factors affecting school participation among children in … · factors affecting school...

Factors Affecting School Participation AmongChildren in Urban and Rural Households:The Case of Pasay City and Eastern Samar1

www.pep-net.orgISSN 1908-6889Volume XIII, Number 3September 2015

Ed ito r ’ s NotesThe research updates featured below aretaken from the study of Dr. Tereso Tullao,Jr. and John Paolo Rivera , using theCBMS data of Pasay City and EasternSamar, published in the Volume II of the2010 AKI Policy Brief.

niver sa l access to p r imaryeducation, is one of the UnitedNations' Millennium DevelopmentGoal s (MDG) that shou ld be

achieved in 2015. According to statisticsfrom the Depar tment o f Education(DepEd), net enrolment rate increasedduring school year 2008-2009 comparedto the previous school year but still belowthe target. The National StatisticalCoordination Board (NSCB) noted that thenumber of Filipino children with no accessto primary education has increased to16.8 percent in 2007 from 15.6 percent in2006 because of the high cost of living.Western Visayas region registered thehighest number of children 6-11 years oldwho are not attending elementary schoolwhile the National Capital Region (NCR)has the lowest.

The primary aim of this study is to test thesignif icance o f several f ac to r s indetermining e lementary schoo lparticipation rate and to draw policyimplications that local government units(LGUs) and local government units (NGOs)can use to addressing school non-participation, which in turn can contributein meeting the MDG education target.

In light of the MDG target on education,demand and supp ly facto r s are

Inside

U

T r aine r s ' t r ain in gp r e p are s D I L G staf f t oim p lem e n t C B MS A P P

T o w ar d De v e lo p in gE n t r e p r en e u r s an dC r e at in g Jo b s f o rU n e m p lo y ed Y o u t h inE t h i o p i a 4

CBM S Ph ilipp ines to h old12t h National Con fere nce

6

7

T h e To g o le se I nf o r m alS e c t o r Wo r k e r s ' A c c e sst o S o c ia l P r o t e c t io n 6

considered. Supply factors refer to theability of the government to provideincreasing resou rces to f inanceelementary education, including thehiring of teachers; construction of schoolfacilities; and provision of books, schoolsupplies, and other educational inputs.Meanwhile, from a strategic perspective,what is crucial in the to attain the MDGtarget on education, it is crucial to focuson the demand facto r s since theincreasing trend of non-attendance andwithdrawal from the school system islikely influenced by factors that includefamily income and opportunity cost-morethan the capacity of public institutions toprovide educational facilities.

Thus, it is important to understand thevarious factors that may influence schoolnon-attendance, such as demographic,economic, and others that affect theschool participation of children from

urban and rural households. This issignificant to policy makers in theirattempt to answer the MDG on education,and is relevant to LGUs and NGOs sincethese inst itu t ions can under takeempir ica l l y based interventions toenhance school participation rate at thehousehold level. This is considered more

1 Tullao and Rivera, 2010. AKI Policy Brief. Volume II, Number 6. ISSN No. 2094-3342.

SCHOOL INEASTERN SAMAR.The students areexcited to use theirnewly renovatedclassrooms.(Photo from GMANews Online)

2 CBMS Network UpdatesSeptember 2015

Research Resultseffective than the usual increase inbudgetary allocations.

Studies on the impact of various factorsaffect ing schoo l part ic ipation andeducat ional attainment have beenconsidered essential in fostering AdamSmith's view that educat ion is asimportant as investments in physicalplants and equipment in promotinggrowth and development for the entireeconomy.

Since education is an investment inhuman capital, factors that may increasethe return to education will have animpact on the demand for education. Inthe past, estimation on the demand foreducat ion has been influenced bydomestic factors, such as employability,domestic economic progress, rate ofreturn, and availability of credits. Asidefrom family structures and the influenceof parents' education, family size is alsoseen as a determinant demand foreducation.

The demand for children's education canbe represented as a function of householdincome; market pr ices o f inputs;unearned household income; and a set ofchild , househo ld , and communitycharacteristics. It is assumed thatparents are altruistic and that imperfectcapital markets exist.

