay eggs
AmphibiansLive on both land and waterBreath through lungs & moist
skinHave moist skinLay eggs
FishLive in waterBreath through gillsBody covered with slimy scalesHave finsLay eggs
Breath Through lungs
Warm Blooded
Flowering plant Non-Flowering plant
Monocotyledons(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Leaves with parallel veinsHave fibrous rootsEq: Paddy,oil palm, maize
Dicotyledons(Plants with two cotyledon)Have net veined leavesHave tap rootsEq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees
Ferns
Mosses
Fungi
Algae
Conifer
CHAPTER 4
Species : A group of the same kind of organisms
with common characteristics
Population : a group of organisms of the same
species living and reproducing in a defined area
Community : is made up of different populations of
organisms living together in a habitat
Ecosystem : consists of plants, animals and the non-
living environment interacting with each other for living
Habitat : a place where an organism lives
Interaction between living organism:
1. Prey-predator Predator : animal that hunts other
animals for food Prey : The animal being hunted
(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)
2. Symbiosisa) Commensalism satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak
yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan –ve atau +ve
b) Mutualism Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah
c) Parasitism Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah
dan satu pihak rugi
3. Competition interaksi antara organisma untuk
keperluan yang sama
Biological control is a control of pests by the introduction
of their natural enemy
Food web Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan)
Primary consumer (Yang memakan tumbuhan-Producer)
Secondary consumer(Yang memakan Primary consumer)
Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan Secondary consumer)
Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau organisma yang sudah mati)
Photosynthesis merupakan process membuat makanan
oleh tumbuhan hijau
Conservation means proper management on the use of
natural resources to maintain future accessibility
Preservation Measures taken to maintain living
organisms and the natural environment in their natural balance state
CHAPTER 5
Physical characteristics of water water can exist in 3 states : Solid,
liquid, gas Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room
temperature Freezing point of pure water : 0oC Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3
Test for presence of water: Cobalt chloride paper changes from
blue to pink
Composition of water Water is a compound, made up of 2
atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen
H2O
Evaporation is a process by which liquid changes
into water vapour at any temperature Factors affecting evaporation:
o Surface areao Humidityo Movement of air
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Carbon dioxide
Water glucose Oxygen + +sunlight
chlorophyll
o Temperature of surroundings
Solution & Solubilitya) Solution a mixture of solute and solvent
b) Solvent Liquid that dissolves a substance
c) Solute A substance that is dissolved)
1. Dilute solution a solution that contains very little solute
2. Concentrated solution Solution that contain a lot of solute
3. Saturated solution Solution that contains the maximum
amount of solute and cannot dissolve any more solute
Factors affecting solubility Nature of the solute Nature of the solvent Temperature of the solvent
ACID Taste sour Corrosive pH less than 7 Change wet blue litmus paper to red
ALKALIS Taste bitter and soapy Corrosive pH more than 7 Change wet blue litmus paper to red
PURIFICATION1. Filtration strength – Remove large insoluble solids Can’t remove dissolve substance &
microorganism
2. Boiling Strengh – kills microorganisms Can’t remove insoluble particles & dissolve
substance
3. Distillation Strengh – removes insoluble and dissolve
substance/ removes microorganisms Tasteless
4. Chlorination Strengh – kills microorganism
Can’t remove insoluble particles & dissolved substance
CHAPTER 6
Kinetic theory of gas gas particles move freely in all direction Gas particles collide with the wall of the
container and bounce back A force is exerted by the particles onto the
wall This force produces a pressure on the walls
of the container
Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)Volume Temperature
Volume ↑ = AP ↓ Temperature ↑ = AP ↑ Volume ↓ = AP ↑ Temperature ↓ = AP ↓
CHAPTER 7
FORCE Is an act of push and pull Cannot be seen EFFECT can be seen or felt Has magnitude and direction
TYPE OF FORCE Frictional force
o Occurs when two surface in contacto Always opposes the motion of the
objecto Acts in the opposite direction to
movemento Can slow down or stop moving object
Gravitational forceo Force that pull objects to the eartho Causes all objects to have weight
Electrostatic forceo Force of attraction or repulsion
between charged substanceo Enables charge substance to attract
neutral substance such as small pieces of paper
o Same charges repel each othero Different charges attract each other
Magnetic force
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o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic substances like iron, nickel and cobalt
WORK Work is said to be done when a force moves
an object over a distance in the direction of the force
Equation for calculating work done:
POWER Power is the rate of doing work, which
means the amount of work done per unit time.
Power can be calculated using the equation:
CHAPTER 8
Vertebrates have1. Endoskeleton also known as internal skeleton Made up of bones and cartilage
Invertebrates have1. Exoskeleton Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab
2. Hydrostatic skeleton Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a
body cavity that is filled with fluid This body fluid pressure gives support and
shape to the animal Examples animals: earthworm, leech,
jellyfish
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTSButtress Root thick and wide roots that grow from the stem
above the ground e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree
Prop roots Roots which grow from the stem or
branches E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant
Prickles An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be
easily removed from the stem. E.q: Rose
Tendrils Curly string-like structures modified from
stems and leaves Curl and twine round parts of other plants or
objects to help the plant to climb E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin
Stilt roots Roots that develop from the main stem and
grow into the ground for support. E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)
Clasping roots Roots that grip onto other plants or structure
to get support E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid
Thorns (duri) Sharp modified branches that cannot be
easily removed Act as hooks to hold on to supports. E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)
CHAPTER 9
The point of equilibrium is the point where the whole weight of an
object appears to act on. It is also the point which an object can be
balanced on and it is present in all objects. It is also known as the centre of gravity of
the object
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF AN OBJECT
1. The position of the centre of gravity. the lower the centre of gravity, the more
stable the object
2. The base area The wider the base area, the more stable the
object
CHAPTER 10
LEVER is a simple machine makes work easier have 3 parts :
o F = Fulcrum
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Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)
Power (watts)Work done (joules)Time taken (seconds)
=
o E = Efforto L = Load
CLASSES OF LEVERNotice the middle part of the lever
L F E = 1st class
F L E = 2nd class
F E L = 3rd class
THE MOMENT OF FORCE The SI unit for moment of force
= Newton-metre (Nm) Formula for moment of force:
LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of
the anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.
The principle of moments can be represented by the following formula:
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Moment of force(Nm)
Force(N)
X=Perpendicular distance from the
pivot to the force(m)
Load(L)
Effort(E)X =
Distance of load from the fulcrum X
Distance of effort from the fulcrum