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A DECADE OF NAVY DIVINGSignificant events in Navy diving and salvage over the past ten years arereflected in this selection of covers from each year since 1970. From top left:the first issue (Spring '70); a salvage operation by HCU-2 (Summer '71);Special Warfare issue (Summer '72); the Navy-Duke 1,000-foot dive (Summer73); Suez Canal clearance (Winter '74); Mk 1 Deep Dive System record dive(Summer '75); Navy's remote-controlled Deep Drone (Fal l '76); a Mk VHeO2 dive at HCU-1 (Summer 77); NSDS 50th Anniversary (Fall 78); andthis issue's commemoration of Faceplate's tenth year.

FACEPLATEWINTER 1974

1OTH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE

EDITOR-IN-CHIEFCDR F. Duane Duff

ASSISTANT EDITORS-IN-CHIEFCDR Frank M. Richards

LT Frank DiGeorge

MANAGING EDITORStephen Person

DESIGNLisa Degenhardt

PRODUCTIONSally Huff

FACEPLATE is published quar-terly by the Supervisor of Divingto bring the latest and most infor-mative news available to the Navydiving community. Articles arepresented as information only,and should not be construed asregulations, orders, or directives.Discussions or illustrations ofcommercial products do not im-ply endorsement by the Super-visor of Diving or the U.S. Navy.

Requests for distribution copiesor for changes in distributionshould be directed to FACE-PLATE, Supervisor of Diving,Naval Sea Systems Command,Washington, D.C. 20362. Tele-phone (Area Code 202) OX7-7606 or AUTOVON 227-7386.

.. . the official magazine for the divers of the United States Navy

Faceplate's Tenth Year: Some Words0 from SUPDIVE and the Director of

Ocean Engineering

M/V Seaforth Clansman: A Ship ofQ a Different Color for the Royal Navy

By LCDR Stan Cwiklinski, USN

TDCS One Thousand

Assignment: ICEBy LTJ.M. Cherry, USN

Should Divers Use Drugs?By J. M. Walsh, Ph.D.

Page 12

~3i|̂ i,;-.\?^Pl'W*V .0,5 ̂

Page 16

t\M ESSM System Upgraded™ • By Earl Baker

The Navy's Master Divers

Clean-up at EniwetokBy LCDR R.H. Wells, USN

4 Soundings5 NEDU Reports

31 The Old Master

Page 28

COVER depicts several of the Navy's underwater breathing systems in commemoration ofFaceplate's tenth year of publication by the Supervisor of Diving. Clockwise, from center:the traditional Mk V hard hat rig, the new Mk 12 SSDS, the Mk 1 Mask, the Mk 15 UBA,and the Mk 1 Mask with the Mk 2 DOS Personnel Transfer Capsule. Drawings by Bill Seals.

BACK COVER shows an NEDU diver on the pedal ergometer in training for the 1,000-footTDCS dive (see page 12).

FACEPLATE 3

Faceplate's First DecadeIn 10 years, Faceplate has grown from a mimeographed newsletter to aninternational magazine reaching divers throughout the U.S. and 38 foreign countries.

With this issue, Faceplate, the official magazine for U.S. Navy divers, begins its tenth year under the sponsorship ofthe Supervisor of Diving. Some readers may remember Faceplate in the 1950s and 1960s when it was a brief,mimeographed newsletter published unofficially by the Deep Sea Divers School and the Navy Experimental DivingUnit at the Washington Navy Yard.

In those days, the newsletter was published intermittently and was distributed to just a few hundred subscribers. Anitem in the April 1962 issue read: "Distribution is made to all ships and stations having allowances for divers and, dueto the limited run possible with the 'ditto1 process, is usually one copy to all but the ASR's, ARS's and larger stationswhich get two apiece."

Today, Faceplate is an internationally distributed magazine. But, despite our growth, changes in appearance, andtechnical advances in production and distribution, the purpose of the magazine remains unchanged - to bring the latestand most informative news available to the Navy diving community. •

When Faceplate made the transition from a newsletter to a magazine ten years ago, former U.S. Navy Director ofOcean Engineering, Captain E.B. Mitchell, wrote: "We welcome your letters and encourage the submission of materialfor articles you feel might be of interest to Navy divers. Your ideas, experiences, and comments will be a vital part ofthis publication. Let us hear from you soon!"

We reaffirm those sentiments as Faceplate magazine enters its second decade, and urge you to support yourpublication so that in the decades ahead it will remain the Navy's primary vehicle for the exchange of informationbetween all who work beneath the surface of the sea.

S.P.

Navy Diving and Salvage Today . . .Captain R.B. Moss, Director of Ocean Engineering/Supervisor of Salvage

T his Tenth Anniversary issue of Faceplate provides anexcellent opportunity to reflect on a decade of ex-

perience in Navy ocean engineering, diving, and salvage;to comment on our current course and speed; and tooffer an opinion regarding future developments.

The past 10 years have witnessed significant changes,reflected in part by the recent establishment of a NavySalvage Requirements Task Force, introduction of aDiver Consolidation Plan, great strides in diving certifica-tion, and initiation of waterborne hull cleaning as part ofan overall Underwater Ship Husbandry Program. Tre-mendous technological advances have been made in thetechniques and equipment employed in Navy diving andsalvage, as well as oil pollution control. This new tech-nology has been long awaited in most instances, and hasbeen pressed immediately into service on demandingoperational projects. After 12 years, impending intro-duction of the Mk 12 Surface-Supported Diving Systemis expected to open a new era for U.S. Navy underwaterwork.

With all that can be said for technology, peopleremain the paramount important element in any diving,salvage, or ocean engineering formula. Their numbers,their attitudes, their training, and their organization willdetermine success, readiness, or failure of the program.The number of diving-qualified people in the active forcehas declined significantly since the early Seventies but,as significantly during this period, the U.S. Navy hascontinued to benefit from the skills and expertise of6 FACEPLATE

those released from active duty. Highly successful andspecialized Naval Reserve programs in Explosive Ord-nance Disposal (EOD) and Inshore Undersea Warfare(IUW) have begun to identify diver billets. The ReserveHarbor Clearance Program (RHCU) has not only filledits diver billets (in excess of 250), but has available aunique training program that will enable untrained ornovice divers to qualify as Second Class Navy divers. Ourmobilization readiness is thereby enhanced, and throughdiligent exercise of the Total Force Concept, NavalReservists have helped with accomplishment of manytasks levied on our peacetime Navy. Recognition ofPanama City, Florida, as our center for Navy divinghighlights and focuses on the importance of Navy divingpeople and their needs. With the Navy ExperimentalDiving Unit's relocation from the ancient facilities at theWashington Navy Yard to the modern Ocean SimulationFacility, added emphasis placed on the Naval CoastalSystems Center expertise in diving and salvage, andrecent commencement of construction at the site of theU.S. Navy's new diving school, the business of training,testing, and development will be facilitated, less ex-pensive, and more effective.

