facing the holocaust:
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Facing the Holocaust:. Why Genocide?. The Aftermath of World War I: A Devastated Germany. German citizens experiencing economic troubles – c. 1925. German Pride Suffers. Loss of WWI was a shock to Germans – promised victory by government - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Facing the Holocaust:Facing the Holocaust:Why Genocide?
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The Aftermath of World War I: A Devastated Germany
German citizens experiencing economic troubles – c. 1925
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German Pride Suffers
Loss of WWI was a shock to Germans – promised victory by government
Severe terms of Treaty of Versailles were hard for Germans to accept
Money worthless – one billion marks to equal one dollar
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Hitler’s Early Years
Portrait of Adolph Hitler entitled “Our Leader”
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Hitler’s Early Years Close to mother – she died of cancer in
1907, he blamed her Jewish doctor Chose the swastika as the Nazi symbol Said that Jews were responsible for the
defeat in WWI because they didn’t fight for Germany – untrue – German Jews had casualty rate 11 times higher than general population
Blamed economy on Jews – Jewish businessmen prolonged the war so they could profit from it
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Hitler Rises to Power
Head of the S.S. – Heinrich Himmler
S.S. Chief – Viktor Lutze
Deputy Fuhrer – Rudolf Hess
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Nazi Ideology Permeates German Society
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Nazi Propaganda Used posters, movies, rallies, and
organizations to spread idea of superiority of German race; Jews seen as “impure”
All newspapers had to support Nazis Foreign papers banned Textbooks rewritten Children’s stories taught the dangers of
Jews – “Trust No Fox and No Jew” Board games had Jewish monsters that
attacked German children
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Jews are Isolated and Attacked
"The Jew: He instigates war, he extends war.”
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Anti-Semitic Propaganda Jews were pictured as dark-haired, fat, and evil.
They were often depicted as rats or insects. Hitler ordered “good” Germans to boycott
Jewish businesses Nuremburg laws – systematically stripped Jews
of rights – weren’t allowed to marry Germans, they weren’t citizens, their property was taken away, and they were restricted from public places
Required to wear yellow Stars of David on their clothing
Jews provided a rationale, in Hitler’s mind, for his military invasions
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Attacks on Jews Escalate
Damaged storefront after Kristallnacht
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Kristallnacht Said to be in retaliation for assassination of
a German embassy official in Paris by a Jewish student
Jews forced to pay for the damage ($400,000,000)
Germans portrayed as “spontaneous,” but it was planned for weeks
Many Jews realized they weren’t safe and fled to places like Britain, Palestine, Canada, and the U.S.
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Jews Are Forced into Ghettos and Camps
Captive Jewish boy from the Warsaw Ghetto marches off in 1943
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Jews Pushed into Ghettos Jews were sent to live in sealed-off areas
called ghettos. Conditions were unsanitary and crowded; executions were common
Ghettos were temporary housing until extermination could begin
By 1939, Jews from northern and western Europe were moved to ghettos in eastern Europe
Jews tried to revolt, but none were successful
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The Horrors of Concentration Camps
Prisoners at work at Dachau, 10 miles outside Munich, Germany
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Concentration Camps Established First camp established at Dachau in 1933 Inmates were used to support the war
industry Workers were starved, tortured, worked to
death, and, most often, murdered Nazi doctors used Jews for human
experimentation Conditions at the camps varied, but killings
occurred at all camps Auschwitz-Birkenau was designed as a death
camp
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Physicians would examine prisoners and decide who could work. Young children were usually sent to death because they could not work.
Belongings were seized and sold by the Germans – watches were sent to German troops, gold from teeth was melted into bars, hair was cut and used to make mattresses
Performed physical labor, like mining – period of three months – deprived of necessities, many died while working
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Resistance in the Camps
Ella Gärtner and Róza Robota, two women who took part in the Auschwitz Revolt. Both were killed
for their involvement.
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Resistance in the CampsResistance was difficult in the
campsCivilians in surrounding areas were
subject to death with no trial for assisting a prisoner
Prisoners who attempted resistance were always executed
Many prisoners engaged in acts of resistance
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The “Final Solution”
Crematoriums used to burn bodies in a concentration camp
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The Systemization of KillingAccording to Hitler, the “Final
Solution,” the extermination of all Jewish people, would restore Germany’s greatness
At the beginning, Jews were executed in mass shootings – rounded up, transported to a ditch, and shot in groups of 500
Decided this wasn’t an efficient system – decided to construct death camps
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Arrival at Auschwitz Prisoners separated into two groups:
workers, and those to be killed Those to be killed were told they needed to
bathe and were led to gas chambers that looked like bath houses – could hold 3,000 at a time
They were told to fold their clothes and remember where they put them and given towels and bars of soap
Once locked inside, Cyclon B was used to asphyxiate them
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Special units of prisoners removed the bodies
Taken to crematoriums, where the bodies were burned – Nazis wanted it to be impossible for someone in the future to determine the number of deaths
In the end, 6 million Jews and 4-6 million non-Jewish civilians, such as Gypsies, handicapped, and homosexuals, were killed
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Liberation
Dachau prisoners cheer the liberating U.S. Army
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Attempt to Hide Atrocities At the end of the war, Hitler was determined
to continue his killing of the Jews and cover up evidence.
Several thousand prisoners were killed in the last days.
In some cases, Nazis had altered camps, but in many, the remains of bodies were left in ovens and the killing process could be seen.
The Allied nations all made films of what they found in the concentration camps.
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The Nuremberg Trials Trials were a part of an aim to establish a
record of what the Nazis did during the war and to punish individuals who were involved.
Many Nazi records were captured, so there was plenty of evidence, like minutes from meetings, photographs, and film.
22 were tried – 12 sentenced to death, 3 to life in prison, 4 to lesser terms, and 3 were acquitted
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Bodies of prisoners in the Buchenwald camp. The bodies were about to be burned when the camp was captured by the U.S. Army.
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Wedding rings of captured Jews
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The arrival and processing of a transport of Jews at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland in May 1944
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Prisoners in their bunks at Dachau
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German soldier killing a Jewish mother and her child
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A German policeman shoots Jewish women who remain alive after a mass execution.
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Mass grave in the Belsen camp
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German soldiers torture a Jew in Poland
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German soldiers cut off the beard of a Jew in Poland
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Two Jewish pupils are humiliated before their classmates. The inscription on the blackboard reads "The
Jew is our greatest enemy, beware of the Jew".
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A synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany, on Kristallnacht
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Children subjected to medical experiments in Auschwitz
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Medical experiments in Dachau. In order to test how pilots who have to eject from their planes will fare,
doctors simulated high-altitude conditions and exposed people to these conditions. Many prisoners
died during such experiments.
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The main entrance of Auschwitz Camp, with its motto "Work Will Set You Free."
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Jewish women - Some are holding infants as they are forced to wait in a line before their execution.
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At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on board a death train.
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Dachau survivor on the day of liberation.
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Dachau survivors on the day of liberation.
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Chart of prisoner markings from Dachau concentration camp
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SS officer Eichelsdoerfer stands among the corpses of prisoners killed in his camp
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Interior of the barracks at Auschwitz
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Corpses of women in Barrack 11 at Auschwitz
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An American soldier stands above the corpses of children that are to be buried in a mass grave
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Two survivors lie among corpses on the straw-covered floor