Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Architectural Department

Factors affecting public value of

Architectural Heritage in Al Darb Al Ahmar.

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture.

By:

Mariam Ayman Abouhadid B.Sc. in Architecture 2005

M.Sc. in Architecture 2011

Supervised By:

A. Prof. Dr. Yasser M. El Sherbiny

Associate Professor of Architecture

Department of civil engineering and Architecture

National Reseach center in Egypt

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

2016

Prof. Dr. Yasser M. Mansour

Professor of Architecture

Faculty of Engineering

Ain Shams University

A. Prof. Dr. Ruby E. Morcos

Professor of Architecture

Faculty of Engineering

Ain Shams University

AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Architecture Engineering

Factors affecting public value of

Architectural Heritage in Al Darb

Al Ahmar

Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Engineering (Architecture Engineering)

by

Mariam Ayman Abouhadid

Master of Science in Architectural Engineering

(Architecture Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 2011

Supervised By

Prof. Dr. Yasser M. Mansour

A. Prof. Dr. Ruby E. Morcus

A. Prof. Dr. Yasser M. Elsherbiny

Cairo - (2016)

AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Architecture

Factors affecting Public Value of Architectural

heritage in Aldarb Alahmar A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture By: Mariam Ayman Abouhadid

B.Sc. in Architecture 2005

M.Sc. in Architecture 2011

Name and Affiliation

Prof. Dr. Rowayda R. Kamel Professor of Architecture, Cairo University

Prof. Dr. Shaymaa M. Kamel Professor of Architecture, Ain Shams University

Signature

Prof. Dr. Yasser M. Mansour Professor of Architecture , Ain Shams University

A. Prof. Dr. Ruby E. Morcus A.Professsor of Architecture , Ain Shams University

Graduate Studies: Stamp:

Approval:

Date: / / 2016

Approval of Faculty Committee: Approval of University Committee:

Date: / /2016 Date: / / 2016

Examiners’ Committee

Statement

This thesis is submitted as a partial fulfillment of Doctor of

Philosophy in Architectural Engineering Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Ain shams University.

The author carried out the work included in this thesis, and no part

of it has been submitted for a degree or a qualification at any other

scientific entity.

Student name

Mariam Abouhadid

Signature

…………...……….

Date: 24 May 2016

Researcher Data

Name : Mariam Ayman Abouhadid

Date of birth : 1/12/1982

Place of birth : Cairo

Last academic degree : Master of Science

Field of specialization : Architecture

University issued the degree : Ain Shams University

Date of issued degree : 2011

Current job : Freelance Architect

Thesis Summary

This research tackles the phenomenon of architectural heritage

decreasing public value in Egypt. Its goal is to identify the factors

that form the public value. It is an empirical study that used

psychometric methods to construct and develop a tool that can

measure the factors that affect people’s attitudes towards heritage.

The research comprises seven chapters presenting the following:

Research Introduction: The research starts with stating the

research problem, Goal, Hypothesis and Methodology. After the

introduction a literature Review of some previous studies

conducted about the main elements of the study is overviewed.

Chapter One:

This chapter introduces some relevant terms and definitions that

the research is studying like heritage, types of heritage, Value,

Public value, experts’ value and then it explains the many theories

about measuring value.

Chapter Two:

This chapter studied the three main elements affecting the

perception of heritage in Egypt: the people, the organizations and

the city dynamics and changes. This chapter comes out with many

factors that affect people’s attitudes towards their surrounding

environment, and then chooses some of the most agreed on factors

to test in the survey part of the research.

Chapter Three:

In this chapter the research presents some similar experiences of

surveys around the world that were testing people’s attitudes

towards their surrounding environment. It presented an overview

of each case as well as the main findings and a comparative

Analysis was made for many significant factors that affect the

attitudes. These factors were also the base of the tested factors in

the present research.