The centralization of both UDT/SEAL and EODpersonnel into distinct operating groups has provenextremely beneficial in the preservation of fiscal re-sources and specialized skills. These groups have furtherimproved their effectiveness, through introduction ofimproved swimmer delivery vehicles and the Mk 15

Swimmer Life Support System. Sheltered transportationsystems and closed-circuit, nori-magnetic breathingequipment, still in pre-delivery phases, will offer bothgroups a quantum enhancement of current capability.

A diver consolidation plan for grouping salvage andrepair divers has recently been proposed, and is currentlyunder review by both fleets. Better utilization of traineddivers, better opportunity for diversified experience,higher morale among divers, and greater opportunity topreserve and manage dwindling resources are benefitsexpected to accrue from this plan. Increased impetus ofthe Underwater Ship Husbandry Program is anotheranticipated benefit.

Underwater ship husbandry, as an important elementof Fleet material support, will encompass a variety ofareas including design and use of: underwater non-de-structive testing equipment, underwater repair tech-niques, underwater tools, improved underwater coatings,and underwater hull cleaning techniques and equipment.The intent of this effort is to extend the dry-docking

interval from the present two years to a period betweenfive and seven years. It is intended to routinely perform,waterborne, all those tasks (except major repair) that arenow done in drydock. Future effectiveness of the under-water ship husbandry program, however, is vitallydependent upon acceptance in logistic planning of thefact that properly trained and equipped divers arecapable of making extensive permanent repairs to water-borne hulls.

Many of you are aware of the problem posed by thefact that most of our current afloat salvage assets are ofWorld War II vintage and are being retired withoutreplacement. One of the prime objectives of the recentlyestablished Navy Salvage Requirements Task Force is tofirmly identify the stature of a salvage capability neces-sary to support defense objectives during times of war,as well as supporting our national interests during peace.A subordinate objective is to determine the assets andorganization necessary to sustain this capability.

(continued, next page)

. . . and a Look at the FutureCommander F. Duane Duff, U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving

In the Fall '76 and Summer '77 issues, CommanderBartholomew and I discussed some of the programs

under way which would improve the diving community'scapability to do the job. As this is the Tenth Anniversaryissue of Faceplate, I'd like to take a few minutes andlook at some of the things that have been done in thepast 10 years. We have come a long way.

We have continually updated and revised the DivingManual, introduced the Mk 1 Mod 0 mask, have theMk 12 SSDS at the schools, instituted the air samplingprograms, revised the Underwater Cutting and WeldingManual, delivered the first Mk 15 UBAs, delivered opendiving bells, have an operational Mk 2 Deep DiveSystem, made significant progress in the certification pro-gram, formulated a list of approved equipment, anddeveloped a long-range plan for RDT&E. This list is cer-tainly not all-inclusive, but is a sample of some of ourachievements, many of which took a long time to cometo fruition.

What can you look for in the future? Well, for sure,the Mk 12 SSDS; it's in production for the air mode,and has just completed a very successful mixed-gastechnical evaluation. Also, we will be seeing the newMk 15 UBA, Mk 16 UBA and Mk 14 CCSDS (push/pull). We can expect to see retirement of the Mk VIand Emerson rigs.

The Mk 12 will be in procurement through FY 82, sothere will be a need to retain your Mk V's until theMk 12 is delivered and your divers are qualified. Yourattention is drawn to OPNAV Notice 10560 of17 July 1978, which discusses the Fleet introduction ofthe Mk 12 and requires a one-time Mk V inventoryreport be submitted to my office. We will promulgatedisposition instructions for the Mk V upon completion

of the inventory. The very high sentimental value aswell as material value of the Mk V require that the retire-ment from service be accomplished in the most properand legal manner possible.

The SUPERS Manual is currently undergoing re-vision. The Diving Manual is always being updated andyou should all have Change 2 to Volume 1 by now. Weare working on Change 2 to Volume 2 and it shouldbe out next winter. The Diving Log/Accident ReportForm is under revision as is NAVSEAINST 9597.1(approved equipment list). Diver training is beingreviewed to ensure that we maintain quality as wellas applicability. The Underwater Work TechniquesManual will be updated to include new procedures andequipment. Reorganization movements are under wayin both fleets, which will improve diver utilization aswell as lines of communication.

We are moving to ensure that the equipments foundat one activity are much the same as those at anotherand that they are proven and adequate. This reducessystem familiarization time and also ensures that equip-ments are supply system supported.

There is a high probability that in the near futurethe U.S. Navy will become the lead service in DOD forall diving equipment, RDT&E and procurement. If thisstandardization is realized, it may very well have thesecondary benefit of facilitating joint diving operationsin the field. The primary purpose of this standardiza-tion is to improve Department of Defense diving safety,eliminate duplicate research and attain cost effectivenesswith consolidated service procurements.

All the foregoing is of little value, however, if the in-dividual commands don't follow the established rules,

(continued, next page)FACEPLATE 7

(Moss, from page 7)The requirement to provide equipment and technical

assistance to the Navy on-scene coordinator in the eventof Navy salvage-related or offshore oil spills, has resultedin the establishment of Pollution Response Centers co-located with the Emergency Ship Salvage Material(ESSM) bases in Virginia and California. The overseasESSM bases at Singapore and Livorno, Italy, have beentargeted to receive pollution response equipment in thenear future. A civilian firm has been contracted toprovide support personnel to form the nucleus of theU.S. Navy open-ocean oil pollution response capability.The past several years have witnessed the acquisition ofnew equipment: open-ocean skimmers, booms withmooring systems, and lightering tenders to contain oilspills during salvage operations. Future acquisitions willinclude portable lightering pumps, oil/water separators,through-hull oil/gas/water detectors, small powerful towboats, and large rubber storage bladders. Improvementof the Navy's offshore and salvage-related oil pollutionabatement capability will continue as a high priorityeffort.

Only in the last part of this decade has the Navy'sDiving System and Equipment Certification Programcome of age. The nearly exponential rate of progress inthis program can be illustrated with these statistics: In1973, there were 12 certified diving systems in the Navy;in 1976, there were 22. Presently, well over 100 Navydiving systems have achieved system certification. Thisgroup includes all ATS's and ARS's; clearly, the materialcondition, operational and emergency procedures of theFleet's diving systems have never been better. This

remarkable achievement can be attributed directly to thefact that the Fleet has accepted "diving system certifica-tion" as a viable means for assuring that their divingsystem functions safely and as technically intended overits mission range. The old myth that diving systemcertification requires material traceable back to themines has been put to rest. Today's Navy diver acknowl-edges that certifying his system entails a lot of hardwork, but he also fully appreciates that the effort pro-duces a system which is safe, reliable, and worthy of hisconfidence when he entrusts his life to its operation.

Advancing technology, driven by defense require-ments and a demand for products of the sea, israpidly changing the world oceans from hostile, in-accessible environments to those which man can safelyapproach with proper professional respect. In expansionof this subject, a more complete review of ocean engi-neering technology during the last decade will beaddressed by a number of highly competent authors inthe special Ocean Engineering issue of NA VSEA journal,to be published this summer.