Measu ring the impact

To measure the impact of economic,demographic, and other factors on theschool participation among children inu rban and ru ra l areas, the 2008household data from Pasay City and the2007 household data from Eastern Samar,which were avai l ab le f rom theCommunity-Based Monitoring System(CBMS) Philippines were utilized. Giventhe framework of analysis, the functionalrelationship of the variables influencingthe school participation in households forPasay City and Eastern Samar is shown bythe equation below.

SPRi = f(HIi, NOFWi, ESHHi, HSIZEi,NELEM612i, EDUHHi, AGEHHi, SHGRi,DSW_NEARi, ELECTi, TYPMATi, URBANi)

The econometric analysis using ordinaryleast squares regression was undertaken

to estimate the participation rate ofschool children in households in PasayCity and Eastern Samar.

Study resu l ts

Based on househo ld data, i t wasempirically verified that the magnitude ofhousehold income does not significantlyaffect school participation. The same istrue for the number of overseas Filipinoworkers (OFWs) who are householdmembers. As the income of householdsincreases, members will also increasetheir expenditures on normal and superiorgoods and services including education.However, Eastern Samar is a provincialarea where primary education is publiclyprovided. Hence, income will be allocatedto non-educat ional expenditu res.Households, whether in Pasay City orEastern Samar, may also base theirdecisions on whether to send theirchildren to school or not on permanentincome rather than on transitory income.The income reported by households whenthe survey was conducted may have beentransitory income and may have been

lower than what the household normallyearns over a longer period.

Another interesting result arising fromthe estimated regression is the impact ofpopu lat ion growth on schoo lparticipation. In both study areas, asfamily size increases, school participationdeclines. This result is a very strongargument for the need to manage thepopulation growth o f the country;otherwise, it may adversely affect thehuman capital formation at the householdlevel in both urban and rural areas. Sinceschoo l par tic ipat ion is influencednegatively by family size, the issue ofrapid population growth can significantlyimpede the ability of the country tomaintain its competitive edge in theproduction of highly educated and skilledworkers in the future since poorer andbigger families are investing less inhuman capital. Hence, there is really aneed to address the issue of populationgrowth.

Another important result of the study isthe positive impact of the employment

Cont inue t o page 8.. .

Table 1. Definition of Variables

SPRi

V a r iab l e De f ini t i on

School participation rate of household i, measured by the number of childrenin the household ranging from 6 to 12 years old who are attending gradeschool, divided by the total number of children in the household with ageranging from 6 to 12 years old

HIi

Number of family members who are working overseas

Employment status of the household head

Household size

Number of household members 6 to 12 years old who are attendingelementary education

Highest educational attainment of household head

Age of household head

Dummy variable to indicate the state of hunger of a household, assumes avalue of 1 if the household experienced hunger or food shortage

Distance of the household from the source of water, assumes a value of 1 ifthe distance of household from source of water is near and 0 otherwise

Dummy variable to indicate the presence of electricity in the household,assumes a value of 1 if the household has electricity and 0 otherwise

Dummy variable to indicate the strength and type of building materials usedin the construction of the walls and roofs of the respective houses

Dummy variable to indicate the level of urbanization where the household issituated, assumes a value of 1 if the household is situated in the urban areaand 0 otherwise

NOFWi

ESHHi

HSIZEi

NELEM612i

EDUHHi

AGEHHi

SHGRi

DSW_NEARi

ELECTi

TYPMATi

URBANi

Household income that consists of earned family income, internal andexternal remittances, and other sources of income

CBMS Network Updates 3September 2015

News Updates

�

Toward Developing Entrepreneurs and CreatingJobs for Unemployed Youth in Ethiopia

he community-based monitoringsystem (CBMS) was piloted thisyear in the sub-cities of AddisAbaba and Dire Dawa in Ethiopia

to establish a baseline data needed forprogram and policy implementation.This p ro ject was imp lemented inpartnership with Haramaya Universityled by Mr. Abel Mehari.

The primary aim of the CBMS in Ethiopiawas to est ab l ish a loc al mu l t i-dimensional poverty monitoring systemand to fill the gaps of official statisticsat the local or grassroots level. Asidefrom collecting poverty-related data,the CBMS census in Ethiop ia al sogathered data on the youth to identifyyouth unemployment problems andissues re lated to entrepreneu rshipdevelopment. Data collection startedlast September 23, 2015 in Dire Dawaand October 19, 2015 in Addis Ababa.About 6,000 households from both siteswere covered by the census.