Chapter Four:

This chapter used a descriptive and observational method in

gathering contextual data to help understand the research setting

and targets. It describes how the instrument (the questionnaire)

was constructed, how it is divided and what it is measuring. It

introduces some of the subjects that the questionnaire includes. It

also describes the research target areas and the chosen sample. It

presents the research case studies in order to show results in the

next chapter.

Chapter Five:

This chapter shows the results of the questionnaire and use

statistical methods to present and analyse the results. It compares

the results of each sample category and explains all the results.

Chapter Six:

This chapter presents the results of the experts’ special part of the

questionnaire, and compares the results of GOs and NGOs experts

in an attempt to identify the points of agreement and disagreement

between both parties.

Chapter Seven:

This is the final chapter of the study that states the research

conclusion, and discusses them compared to previous studies’

findings. Then it states recommendations for future studies as well

as the proposed scale that can be used to measure heritage public

value in any part of the world..

Keywords: Public value - Heritage perception - Urban sociology

- Egyptian Heritage.

Acknowledgment

Thank God for everything. Thank God for giving me the strength and

courage to follow my bliss; for a life with no passion and goals is a breathing

death. Thank God for giving me the most supportive family, that never fails

to raise me up. A family full of scientists, professors and tutors, who made

me always, look up with the greatest respect to my teachers and professors.

I am grateful for the help and support of Professor Yasser Mansour for his

patience and support throughout the past ten years of post-graduate studies.

I am grateful for the help of Professor Ruby Morcus and Doctor Yasser

Elsherbiny for their help and support.

I am grateful for the help of my "Grandmas" Professor Safaa ElAassar, and

Professor Amina Kazem , Professors of psychology and sociology, for their

overwhelming love that made me feel young again; and their help in the

applied part of the thesis and the formation of the survey instrument. I also

am grateful for the help of the esteemed professors of educational psychology

in faculty of girls of Ain Shams University Dr. Shadia AbdelAziz and Dr.

Asmaa Abdelmoneim.

I am grateful for all the architects who were kind enough to talk to me about

their experience in the field of heritage preservation in Egypt and dealing

with people and the government: Dr. Mona Zakaria, Dr. May AlIbrashy and

Arch. Nevine Akl. I would also like to thank professor Dr. Ahmed Yehia

Rashed for his constant support all throughout my years of study.

I am grateful for all the governmental staff that helped me in getting the

approvals for my survey, which made me, realize the truth about

governmental process and know more about the dilemma of Egyptian

bureaucracy. I am grateful for all subjects of the survey, School children,

school teachers, school administrations, people who gave some of their time

to answer the questionnaire; for the unforgettable human interaction and

enriching experience in different places in Egypt.

This thesis is an academic research that tries to identify the reasons of a

phenomenon, but it is also a life changing experience.

Thank God for all.

May 2016

Abstract

This research investigates the reasons behind architectural heritage neglect in

Egypt. The research measures the factors that affect public value towards

architectural heritage and the dimensions of attitudes that form the total attitude

towards heritage.

This study is a scientific trial to solve the dilemma of the discrepancy of

attitudes towards heritage in Egypt. As one of the richest countries of the world

having many types of architectural heritage, Egypt faces everyday problems

related to its heritage. The problems range from users’ vandalism, experts

dissatisfaction with public neglect, mismanagement and public disinterest in the

subject. The research is an empirical study that explains the reasons behind the

human phenomenon of heritage neglect. The research questions the factors that

form a person’s perception towards his heritage.

The research starts with a theoretical study about the notions and ways of

measuring values; then it overviews the factors that might be affecting people’s

attitudes towards their environment in Egypt. It gathers data about attitudinal

surveys conducted around the world in order to shed light on the significant

factors in other cases. After analyzing the theoretical data, the research uses a

descriptive and observational approach to understand the contextual data in the

chosen cases and areas of study. The descriptive part is followed by a field

survey that uses a questionnaire that the researcher constructed and developed,

the sample of the survey answers the questions and the answers are scored and

compared using statistical methods in order to get the needed results of the

research. The research also uses a special questionnaire for a group of heritage

professionals. This part is crucial for the case in Egypt because heritage is

affected by decision makers’ attitudes to a far extent.