In conclusion, I would suggest that my view of thefuture is one of basic optimism. There will be con-tinuing change necessary to match the Navy diving,salvage and ocean engineering capability to perceiveddefense needs, and an increasing requirement to managethese programs to make ever decreasing budget dollarscover the plans. You should expect positive, but de-liberate progress in the direction of more capable andreliable equipment, deeper diving, better training, and asafer environment.

(Duff, from page 7)regulations and safety procedures. I get too many badvibes about diving lockers not having the proper equip-ment or local command support to dive safely. Toomany diving lockers still have not gotten into the cer-tification program or do not conduct diving operationsin accordance with the Diving Manual.

Divers must be constantly aware of safety and theneed to follow established procedures using authorizedequipment. Diving should be a safe business if thehard-learned rules are followed, and I cannot empha-size this issue strongly enough. There are a lot of non-divers who do not fully appreciate or recognize thisfact, and it is up to all of us to ensure that they areproperly educated. Part of cleaning up the act willbe to ensure that everyone is in compliance with cur-rent directives. The Naval Safety Center has re-empha-sized the assist visit program and this service shouldbe taken advantage of. Being macho is dumb whenit's not safe.

I can help tell you what you need to dive safely andhow to get it; however, there is always a formal chain-of-command and it must be used. A phone call is greatfor discussing and assisting in the resolution of animmediate problem but pen must be put to paper if8 FACEPLATE

the ultimate solution is to be effected and other divingcommands are to receive the benefit of your experi-ence. In the same vein, I have kept a rough tabulationof who we get calls from. Over 80 percent are frommaster divers and below. It is almost an historic eventto hear from a commanding officer, executive officer ordiving officer. I don't know why this is, but if we aregoing to solve the overall safety problem, we must edu-cate and involve our seniors. Your safety is as muchtheir responsibility as yours. I again state my welcomeand encouragement for phone calls and letters but wemust also encourage formal communication up anddown the line.

A final note. Improvements in techniquesand equipments are not the exclusive prerogative of anyindividual or group. As I mentioned, I want to makethe individual diver as safe and comfortable as possible,so the input from the diving station is a very valuablelink in implementing programs. It takes the effort ofwriting and may not show up in the immediate future,but never feel that your opinion is not welcomed orvalued. It is. The cards, letters and phone calls receivedconcerning Change 2 to Volume 1 of the Diving Manualare extremely helpful and a strong indication of yourconcern. Keep them coming. Good Diving.

M/V SEAFORTH, CLANSMAN:

Sl»fO»TK CI.MMMM*

A SHIP OF A DIFFERENT COLOR FOR THEIn a single hull, Clansman gives Britain's Royal Navy a modern, wholly dedicated and fullyequipped diving support and versatile salvage/recovery platform as well as a highly effectivefirefighting and oil pollution control vessel with which to enter the 1980s.

Lieutenant Commander Stan Cwiklinski, USNOn Exchange to the Royal Navy

W ith the acquisition of M/V Seaforth Clansman lastJuly, the British Royal Navy more than doubled its

sea-going, deep-diving capability. The multi-purposediving vessel can conduct saturation diving to 1,000 feetof seawater (fsw) in conditions up to sea state seven.

In a striking departure from her Fleet counterparts,Clansman is painted maroon and mimosa yellow withblack trim, rather than the traditional navy gray. But,there's rhyme for reason since Clansman is uniquelyon long-term charter to the RN. The vessel's colorfulpaint job conforms to the registered fleet colors of hercommercial owner and manager, Seaforth Taywood,Ltd., and Seaforth Maritime, Ltd., respectfully.

Clansman was originally built on speculation to servethe commercial North Sea oil industry. When the RoyalNavy became interested in the vessel as a replacementfor the ancient and venerable HMS Reclaim in August1977, she had had just one previous, short-term diving

charter. Just eleven months later, the vessel achievedfinal Fleet acceptance, an enviable achievement consider-ing the unique nature of the venture and the complexi-ties involved in bringing ship and divers to RN readystatus.

Under the sponsorship of Commander A.G. Worsley,RN Superintendent of Diving, a team of RN divers under-went intensive training to prepare for the follow-on divingtrials program to officially qualify Clansman as an op-erational unit of the Fleet. A culminating six-man diveto 656 fsw proved eminently successful. Despite seastates building to five and six, eight hours of two-man,extra-bell excursions were conducted to 705 fsw. Also,a heavy-work, pipe and flange puzzle project was suc-cessfully completed at depth.

Fully operational, Clansman was delivered to Ports-mouth, England, on schedule. She was officially ac-cepted by the RN as a Fleet asset on July 11, 1978.

FACEPLATE 9

Below, Clansman's diving bell on traversing trolley in ready-for-launchposition. At right, RN's Vice Admiral Burger reviews Clansman diverson occasion of Fleet Acceptance last July.

M/V Seaforth Clansman "diving gang." Front row (l-r): PO Olive,CPO Peacock, PO(D) Kerr, PO(D) Kidman, LS(D) Furlong, LS(D)Gunnel, AB(D) Barton. Middle row (l-r): LT Martin, CPO(D) Bauck-ham, LS(D) Matthews, LS(D) Scargill, LS(D) Spears, LS(D) Davies,PO Down, BMCM(MDV) Behling, CDR Worsley (RN Superintendent ofDiving), LCDR Cwiklinski. Back row (l-r): PO(D) Brown, AB(D) (ones,LS(D) Mason, AB(D) Hammans, LS(D) Baker. Not pictured: CDRGreene, MC, USN; SURG LT Sykes, RN; and LS(D) Carrier.

Clansman's design is based on the lines of a modernstern trawler. She is 259 feet long with a molded beamof 50 feet, and displaces 3,300 tons. Two controll-able pitch props, twin rudders, and a bow and sternthruster provide exceptional slow speed maneuverabil-ity and position keeping. Full speed from her fourmain engines is 13 knots. She can carry a crew of 46,including 27 divers.

The diving moonpool, opened at the bottom, isformed by a 14-foot-square casing passing verticallyup through the hull. Clansman's state-of-the-art divingsystem is built into the ship on three deck levels whichare totally out of the weather. The system consistsof a three-chamber complex - two DDC's (one with anouter lock) individually bolt-flanged to a transfer lock.Each DDC can accommodate four divers. From the

top of the transfer lock extends a transfer trunk ontowhich the diving bell mates. The bell is configured tocarry two divers plus a bellman. The bell handlingsystem can transfer the bell from fully mated to moon-pool launch inside ten minutes. A moonpool aerationsystem greatly facilitates heavy weather operationsby effectively mitigating the effects of sea surge upthrough the pool.

Along with the sat/bounce diving capability, Clans-man is equipped to conduct surface-supported divingto 250 fsw. An open bell, handling davits and gas andhot water control manifolds for diving from eitherside are provided. A dedicated, deck-mounted, double-lock therapeutic recompression chamber is also in-stalled.