T Before the rollout of the CBMS census inEthiopia, 12 enumerators were trainedon the concepts used in the threeques t ionna ires-Househo ld P ro f i l eQuestionnaire (HPQ); Community ProfileQuestionnaire (CPQ); and the YouthEmployment and Entrepreneurship (YEE)Rid er Que st ionnaire, which wasdeveloped by the team. They were alsotrained on the use of android tablets forfaster data collection. The tablets usedwere modified to incorporate and/ort ran slate the qu est ion s f rom theques t ionnai res. F o r a be tterunderstanding of the questions includedin the census, Ahmaric, the Semiticlanguage spoken in Ethiopia, were usedin the tablets.

As of October 31, 2015, a total of 2,970co re CBMS quest ionnaires werecompleted, according to the progressreport submitted by the CBMS Ethiopiateam. This number approximately covers50 percent of the target households-50percent of the households in Dire Dawa,

and 35 percent in Addis Ababa. The totalnumber collected for the YEE Riderquestionnaire was 2,368-with 20 percentcoming from Dire Dawa and 75 percentfrom Addis Ababa.

Some problems were encountered by theCBMS Ethio p ia Team in theimplementation of the project. One waswhen an enumerator assigned in AddisAbaba was reluctant to continue workingwith the team. Another was the issue onf inance p ro cesses at Hara yamaUniversity, specifically on the length ofprocessing a payment request. However,the major cause of project delay was thetedious and extended purchasing processo f t he ins t itu t i on. In Ethio p ia,government purchases take a long timeto process as these involve going througha long network. This was observed whilethe tablets were being pu rchased,causing much delay at the start of datacollection.

CBMS IN E THIOP IA.The sample cover of thequestionnaire in tabletsbeing used byenumerators for theCBMS census inEthiopia, both inEnglish and in Amharic.


News Updates

A

The Togolese Informal Sector Workers' Accessto Social Protection: A Case Study of theCNSS1 Social Protection

lthough important, around72.5percent of workers in Togo do notbenefit from social protection.This is mainly because the greater

percentage of workers belong to theinformal sector. Between 2008 and 2009,it is estimated that only 5.8 percent ofthe population 60 years old and abovereceived pension. Also, only 4.5 percentof orphans were estimated to receiveorphan benefits, and only 6 percent offamilies receive household benefits.

The situation is worse in the main citiesof Togo. For example, in the capital cityof Lomé, over 84 percent of workers areengaged in the informal sector resultingin the exclusion of the majority of thepopulation from the social securitysystem. That is why the community-basedmonitoring system (CBMS) was launchedin Togo in 2014. The primary aim of CBMSwas to establish a local monitoringsystem on the different dimensions ofpoverty and to complement the datacoming from the country's off icialstatistical system. The relevance of CBMSis centered on generating data on socialprotection.

The 2015 CBMS census in Togo aimed to(i) conduct a pilot test of CBMS in Toko-one situated in Lomé (urban area) andthe other in Tsévié (rural area); (ii)prepare a community- and household-level poverty profile and maps of selectedsites; (iii) produce data as inputs to thelocal development plans; (iv) prepare ananalysis of CBMS data that will generaterecommendations aimed at providingsocial protection to the informal sector;and (v) estimate the economic value forimplementing a policy that will grant orinclude the informal sector workers inTogo in the social protection system ofthe Caisse Nationale de la SécuritéSociale (CNSS).

Proportion (%)

Focusing on the informal sector, some ofthe survey questions aimed to measurethe average educational level, access tohealth care, access to social protection,vulnerability, employment trend, andaverage income. The study also sought toknow the activities that constitute theinformal sector as well as the type ofsocial protection program coveringinformal sector workers. Respondentswere also asked about the value of socialprotection and their willingness to payfor one.