The results showed the significant factors that are affecting each group of the

survey sample, and proved that Egyptian public is mostly aware of the

importance of architectural heritage; they only cannot afford time or money to

act upon their positive attitude. It also recommends the tool that the researcher

used in the survey (The questionnaire) to be used in any case around the world

to measure public attitudes towards architectural heritage and therefore public

value.

Index Terms: Public value -Heritage perception - Urban sociology -

Egyptian Heritage.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...………..……I

RESEARCH BACKGROUND………………………….…………………..………….…………….…I

RESEARCH PROBLEM.………………………………………………………….…….…………….I

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS……………………..…………………………………….……………....I

RESEARCH GOAL………………………………………………………………….………….……I

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………….……………..II

RESEARCH SCOPE………………………………………………………………….………………II

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS……………………………………………….…………….…II

RESEARCH VALUE …………..…………………………………………………….….….………IV

DEFINITION OF VARIABLES AND TARGETED PUBLIC……………………………….…………..…IV

RESEARCH SETTING…………………………………………………………………………..….VI

LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………….VIII

CHAPTER ONE

VALUE AND PUBLIC VALUE……………………………………………………………..….……1

1.1.DEFINITION OF HERITAGE……………………………………………………….…….….1

1.2.ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AS A PUBLIC SERVICE………………………………………3

1.3.VALUE AND VALORIZATION METHODS……………………………………….………..….4

1.3.1. EXPERTS VALUE AS A VALORIZATION METHOD…………………………..…4

1.3.2. PUBLIC VALUE AS A VALORIZATION METHOD………………………..….…7

1.3.2.1. Environmental psychology versus Urban Planning…………...….…10

1.3.2.2. The public valorization of heritage…………………………...….…11

1.3.3.HOW TO MEASURE VALUE………………………………………..………...15

1.4.CHAPTER ONE CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….…17

CHAPTER TWO

FACTORS AFFECTING HERITAGE IN EGYPT………………………………….…...…….…18

2.1. EGYPTIAN PEOPLE AND HERITAGE……………………………………..……....19

2.1.1. FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE ……………….20

2.1.1.1.DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS……………………………………………20

2.1.1.2. INTERNAL FACTORS…………………………………………………21

2.1.1.3. EXTERNAL FACTORS……………………………………………….. 23

2.1.2. THEORIES OF BARRIERS TO PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR……………25

2.1.2.1. FIRST THEORY………………………………………………………25

2.1.2.2. SECOND THEORY (REASONED ACTION)…………………………….25

2.2.2.3. THIRD THEORY (MODEL OF RESPONSIBLE

ENVIRONMETAL BEHAVIOR)………………………………………………..26

2.1.2.4. FOURTH THEORY …………………………………………..………27

2.1.2.5. FIFTH THEORY ………………………………………………..……27

2.1.2.6. SIXTH THEORY ……………………………………………………..28

2.1.2.7. SEVENTHTHEORY …………………………………………………..28

2.1.2.8. EIGHTH THEORY ……………………………………..…………….29

2.2. EGYPTIAN ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PUBLIC VALUE OF

HERITAGE……………………………………………………………………………………33

2.2.1.THE GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ………………………………….…....36

2.2.2.THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS…………………………….…39

2.2.3.EXTERNAL (FOREIGN) ORGANIZATIONS…………………………..….……...39

2.3. EGYPTIAN CITY DYNAMICS AND HERITAGE………………………………….…..41

2.3.1. POLITICAL FACTORS ……………………………………………..............41

2.3.1.1.POLITICAL FACTORS BEFORE THE 19TH CENTURY……………..….…42

2.3.1.2.POLITICAL FACTORS AFTER THE 19TH CENTURY……………..…......43

2.3.2.ECONOMIC FACTORS……………………………………………..……….….48

2.3.3.SOCIAL FACTORS…………………………………………………...…....…..48

2.3.4.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS………………………………………………….50