The ship is fitted for but not with an acoustic,

10 FACEPLATE

At left, a view of Dive Main Control. Above, Clansman's moonpool,through which diving bell passes, showing aeration system whichreduces surge in heavy seas.

dynamic positioning system. Presently, a highly effi-cient, self-lay/self-recover, four-point mooring systemis employed. Pollution abatement/control equipmentis also fitted, consisting of a detergent mixing andspraying system and stowage for 50 tons of detergentconcentrate.

Clanman's charter has been renewed for a secondyear with option for up to three additional years,which is the RN estimate for completion of its newSeabed Operations Vessel (SOV). The SOV, likewise,will carry a 1,000-fsw sat/bounce dive system, plus anunmanned tethered submersible for deep ocean search.Also, space and weight has been allocated for the futurefit of a manned submersible.

As a retrofit consideration, Clansman's stern isspecially strengthened to accept a hydraulically oper-

ated A—frame handling gantry for launch and recoveryof a submersible. Also, the after deck has been struc-turally strengthened to accept trackways from the sternto a position where an additional transfer trunk to thedive complex has been targeted to permit diver transferunder pressure to and from a LI/LO submersible. Thisconcept in greater diver versatility is presently practicedcommercially.

With Clansman now a Fleet asset, the RN has formallyentered the operational saturation/deep bounce divingbusiness. It proudly possesses a small but professionallyviable seagoing, deep diving organization. The Clansmancharter affords the RN a cost-effective answer to furtherdevelop its deep diving expertise and to test and evaluatecommercial and/or service-designed equipment forpossible SOV application.®

FACEPLATE 11

TDCS ONETHOUSAND

NEDU Tests the New/ Tethered DiverCommunication System to 1,OQO Feet

and Probes the Origin of Some BacterialDifficulties that Commonly Afflict

Divers Under Saturation Conditions.

ai February 15, 1979, six U.S. Navy divers emergedrom the Ocean Simulation Facility at the Navy

Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) in Panama City, Flor-ida, after a month-long, 1,000-foot experimental dive.This was the first NEDU dive dedicated to the evaluationof a communication system.

The Tethered Diver Communication System (TDCS)was developed for the Navy by Hydro Products, Inc., toimprove communications with divers in the saturationdiving environment. All four of the Navy's currentlyavailable umbilical-supplied diving systems were tested:the Mk 14 Closed-Circuit Saturation Diving System, theMk 12 Surface-Supported Diving System, the Mk 11Underwater Breathing Apparatus, and the Mk 1 Mod Sdiver's mask.

Speaking at the International Diving Symposium inNew Orleans last February, while the dive was inprogress, Arlo Trieglaff of Hydro Products said, "Thehelium-oxygen atmosphere required for life support atthe high pressures in deep diving operations causes severedistortions of the human voice. The problem is further12 FACEPLATE

complicated by the poor acoustic surroundings, severeelectrical interference conditions, and a high acousticalnoise environment."

Because intelligibility is the ultimate index of theeffectiveness of any communication system, the TDCSdive subjects were required to devote a good portion ofthe dive to the Modified Rhyme Test word lists. The testconsists of 50 groups of words, with six words in eachgroup. In a typical test, the reader reads one word fromeach group and the listener, who holds a response sheetwith the same words, marks the word he hears from.eachgroup.

In addition to TDCS word list tests and technicaltests, the dive plan was thoroughly booked with a wide

From the control room of the Ocean Simulation Facility, divesupervisor Lieutenant J. E. Halwachs communicates with a divesubject equipped with temperature probes inside one of theOSF's dry chambers.

range of medical and physiological tests, including bloodstudies, bacteriological sampling, thermal evaluationsand graded exercise studies. Here is a brief summary ofsome of these tests:

• Dry Thermal Study. This study evaluated the ef-fect of exercise on a diver's metabolic heat produc-tion and overall thermal balance in a helium-oxygen environment at 640 fsw. Dive subjects,wearing only swim trunks and shoes, were placedin one of the OSF dry chambers, which was cooledto 68° F. For a two-hour period, they rested andperformed work on the bicycle ergometer as oxy-gen consumption and heat loss from skin, respira-tory tract and body core were measured.

(continued on page 15)

BMI(DV) Paul Castle is suited-up with the Mk 14 CCSDSduring training in the OSF test pool. Workouts on the pedalergometer (above and opposite page) permit physiologicaland breathing system evaluations.

FACEPLATE 13

A Closer Look at the TetheredDiver Communication System

The TDCS is a complete communication system for saturation diving applications. It enables divers to talkwith topside personnel and to other divers in a personnel transfer capsule at saturation depths. The systemhas four communication loops (diver, intercom, surveillance, and command) located at eight differentstations. Divers have hands-free communication; no controls or indicators are used. The TDCS's ruggedsimplicity is combined with several advancements in saturation diving communications: (1) diver and tendermicrophones are matched for noise cancelling characteristics to the acoustic properties of the masks andnoise generated by the life support systems, (2) electromagnetic noise and interference are eliminated byconverting the diver audio signals to FM signals which are multiplexed with other diver and tender channels,and (3) four helium speech unscramblers preprocess the helium voice, convert it to digital form, then storeand process it for unscrambling, conversion to analog form, filtering and transmission. The result is anexpanded communication capability with greatly enhanced voice intelligibility.

Main Control Console

Deck Decompression Chamber

14 FACEPLATE

Operations Officer Lieutenant J. T. Harrison watches TVmonitors while speaking to TDCS dive subjects inside the OSFwet pot. The new communication system vastly improvesintelligibility of divers breathing helium-oxygen mixtures at deepdepths.

TDCS (continued from page 13)• Blood Study. Investigators at the Naval Medical

Research Institute and the Submarine Medical Re-search Laboratory prepared experimental proto-cols to determine the effect saturation diving hason the amounts of iron carrying protein found inthe blood of divers (a fall in its level is associatedwith some diving difficulties), and to determinewhether certain bacterial products are found moreoften in the blood stream as a result of compres-sion or decompression stress. These studies wereaimed at clarifying the origin of decompressionsickness and learning why certain difficulties withbacterial infections in saturation divers occur.

• Bacteriological Sampling. During saturation diving,increases in the number and intensity of commonskin and gastrointestinal disturbances occur. In aneffort to determine the origin and spread of thesedifficulties under saturation situations, the divesubjects collected specimens from each other andfrom various areas of the chamber for later iden-tification and analysis.

Operations Officer Lieutenant J.T. Harrison reported atthe completion of the dive that all tests and missionrequirements had been met.

Dive subjects for the 1979 Tethered Diver Commu-nication System dive were HTCS (MDV) David E.Debolt, EN1 (DV) Jerry L. Cuchens, MMC (DV) GeorgeSullivan, HTC (DV) Jack A. Neal, ET1 (DV) Troy C.Pappas, and BM1 (DV) Paul A. Castle, all of NEDU.®

Participants in the 1979 TDCS 1,000-foot dive in Panama City(l-r, standing): HTCS(MDV) Debolt, MMC(DV) Sullivan, ENI(DV)Cutchens, ET1(DV) Pappas, BM1(DV) Castle, and HTC(DV) Neal.In front, BMCS(DV) Mantell.