Data col lec tion phase

The project was implemented at twolocalities of Togo-at Tokoin-Wuiti and atTsévié. Tokoin-Wuiti is an urban arealocated in the capital Lomé. Tsévié

represents a rural setting not far fromLomé. The data were collected in 7,845households from 19 August 2015 to 25September 2015. At Tokoin-Wuity, thedata were co l l ec ted f rom 4 ,622households. At Tsévié (Dalavé andGlainvié), the data were collected from3,220 households.

The data showed that among the 5,283workers, 4,510 belong to the informalsector. This translates to 85.4 percent ofthem being considered as informal sectorworkers.

More than half of the workers are self-employed at 77.4 percent, and only asmall portion of workers is working underthe private (15.5%) and the public sectors(5.9%).

TRAINING OF ENUMERATORS. The CBMS Togo team conducts trainingof enumerators in preparation for the implementation of CBMS census inTokoin-Wuiti. (Photo courtesy of CBMS Togo team)

1 CNSS stands for Caisse Nationale de la SécuritéSociale. It is the structure that provides Togoleseparastatal and private workers with social protection.


News Updates

P ROJ E C TIMPL EMENTATT ION.

Act ivit ies at Tokoin-Wu iti

As part of the PEP-CBMS-Togo project, ateam composed of 11 enumeratorscollected the data from 4,622 householdsat Tokoin-Wuiti from August 19 toSeptember 25, 2015. Under thesupervision of two team leaders-an editorand the project coordinator-the datacollection was successfully carried outwithout major issues. The work wasfacilitated by the local administrativeand traditional authorities, through theirparticipation and support to the team.Their coordination allowed easy access tothe households and the map of the areagiven to the team fac il itated themovement and coverage. It also helpedthat the people generally accepted andliked the project. Hence, most of themwere impatient to know the start of theregistrations and to finally enjoy theservices offered by the National SocialSecurity Fund.

Activities at Tsevie

For both areas (Gblainvié and Dalavé) ofTsévié , the two teams were eachcomposed of 5 enumerators, 1 supervisor,and 1 editor. Data were collected from3,220 households with the support of theproject coordinator and data collectionoperation took place without anyincident. Contact with local traditionalchiefs during the initial days allowed the

teams to obtain the map of the localities.It was noted that it was necessary toemphasize good faith, dedication, andself-sacrifice among all the members ofthe team.

Although the respondents were veryaccommodat ing, some householdsshowed some doubts and reservations ingiving some informat ion. Theenumerators, however, were patient inorder to elicit the needed responses. Thedistrust was due to the fact that theynever had feedback from the previous

projects. The previous data collectionprojects did not have a positive impacton their living conditions.

The majority of households, however,were highly motivated as they expectedto benefit from the social services,espec ial ly health insurance cards.Overa l l , the data col l ec tion wassuccessfully completed.

Source: CBMS Census in Togo, 2014.

CBMS CENSUS IN TOGO.The CBMS enumeratorinterviews the father of ahousehold in Tokoin-Wuiti.(Photo courtesy of CBMSTogo team)

Table 1. Distribution of workers by sector

Self-employment 4, 091 77.4

M a g n i t u d e P e r c en t a g e

Public Sector 313 5.9

Private Sector 818 15.5

Parastatal Sector 40 0.8

Others 21 0.4

TOTAL 5, 283 -


News Updates

Trainers' training prepares DILG staff toimplement CBMS APP

raining of trainers (TOT) workshopson the CBMS Accelerated PovertyProfil ing (CBMS APP) coveringModules 1 and 2 were held last

August 17-21, 2015 and September 7-11,2015 at Subic Bay Travelers Hotel andEvent Center.

The TOT workshops, which were hosted bythe Bu reau o f Local GovernmentDevelopment (BLGD) of the Departmentof Interior and Local Government (DILG),were attended by 90 participants from theprovincial and regional DILG offices. Theworkshops aimed to expand the pool ofDILG trainers who are knowledgeable onthe implementation of CBMS APP. Inparticular, it trained participants how todo tablet-based data collection, dataprocessing, and poverty mapping.

Accredited CBMS trainers and severalCBMS International Network staff servedas resource persons for each whole week

T of the TOT workshops. Module 1 included(i) training participants on the use of theCBMS Scan and Portal, (ii) discussing theconcepts and how to accomplish theHousehold Profile Questionnaire (HPQ)and the Barangay Profile Questionnaire(BPQ), and (iii) introducing a new toolcal led CBMS Deduplicator. This newso ftware was developed to detectduplicate household control numbers(HCNs) that may arise dur ing fieldoperations. Topics on field operationswere also discussed.