2.3.5.URBAN FACTORS………………………………………………..…….….….50

2.4. CHAPTER TWO CONCLUSION……………..…………….……………..………….53

CHAPTER THREE

WORLD EXPERIENCES IN MEASURING PUBLIC VALUE…………………………..…..….…55

3.1. VALUING HERITAGE IN IRELAND…………………………………………............…57

3.2. THE MALAYSIAN EXPERIENCE…………………………………………………..…...61

3.3. THE UK EXPERIENCE……………………………………………….…...………......65

3.3.1. THE IMPACT OF HERITAGE INVESTMENT ON PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE…………....65

3.3.2. VALUES AND BENEFITS OF HERITAGE…………………………..……..…...67

3. 4. THE EGYPTIAN EXPERIENCE………………………………….………….……...…..70

3.4. 1. THE RASHID PROJECT IN EGYPT………………………………..…………..70

3.4.2. COMPARISON BETWEEN AZHAR AREA AND DAMIETTA……………….....…74

3.5. THE IRANIAN EXPERIENCE…………………………………………………..………76

3.6. THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE………………………………………………..…….…79

3.7. THE PALESTINIAN EXPERIENCE……………………………………….………….…83

3.8 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EXPERIENCE………………………………….…….…87

3.8.1. A STUDY ABOUT OLD AND NEW BUILDINGS……………………….…..…….87

3.8.2. A STUDY ABOUT OLD AND NEW AND FAKE BUILDINGS……………….....…..89

3.8.3. A STUDY BETWEEN 4 COUNTRIES: MOROCCO, URUGUAY, SWEDEN

AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA…………………………………..………93

3.9. CHAPTER THREE CONCLUSION…………………………….………………………..98

CHAPTER FOUR

UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC VALUE IN ALDARB ALAHMAR…………………………………100