FACEPLATE 15

UCT-2's eight-man Arctic Weft Detachment goesnorth to Alaska for a month-long assignmentaboard an icebreaker. They encounter somespectacular ice diving, polar bears, ice floedemolition and other "chilling" experiences.

HM3(DV) Eric Gilliam checks out UCT-2 divers as theyprepare'tl|;|nte|t|he''/9s%ic waters through 8 to 12 feet of ice.

Lieutenant J.M. Cherry, CEC, USNUCT-2, Port Hueneme, California

Photos by PHI(DV) Harry Kulu, USN

Last fall, our Arctic West Detachment was flown toNome, Alaska, to rendezvous with the 269-foot

Coast Guard ice breaker Northwind for an assignmentinvolving diving support for the Naval Arctic SubmarineLaboratory.

A couple day's wait in Nome proved to be an en-lightening experience. The renowned gold mining town(with gold dredges still in operation) appeared to havechanged little from the late 1890s - except for the costof living. While several of us devoted spare time to re-lentlessly panning nearby icy streams, hoping for a fewgolden flakes, all were collectively shocked by pricessuch as $1.75 for a loaf of bread, or $.75 for a three-day-old newspaper. Needless to say, all hands werequite happy to sight the Northwind on the horizon.

Once aboard Northwind, the first task was to as-semble and check out the various items of diving supportequipment. Predeployment mission statements haddictated the need for the capability to dive under four-teen feet of ice to water depths of 90 feet. Accordingly,a prime prerequisite was the ready availability of a re-compression chamber. Coinciding with the set-up ofthis equipment was the implementation of a trainingprogram to familiarize Northwind's Coast Guard diverswith our equipment and procedures. In order to meetthe requirements of reasonable comfort and maneu-verability in the extremely cold waters beneath theice pack, proper selection of diving gear was criticalto the mission's success. Scuba equipment, used witha variable volume dry suit, was appropriately chosen.

"Bears had been sighted almost daily. . . Afew hours after the divers returned to the shipa polar bear attacked the main shelter . . ."

The variable volume dry suit insulates the diver fromthe extreme cold by a cushion of air which literallyinflates his dive suit. An inlet valve, connected to anexternal air source, and an exhaust valve permit thediver to regulate the volume of his insulating air. Thissuit offers a superior form of thermal protection againstthe frigid water of the Arctic. Certain limitations, how-ever, do exist. Inlet and exhaust valves can malfunction.When the suit is exposed to ambient outside tempera-tures below 32° F, supercooling of the inlet and exhaustvalves may occur. This can cause icing upon immersionin seawater, with the resultant effect of inoperablevalves. Silicone spray applied to both valves will assist

FACEPLATE 17

in counteracting this effect. When in the head-downor the horizontal position, air can accumulate in thefoot area, resulting in a loss of buoyancy control andpossible "blow-up." A rip in the suit or a parting zippercould cause an immediate loss of buoyancy along withthermal shock. All UCT-2 divers undergo annual re-fresher training in the operation of this suit. It is veryimportant that a diver have experience using this suitprior to diving in the Arctic seas.

The single hose regulator with external thermalprotection of the first stage was determined to be mostcompatible to the frigid environment. No overall ad-vantage has been established for utilizing either thesingle or double hose regulator, but our detachmentpreferred the single hose version. Use of a single hoseregulator in Arctic waters should include: (1) the ex-ternal protection of an antifreeze solution surroundingthe first stage adjusting spring and (2) a requirementto limit purging of the second stage to less than fivesecond's duration. (See "A Guide to Polar Diving"by W.T. Jenkins, Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory,June 1976.)

Once the ice camps were established by the scientif-ic party, the next priority was the underwater instal-lation of a hydrophone array. Eight-inch diameter holeswere to be drilled through the ice at specific intervals,and the sections of pipe would then be lowered beneaththe ice for assembly by the dive team. Once the sectionswere hand-connected, the now-rigid array could belowered to its operational depth.

"From the diver's perspective, the Arcticpack ice resembled a huge ice cave withblue-white stalactites suspended from thetop and sides."

Once on site, the first dive team and standby diverdonned their equipment, excluding tanks, inside aheated shelter near the ice entry hole. Due to limitedspace, the tanks were left outside. The team quicklylearned its first lesson of this severe environment; the4°F temperature froze the O-rings in the manifold inless than ten minutes, thus preventing a proper sealbetween the regulator and HP air manifold. Each diver'slife support equipment was then placed inside the shel-ters, where the O-rings rapidly thawed.

Certainly not the least of the concerns of the divingsupervisor was the possibility of a polar bear attack.Bears had been sighted almost daily in this area, andtheir size alone justified the posting of an armedjook-out during the diving operation. Although no unwantedintrusion occurred during the afternoon's dives, a fewhours after the divers returned to the ship a polar bearattacked the main shelter of the camp. Fortunately,

Ice demolition training included detonation of 40 pounds ofcomposition C-4 explosive.

the bear was scared away by the use of a flare gun, butnot before considerable damage was done to both thetent and the confidence of the scientists.

The easiest water access for the divers was througha refrozen lead, which is a navigable channel through thesurrounding ice pack. The ice was approximately twofeet thick over the lead, whereas the surrounding packice varied in thickness from eight to 12 feet.

The first impression of the divers upon entering thewater was a mild surprise at the excellent water clarity.In spite of hazy, late afternoon sunlight, in addition

IB FACEPLATE

USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) was equipped with full divingsupport equipment for the month-long Arctic operation.

A

UCT-2 divers enter the Arctic Sea to install an underwater hydro-phone array. Water temperature: 28.5°F. Visibility: about 75 ft.

to an ice and snow filter on the ocean surface, the divershad good visibility to about 75 feet. Surrounding thenarrow lead on two sides was a large floe of Arctic packice. From the diver's perspective it resembled a huge icecave with blue-white stalactites suspended from the topand sides. Recalling their briefings on the debilitatingeffects of very cold water on diver performance, com-fort, and motivation the dive team quickly recoveredfrom their reverie and began their specific task.

The first set of divers rapidly connected the lead-filled pipe, finding the task not significantly differentfrom the practice assembly several months earlier in theharbor at Port Hueneme. However, two unions refusedto be mated, requiring retrieval of the pipe to the icesurface. A damaged union was found at fault; it wasreplaced and the pipe was reconnected on the surfaceas a check. Noting the close proximity of the diveraccess hole to the desired array position, one of the diverssuggested that the individual hydrophones and cablesbe threaded through their respective holes, then passedby divers back up through the dive access hole and con-nected at the required intervals along the pipe. Realizingthe advantages of this approach, the scientists agreedto try it. The hydrophone cables were quickly connectedto the pipe, then lowered through the access hole, andrepositioned by the dive team. After each connectionwas rechecked by the divers, the fixed array was loweredto its operational depth. Subsequent utilization of thearray in receiving sound projections from Northwindand helo-deployed underwater signal charge data revealedthe system to be in good working order.