Module 2 top ics included teachingparticipants how to import data into theStatsim, how to generate core povertyindicators using Statsim, and how toprocess other indicators using SQL syntax.Statsim is a software developed by theCBMS Network to simu late simp lecomputations and tabulations usuallydone using statistical softwarelike Stata.Participants were also trained in the use

of Quantum Geographic InformationSystem (QGIS) software-which is used inediting shapefiles and for generatingmaps of poverty indicators at the purok,barangay, and municipal levels.

Concepts learned during these trainingswill help these newly trained DILGpersonnel, once accredited by the CBMSNetwork, in building the capacities of thelocal government units (LGUs) that areand/or will be adopting CBMS in the nextfew months.

Another TOT workshop, which will focuson Barangay Planning and Budgetingusing CBMS data, will be conducted inNovember 2015. The same set o fparticipants is expected to attend thistraining.

TRAINER’S TRAINING. Training workshops on the CBMS APP wereheld at Subic Bay Travelers Hotel and Event Center from August toSeptember 2015 for Modules 1 and 2. (Photo courtesy of PhilipCuevas, accredited CBMS Trainer from Region IX)


N e w s U p d a t e s

CB MS P hi l ipp ine s to h old 12thNational Conference

he Community-Based MonitoringSystem (CBMS)-Philippines willhold its 12th national conference

on February 29-March 2, 2016 at theCrowne Plaza Manila Galleria in QuezonCity, Philippines.

To celebrate the 25th year of the passageof the local government code in thePhilippines, the conference-with thetheme "Pursuing Meaningful Devolutionthrough CBMS"-will feature presentationsfrom LGUs on good practices and lessonslearned on implementing and using CBMS.Topics to be featured will include (i)fo ster ing better t ransparency andaccountab i l ity in governance, (i i)evidence-based planning and programimplementation, (iii) program targetingand impact monitoring, (iv) bottom-upbudgeting, (v) disaster risk reductionmanagement and c l imate changeadaptation, (vi) achieving the millenniumdevelopment goals (MDGs)/sustainabledevelopment goals (SDGs), and (vii)community empowerment.

The conference is being organized by thePEP Asia-CBMS International NetworkOffice of De La Sal le University, inpartnership with the Department of theInterior and Local Government (DILG), theNational Economic and DevelopmentAuthority (NEDA), and the Union of LocalAuthorities of the Philippines (ULAP).

The annual CBMS-Philippines nationalconference gather s par tner s andstakeholders from the national and localgovernment units across the country todiscuss current developments, findings,and best practices on the implementationand uses of the CBMS. The CBMS is ano rganized p rocess o f co l lec t ing,processing, and using information forlocal planning and other developmentprocesses using a structured set of toolsand training modules developed by theCBMS Network.

In 2013, the CBMS International Networklaunched and dep loyed the CBMSAccelerated Poverty Profiling (APP) foruse by its LGU partners in the country inresponse to the increasing demand fromvarious CBMS users, particularly local

government units. The CBMS APP servedto fast track the generation of data foruse in preparing development plans andbudgets, and for various developmentprogram initiatives. The CBMS APP is anorganized, systematic, and efficient useof latest information and communicationtechnology tools (e.g., tablets); and thestandard CBMS instruments for datacollection (core household profile andvi l l age quest ionnaire), p rocessing(STATSIM), poverty mapping, and datamanagement tools. Data is transmittedand managed through the CBMS Portal.

Since the adoption of the CBMS by LGUs asa tool for local development planning in2000, the coverage of CBMS in the

T

Philippines has expanded to 76 provinces(32 of which are province-wide) covering879 municipalities, 69 cities, and 23,697barangays. At least 215 of LGUs haveadopted the CBMS APP since itsdeployment.