4.1. CHOOSING THE RESEARCH METHOD…………………………………………….…..100

4.2. CHOOSING RESEARCH FOCAL POINT…………………………………………….…102

4.2.1. INTRODUCTION TO OLD CAIRO’S HISTORY…………………………….….102

4.2.2. THE AKTC PROJECT IN ALDARB ALAHMAR YEAR 2000……………….…104

4.2.3. FOLLOW-UP OF THE AKTC PROJECT IN 2014, 2015………………..………106

4.2.4. THE MUIZZ STREET PROJECT………………………………….………...…108

4.2.5. COMPARING AKTC PROJECT IN ALDARB ALAHMAR TO THE HCRP PROJECT

IN FATIMID CAIRO AND MUIZZ STREET………………………………...…..110

4.3. THE SURVEY TARGET AREAS……………………………………….…..…………..112

4.4. THE QUESTIONNAIRE USED IN THE SURVEY………………………………….…..….116

4.4.1. THE TESTED FACTORS AND VARIABLES……………………………..….…118

4.4.2. THE TESTED DIMENSIONS……………………………………………….…122

4.4.3. GRADING SYSTEM RATIONAL……………………………………..……….126

4.3.4.1. Positive and Negative Statements………………………..……..…126

4.3.4.2. The Fictitious assumptions and recommendations:………......……126

4.3.4.3. The historic sites type……………………………………………...127

4.3.4.4. The Expert questions……………………………………….…..….127

4.5. THE SURVEY SAMPLE……………………………………………….………..……128

4.5.1. BACKGROUND OF THE SURVEY SAMPLE……………………………….…..130

4.6. CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION………………………………………………..…….141

CHAPTER FIVE

MEASURING PUBLIC VALUE IN ALDARB ALAHAMAR…………...……..….……….……142

5.1. SURVEY TOOLS AND RESULTS…………………………………………….……142

5.2. RESULTS OF TESTING VARIABLES…………………………………….……..…144

5.2.1. MALE AND FEMALE……………..…………………………………...…..144

5.2.2. AREA OF RESIDENCE…………………………………………………..…144

5.2.3SOCIO-ECONOMIC GRADE …………………….……………………..........146

5.2.4. EDUCATION………………………………………………….……..……147

5.2.5. TYPE OF WORK…………………………………….……….…...………..147

5.2.6. PERSONALITY TYPE………………………………………………………148

5.2.7. AGE………………………………………………………………………148

5.2.8. GEOGRAPHIC POSITION…………………………………………………..149

5.2.9. RELATIONSHIP TO HERITAGE…………………………………………….150

5.2.10. DEGREE OF SATISFACTION………………………………………………151

5.2.11. EXPOSURE TO TOURISM…………………………………………………151

5.2.12. CULTURAL IDENTITY…………………………………………………….152

5.2.13. CONCLUSION OF TESTING VARIABLES………………………………...…159

5.3. RESULTS OF TESTING DIMENSIONS……………………………………………...…161

5.4. SEPARATE QUESTIONS ANALYSIS……………………………………………....….166

5.5. SPECIAL COMPARISONS……………………………………………………………178

5.5.1. Media Role in promoting architectural heritage………………….………179

5.5.2. Analysis in School students’ groups……………………………….……..181

5.5.3. Analysis in Public group……………………………………………….....187

5.6. CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….189

CHAPTER SIX

BETWEEN GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS……………..195

6.1. EXPERTS QUESTIONS ANALYSIS……………………………………………………196

6.2. CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…..215

CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………..……………………………….…...217

7.1. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………..….217

7.2. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………..…...….225

7.3. RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………….….232

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………..…246

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………..…I

APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………………………...….…I

APPENDIX 2……………………………………………………………………………….….XI

APPENDIX 3…………………………………………………………………………..….…XVII

APPENDIX 4………………………………………………………………………………..XXII

LIST OF FIGURES

Research Introduction

Figure 1: The deduced factors (Research variables) (The researcher)………………………..…V

Figure 2: Research structure (The researcher)……………………….……………………..….VII

Figure 3: Users vandalism VS Professionals vandalism…………………………………….....IX

Figure 4: Textile merchants at the foot of Al Ghouri complex in 1999 (left), and in David

Robert’s 1800s etchings (right). (Source: Shehayeb D., 2002)………………..………….…….X

Figure 5: Street pattern of old Cairo, 1798 and 1978. (Source: after UNDP 1997)…….………XV

Figure 6: A building violating laws of height surrounding heritage sites, near Aslam mosque.

(The researcher)………………………………………………………………………….….…XVI

Figure 7: Al darb al ahmar district within historic Cairo and intervention sites.

(Source: Nour H., 2010)…………………………………………………………….……...…XVII

Chapter Two

Figure 2.1: Relationship between environmental behaviour and its cost (Kollmuss A. et al.

2010)………………………………………………………………………………….……….…21

Figure 2.2: Model of pro-environmental behavior (Kollmuss A. et al. 2010)…………..………23

Figure 2.3: Early models of pro-environmental behavior (Kollmuss A. et al. 2010)……………25

Figure 2.4: Theory of reasoned action (Kollmuss A. et al. 2010)………………………….....…25

Figure 2.5: Models of environmental behavior predictors by Hines et al. (Kollmus A. et al.

2010)…………………………………………………………………………………….……….26

Figure 2.6: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs (Kollmus A. et al. 2010)……………………...27

Figure 2.7: The sixth theory (Kollmus A. et al. 2010)………………………………………..….28

Figure 2.8: Model of ecological behavior by Fietkau and Kessel (Kollmuss A. et al. 2010)…....29

Figure 2.9: Barriers between environmental concern and action by Blake 1999

(Kollmuss A. et al. 2010)………………………………………………………………………...30

Chapter Three

Figure 3.1: Choosing the cases on the Inglehart map (The researcher)…………………….……55

Figure 3.2: The world experiences analysis method…………..………………………….….....56

Figure 3.3: The focus group of Ireland (Simpson K. et al. 2007)………………………………..57