The deployment aboard Northwind offered thepersonnel of our detachment a unique opportunity toparticipate firsthand in shipboard evolutions. Teammembers were quick to learn the meaning of a "seashower." The rigors of routinely standing a midnightto 0400 watch, in addition to putting in a full work-day, were impressed upon us. The traditionally compactberthing spaces made their usual deployment quartersof a BEQ seem luxurious by comparison, and few ofus ever adjusted to a bunk that would occasionallytake 25-degree rolls. The Navy Seabees devoted theirfree time to assisting their shipmates in a variety ofways. Northwind's divers received detailed trainingon the operation of the detachment's recompressionchamber and its supporting compressors and HP airbanks. Lacking experience in ice demolition, the ship'sWeapons Department requested and received demolitiontraining on an ice floe.

In general, the men of UCT-2's Artic West Detach-ment made contact with their counterpart fleet ratings,and jointly benefitted from each other's experience.Thus, after one month at sea, the Seabees disembarkedin Nome, and made haste for their homeport in warm,sunny Southern California.®

FACEPLATE 19

y. M. Walsh, Ph.D.Naval Medical Research Institute

The title of this article may sound somewhat ominous,so I'd like to define and clarify what I mean when

I talk about "drugs." Drugs come in many forms: theycan be ingested, injected, inhaled, and even absorbedthrough the skin—and we are concerned about all ofthem.

This discussion will not be restricted to street drugsor to prescribed medications, because we want divers torealize that many substances affecting body chemistry(e.g., aspirin, nasal sprays, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine) arenot generally thought of as drugs-but probably shouldbe.

If you follow the scuba literature, you probably havedecided, as I have, that there are two schools of thoughtconcerning the use of drugs while diving. The Navy pro-vides no specific instructions concern ing medication andfitness for duty; the diving supervisor makes his decisionbased on the recommendation of the diving medical of-ficer (DMO), and that recommendation may vary con-siderably from one DMO to another. Some say there area variety of drugs available that will counteract mostminor problems and if you are unaffected by these drugson the surface, you will be okay in the water. In directcontrast, many DMO's believe that under no circum-

appropriate dose for one person can be an overdose foranother. Let's consider what happens physiologicallyand biochemically when we dive. In the underwater en-vironment we are subjected to: 1) increased hydrostaticpressure, 2) varying partial pressures of N2 and O2 incompressed air, and 3) the interaction of changing gasand pressure with all of the variables mentioned above.

Pressure itself can exert numerous changes in ourbody chemistry. Many effects are obvious only at veryhigh pressures, but even at the depths that divers areaccustomed to, the increased workload of breathingunder pressure can cause CO2 buildup from reduced gasexchange and changes in blood constituents can occur.Cell membranes undergo pressure-induced changes,which may account for numerous hyperbaric phenom-ena, for example, nitrogen narcosis. Even oxygen, whichis needed to sustain life, becomes toxic and can causepulmonary damage and convulsions when the partialpressure is raised sufficiently. Research dives have shownthat metabolic, hormonal, neurological, and cardio-vascular changes'occur at depths as shallow as 90 fsw.

When you plan to dive, you must remember: Changesin your body are going to occur during the dive, and thismakes it tough to predict how a drug will act because somuch depends on your physiological state and the en-vironment, both of which are continuously changing.Even under carefully controlled conditions in our labora-

stance should a diver ever take any kind of drug withinthe 24 hours before diving.

Now, it seems to me that there's room for discussionbetween these opposite opinions. So, I'd like to spendthe next few paragraphs examining the facts and tryingto evolve some logical recommendations and conclu-sions.

To begin with, there are many variables that alter theeffects of drugs. In reality, there is no such thing as "adrug effect," because a drug never acts exactly the samein all individuals, or even in the same person on differentoccasions. The action of a drug depends, to a large ex-tent, on the physiological and psychological makeup ofthe individual at the time the drug is administered andon the prevailing environmental conditions. A partial listof the kind of variables that can modify drug action isshown in Table 1.

Any drug can be toxic if you take enough of it, andpeople vary widely in sensitivity-so much so that an

SO FACEPLATE

tory at the Naval Medical Research Institute, we havefound that the behavioral effects of drugs change underpressure and that the way in which they change \snotpredictable from their surface characteristics.

Research in our laboratory has been concerned pri-marily with the behavioral aspects of drugs and howthey affect neuromuscular coordination, judgment, emo-tional status, and the auditory and visual systems.

SHOULD

DRUGS ?

FACEPLATE 21

" . . . the behavioral effects of drugs changeunder pressure and the way in which theychange is not predictable from their surfacecharacteristics."

Our work has focused on three areas: 1) use of drugsto provide hyperbaric medical treatment for divers (e.g.,in recompression therapy, and for emergency treatmentrequiring drugs that would work effectively and safelyunder relatively high pressures-i.e., up to 1,500 fsw); 2)use of drugs to maximize the number of men availablefor duty and to prevent the onset of hyperbaric dis-orders (e.g., a safe, effective drug for sinus problems, orsomething to prevent nitrogen narcosis); 3) unauthorizeduse of drugs (e.g., self-medication, drug abuse, or exces-sive consumption of substances that may be harmful,such as alcohol or caffeine).

The program is designed to comparatively evaluatedrug compounds, beginning with studies involving smallanimals (usually rodents) and then thoroughly evaluatingthe substance in larger animals (monkeys or dogs) beforetesting it in human divers. The animals and humans aretrained to perform similar complex tasks; then they aretreated with the drug and exposed to normal and in-creased pressure conditions in a dry hyperbaric chamber.Because there are thousands of drugs available on themarket, we have selected representative compoundsfrom major drug classes for test and evaluation.

Results of these evaluations have demonstrated howwidely the effects of drugs vary when introduced to thehyperbaric environment. Some specific observations fol-low (* indicates statements based on information wherehuman evaluations have been conducted).

• Analgesics.* Aspirin and Acetaminophen (Tylenol)have been tested at depths to 180 fsw, and even mod-

erately high doses (3-4 tablets) have not produced behav-ioral or physiological problems.

• Antihistamines.* (Benadryl) At prescribed doseswe have consistently observed decreased performance,mental clouding, and reduced fine-motor coordination.

• Decongestants. (Sudafed) Behavioral effects of de-congestants under pressure are not as toxic as thoseobserved with the antihistamines, although we have seensome slowing of judgment and coordination. In addition,researchers and clinicians suggest that decongestants maypredispose divers to cardiac arrhythmias.

• Depressants. Pentobarbital and alcohol have beenevaluated, and the effects did not appear to get worseunder pressure. However, alcohol intoxication, whichcan cause nausea or vomiting, would certainly be a prob-lem for the diver.

• Diuretics. No behavioral effects have been ob-served at normal doses.