Updates about the conference may beviewed at http://www.pep-net.org/12th-cbms-philippines-national-conferenceand in the CBMS International NetworkFacebook Group Page athtt ps://www.f aceboo k.com/grou ps/CBMSNetwork/

CBMS NATIONAL CONFERENCE. Sec. Florencio Abad of Department of Budget andManagement (DBM) discusses the details of bottom-up budgeting to the participants ofthe 11th CBMS National Conference held at Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria, Quezon City onFebruary 2-4, 2015.


The CBMS Network Upd ates i s thequarterly newsletter of the PEP-CBMSNetwork. This work was carried out by theAngelo King Institute for Economic andBusiness Studies with financial supportfrom the International DevelopmentResearch Centre (IDRC) and the UnitedKingdom Department for InternationalDevelopment (UK DFID).

The Updates may be downloaded freefrom the Project's website:http://www.pep-net.org.

For inquiries , please write or call:PEP Asia & CBMS Network Office

Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies

De La Salle University-Manila 10th Flr. Angelo King International

CenterEstrada cor. Arellano Sts., Malate,

Manila 1004, PhilippinesTel No: (632) 2305100 loc. 2461DL/Telefax No: (632) 526-2067

E-mail: [email protected]@benilde.edu.ph

Celia M. ReyesEd i t o r - in - C h i e f

Rachelle Gladys M. AudarSteffie Joi I. Calubayan

Novee Lor C. LeysoAnne Bernadette E. Mandap

Jasminda A. QuilitisResearchers /Wr i t e rs

Editorial Staff

Research Results

CBMS NETWORK UPDATESPEP Asia and CBMS Network OfficeAngelo King Institute for Economic & Business StudiesDe La Salle University-Manila10th Flr. Angelo King International CenterEstrada cor. Arellano Sts., Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines

NO ONE TO RECEIVE

INSUF FICIENT ADDRESS

RESIGNED

UNLOCATED ADDRESS

MOVED OUT

UNKNOWN ADDRESSEE

REFUSED TO ACCEPT

Fac tors Affect ing from page 2 .. .

status and educational attainment of thehousehold head to school participation.For the former, school participation canbe assured if the household head isemployed. For the latter, this emanatesfrom the culture where educated parentsraise more educated children. This is truein Pasay City and Eastern Samar wherethe estimated coefficients have shownsignif icant impact on schoo lparticipation, which confirms that theparent's educational attainment is indeedrelevant, as suggested in the literature.

It was verified that there is a positive andsignif icant re l at ionship betweenhouseho ld income and schoo lparticipation in Eastern Samar. Thenegative impact of population on schoolparticipation and the positive impact ofemployment status and parent's highesteducat ional attainment were al soestablished. Lastly, it was also shownthat variables, such as the need forsufficient public services, the state ofhunger, availability of electricity, andhousing services, have signif icantimpacts on school participation. Thus,from the perspect ive of promotinguniversal access to primary education,intervent ions must consider suchvariables to improve school participation.

Promoting household economic statusand employment, limiting family size,and providing access to quality basicpublic services will have positive impactson children's school part icipat ion.Although intervention can be done usinghousehold income as an avenue, its

impact on school participation is not aspowerful as when intervention is donethrough the enhancement and provisiono f pub lic services, such as fooddistribution, medical support, housingservices, and employment generation.Although the impact of household incomeis very small, it must not be ignoredbecause o f the p robab i l i ty thathouseholds will use the additional incomereceived to augment the insufficiency ofpublic services that can aid in increasingschool participation. Ultimately, prioritymust be placed on addressing populationgrowth. Notice that the impact ofhouseho ld size has the greatestmagnitude in af fect ing schoo lparticipation. There is really a need tocontrol population.

Socioeconomic development can alsoinfluence schoo l par t ic ipationsignificantly. Urbanization, which can bedeemed par t o f soc ioeconomicdevelopment, improves access andproximity to school s by improvingtranspo rt and communicationinfrast ructures. Urbanization al soincreases school and l abor marketopportunities and these consequencesreinforce the decision of household headsto send their children to school. However,urbanization must be accompanied by theprovision of job opportunities to providehouseholds with a permanent employmentstatus and permanent income; this willmitigate subst itu tab il i ty betweeneducation and other goods such as food,clothing, and shelter.

factors affecting school participation among children in … · factors affecting school...

Documents