• Hallucinogens. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC), the active ingredient in marijuana, was evaluatedin animals. The effects of marijuana, which interfereswith cognitive processing and neuromuscular control, getworse under pressure, and these effects are magnified asthe partial pressure of oxygen increases.

• Motion Sickness Remedies. Dramamine*, an anti-histamine-type motion-sickness preparation, which isactually a combination of antihistamine and stimulant,does not appear to produce any significant behavioralproblems at depths to 180 fsw.

• Stimulants. Dexedrine, Methedrine, and the anti-depressant Monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors interact withpressure conditions to interfere with judgment andmuscle coordination at depths as shallow as 50 fsw.These drugs also may have undesirable cardiovasculareffects.

• Tranquilizers. Chlorpromazine, Librium, andValium caused changes in the dose-response curves fromanimal subjects when these compounds were evaluatedunder pressure. The magnitude of the effect was dose-and pressure-dependent. In addition, although we haveno data for humans, lack of alertness or overconfidenceresulting from tranquilizers would certainly be trouble-some at 100 fsw.

"The effects of marijuana . . . get worse underpressure, and these effects are magnified asthe partial pressure of oxygen increases."

Now, these findings need qualification:1. Although the studies were carried out under care-

fully controlled laboratory conditions, they were notdone in the water, and the addition of that factor and itsassociated variables (e.g., cold, anxiety, fatigue) certainlycould alter the effect of drugs.

BS FACEPLATE

Performance test subject MMI(DV) Chuck Bonner (right) andGMG2(DV) Don Sayre at console of NMRI's hyperbaric testfacility.

2. As you've seen, we have not completed all of theevaluations with humans. Some of the conclusions arebased on animal research, and, therefore, direct infer-ences about humans must be made with caution.

In summary, there are three important facts that youshould remember when you plan a dive: 1) Changes inyour body chemistry occur while diving; 2) many vari-ables affecting drug action can come into play during adive; and 3) the interaction of these facts (1 and 2) causedrugs to change unpredictably.

Recommendations• It would be wise to avoid all drugs while diving.• Remember that over-the-counter preparations

can be as toxic as prescription or abused drugs.• If you must dive under medication, be in-

formed. Get full information from your divingmedical officer, realize that even the mostbenign compound may become behaviorallytoxic under pressure, and dive with extremecaution.

TABLE 1PARTIAL LIST OF VARIABLES THAT CAN AFFECT

DRUG DISPOSITON IN A DIVER

"It would be wise to avoid all drugs while div-ing ... Even the most benign compound maybecome behaviorally toxic under pressure."

EXTERNALBreathing gas .CurrentDietPressure (depth)Pressure x gas interaction:

Nitrogen narcosisOxygen loxicityCO2 intoxication

VisibilityWater temperature

INTERNALAgeAllergyAnxiety/panicCardiovascular functionCircadian rhythmDisease stateGl functionInfection/feverPregnancyWeight

PHARMACOLOGICALAcute vs. chronicAdministration routeBioavailabilityDoseExcretionMetabolismPresence of other drugsToleranceVehicle

FACEPLATE E3

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fa" r t:<< 1fX*>^v

,, of V , S^P uded b'r^^^'^t-'!̂! >•". „ d '̂11"

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ilSIS;

ESSM inventory now includes self-propelled Marco oil skimmers,designed to operate in conditions to sea state 3.

Skimmer and oil containment booms recently underwent successfulevaluation in Norfolk.

ESSM equipment is maintained in ready-for-issue condition at strate-gically located bases in California, Virginia, Italy, and Singapore.

Earl BakerOffice of the Supervisor of Salvage

The Emergency Ship Salvage Material System is a net-work of bases which store, maintain, control, and

issue materials for emergency ship salvage operationsboth within and outside the continental United States.The materials are provided for ship salvage, ocean engineer-ing, national emergency, specialized projects, and, mostrecently, marine oil pollution control.

In August 1978, a contract was awarded to CrowleyMaritime Salvage, Inc., for the manning and maintenanceof the ESSM System. To complement this contract, abasic ordering agreement was awarded through whichCrowley can be tasked for the operation of oil pollutionequipment and the clean-up of oil spills.

Under the contractor manning and maintenance con-cept, the ESSM System's capability has been tremen-dously upgraded. The two continental U.S. ESSM basesat Cheatham Annex, Virginia, and Stockton, California,each have a full-time basic staff consisting'of a foreman,a senior mechanic, a mechanic/operator, and a ware-houseman. With a full-time staff, many advantages willbe realized which formerly were not possible, such as:

— Development and implementation of a realisticmaintenance system with programmed periodictesting

— Improved response time— Establishment and maintenance of a ready-for-issue

pool of basic salvage equipment— Improved warehousing practices— Availability of highly trained personnel and equip-

ment operators for deployment to oil spills on a24-hour-a-day basis.

Under the terms of the contract, the contractor willvisit the two overseas ESSM bases at Singapore andLivorno, Italy, twice annually to inspect, test and ensurethe operational readiness of all equipment stored there-in.

Oil pollution control equipment has been integratedinto the ESSM System, including Goodyear oil contain-ment boom, boom mooring legs, Marco oil skimmers,hot tap kits and hydraulic submersible pumps for off-loading oil from stricken tankers.

The contract with Crowley Maritime Salvage, Inc.,was awarded for a three-year period. With the assets andexpertise available for maintenance and operation of theESSM System, it is expected that the System will trulybe ready, reliable and responsive.®

FACEPLATE 25

THE MAW'SMASTER DIVERS

The Navy master diver (MD V) is the recognized expert of his profession. To achieve this status,an individual must first meet the following qualifications: be a diver first-class for a minimum oftwo years, serve aboard an ARS or ASR, be an E-7 or above and be recommended by hiscommanding officer. MDV candidates enroll in the master diver course at the Naval School,Diving and Salvage, at the Washington Navy Yard. The course is given 10 times a year and has amaximum enrollment of four candidates per class. The candidates first undergo an intensive,three-week classroom evaluation, which includes a brushing-up in the medical and technicalaspects of diving. This is followed by three weeks aboard a YDT where the candidates areevaluated for their ability to supervise air and gas dives. The final phase is "evaluation week"during which each candidate undergoes one drill per day before a board of his peers. He isevaluated for his leadership, knowledge, and responsiveness to emergencies. Selection to the ranksof the master diver is not easy — about half make it — but the personal and professional rewardsare great. Currently, there's room at the top. Approximately 20 of the 98 MDV billets are nowopen. The Navy's active master divers and their duty stations are listed below:

HTCM(MDV)ERNEST ALEXANDERUSS Bryce Canyon (AD 36)FPO San Francisco 96601

BMCS(MDV) DICK ARLINGTONUSS Hoi/and (AS 32)FPO New York 09501

BMCS(MDV) BILL AUSTINNaval Coastal Systems CenterPanama City, FL 32407

HTCM(MDV)EARL BENNETTUSS Vulcan (A R 5)FPO New York 09'501

MMC(MDV) DONALD F. BRADBURYCOMNA VSUKFPAC, NAD CoronadoSan Diego, CA 92155

HTCS(MDV) FRANK BUSKIUSS F/orikan (ASR 9)FPO San Francisco 96601

BMCS(MDV) ERNEST CALTENBACKNaval Underwater Systems CenterNewport, Rl 02840

BMC(MDV) EARL CLARKUSS Prairie (AD 15)FPO San Francisco 96601SB FACEPLATE

GMCS(MDV) PHIL COLVINBMCS(MDV) JUAN RAMOSNaval Ocean Systems CenterSan Diego, CA 92132

HTCS(MDV) JOHN CONNEENUSS Edenton (A TS 1)FPO New York 09501

TMCM(MDV) BILL GHOLSONHTCM(MDV) GARY SPICKERMANSecond Class Divers SchoolService School Command AnnexNaval StationSan Diego, CA 92136

ENC(MDV) WESLEY J. GUMMELUSS Preserver (A RS 8)FPO New York 09501

BMC(MDV) WILLIAM GUTIRREZUSS Beaufort (ATS2)FPO San Francisco 96601

BMCS(MDV) HERBERT HARPERSUPSALVREP West Coast OfficeBldg 7, Rm 82Naval Support Activity Treasure Is.San Francisco, CA 94130

ENC(MDV) RAFAEL A. HERNANDEZUSS Hun/ey (AS 31)FPO New York 09501

MRCS(MDV) CHARLES A. HOLTONUSS Ortolan (ASR 22)FPO New York 09501

HTCS(MDV) SAM HUSSSolomons Facility Field Div.Naval Surface Weapons CenterSolomons, MD 20688

HTCS(MDV) JERRY JENNINGSUSS Dixie (AD 14)FPO San Francisco 96601

MMCS(MDV) BUD KILBURYUSS A/ax (A R 6)FPO San Francisco 96601

HTCS(MDV) BILLY KITCHENSUSS Fulton (AS 11)FPO New York 09501

BMCM(MDV) JOHN LANKFORDNaval Torpedo StationCode 012Keyport, WA 98345

HTC(MDV) DONALD M. LAURINUSS Orion (AS 18)FPO New York 09501

MMCS(MDV) TOM PETERSONUSS Yosemite (AD 19)FPO San Francisco 96601

ENCS(MDV) JIM STARCHERCommander Service Squadron 8Naval StationNorfolk, VA 23577

HTCS(MDV) STEVE LECHNERU.S. Naval Submarine SchoolGroton, CT 06340

HTC(MDV) JOSEPH M. LESZCZYSKIUSS Recovery (A RS 43)FPO New York 09501

ENCM(MDV) BILL LOUDERMILKMMCS(MDV) MIKE ANDERSONHarbor Clearance Unit OneFPO San Francisco 96601

MMC(MDV) FERNANDO LUGOUSS Canopus (AS 34)FPO New York 09501

HTC(MDV) WILLIAM L. MATHISUSS Dixon (AS 37)FPO San Francisco 96601

BMC(MDV) JOE R. MEDINAENC(MDV) CHARLES M. MOOREUSS Pigeon (ASR 21)FPO San Francisco 96601

MMCS(MDV) BOB MOOREShip Repair Facility Subic BayU.S. Naval Station (Box 4)FPO San Francisco 96651

BMC(MDV) ROY MOWENUSSSperry (AS 12)San Diego, CA 92132

HTCS(MDV) JON MUNDYNaval EOD FacilityIndian Head, MD 20640

HTCM(MDV) JOHN ORTIZBMCS(MDV) DON McKENZIENaval Submarine .Trng. Ctr. PacificPearl Harbor, HI 96860

GMCM(MDV)GEORGE POWELLENCS(MDV) BOB CAVESWC(MDV) CHARLES COPECommander, SUBDEVGRU ONE139 Sylvester RoadSan Diego, CA 92106

BMC(MDV) RICHARD RADECKINaval Safety Center (Code 20)Naval A ir StationNorfolk, VA 23511

EMC(MDV) MICHAEL D. REYNOLDSNA VPEKS Program Support ActivityNavy Dept.Pen 5712 Navy AnnexWashington, DC 20370

ETCS(MDV) DUSTY RHODESUSS Howard W. Gilmore (AS 16)FPO New York 09501

BMCM(MDV) DALE RIBBECKUSS Petrel (ASR 14)FPO New York 09501

BMCS(MDV) LEE RINEHARTUSS L. Y. Spear (AS 36)FPO New York 09501

ENCS(MDV) BILL ROMAINEUSS Jason (AR 8)FPO San Francisco 96601

MMCM(MDV) FRED SCHUNKQMCS(MDV) GERALD DRAPERBMCS(MDV) MIKE EIHNELLIGHTCS(MDV) JOHN SCHLEGELBMC(MDV) HARRY CROTTSBMC(MDV) ROBERT T. VAN DINENaval School Diving and SalvageWashington, DC 20374

BMCS(MDV) ROBERT SMITHBox 300 SSF Diving LockerU.S. Submarine BaseGroton, CT 06340

HTCS(MDV) RAY STEELEMaintenance and SupportU.S. Naval Submarine BasePearl Harbor, HI 96860

BMCS(MDV) DAVE THOMPSONCivil Engineering LaboratoryNaval Construction Battalion CenterPort Hueneme, CA 93043

HTCS(MDV) DICK THOMPSONUSS Simon Lake (AS 33)FPO New York 09501

BMCM(MDV) JAMES TOLLEYMMCM(MDV) A.J. PARFINSKYBMCM(MDV) PAT BEHLINGHTCS(MDV) DAVID DEBOLTBMCS(MDV) EDWARD WOODYSMC(MDV) JACK DELAUTERNavy Experimental Diving UnitPanama City, FL 32407

MMC(MDV) CHARLES WETZELNaval School EODIndian Head, MD 20640

MMCS(MDV) ROBERT WILEYEOD Training & Evaluation UnitBarbers Point, HI 96862

MMC(MDV) DICK WIEBEShore Intermediate MaintenanceActivity, May port, FL 32228

QMC(MDV) JESSE WILLIAMSUSS Sierra (AD 18)FPO New York 09501

ENCM(MDV) BILL WINTERSBMCS(MDV) PETE PETRASEKGMGCS(MDV) CHESTER C. STANLEYBMC(MDV) EDWARD THOMASNaval Medical Research InstituteNaval Medical CenterBethesda, MD 20014

MMC(MDV) COY W. PAYNEUSS Brunswick (A TS 3)FPO San Francisco 96601

BMCM(MDV) OKEY SOUTHERSCommander Naval Surface ForceU.S. Atlantic FleetNorfolk, VA 23511

MMCS(MDV) BILLYARLEYUSS Reclaimer (A RS 42)FPO San Francisco 96601 ®

FACEPLATE S7

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYNAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND

WASHINGTON, D C 20362

OFFICIAL BUSINESSPENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

THIRD-CLASS MAILPOSTAGE & FEES PAID

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