factors influencing economic transformation in the peri-urban area around rajshahi city in...

FACTORS INFLUENCING ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE PERI-URBAN AREA AROUND RAJSHAHI CITY IN BANGLADESH

by

Md. Mizanoor Rahman

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

Examination Committee: Prof. Dr. Jayant K. Routray (Chairman)

Dr. Mokbul Morshed Ahmad

Dr. L A S Ranjith Perera

is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Nationality: Bangladeshi

Previous Degree: Master of Philosophy in Geography and Environmental Studies

University of Rajshahi

Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Scholarship Donor: Norwegian

Asian Institute of Technology

School of Environment, Resources and Development

Thailand

May 18, 2009

The urban population has been growing consistently at a higher rate than the rural

population

The world’s urban population rose from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in

1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005 (United Nations, 2005)

About 35 million people in Bangladesh (a quarter of the population) currently live in urban

areas, compared to only 8% during independence (World Bank, 2007)

it is estimated that by 2020, about 40% of the total population of Bangladesh will live in

urban areas (DFID, 2004)

By 2025, about 85% development will occur at the urban hinterland widely referred to as

peri-urban, suburbs, urban fringe, city edge, metropolitan shadow etc (United Nations,

2005)

According to most projections, Bangladesh will in the near future assume a more peri-

urban look than at present, which may contribute more to the economic development in

urban areas as well as the country through a steady supply of foods items

Rajshahi is one of the metropolitan cities in Bangladesh, expanding spatially due to rapid

increasing of population and diversifying economic activities which has brought more peri-

urban areas under its jurisdiction.

1.1 Background

Introduction

1.2 Problem Statement

The contribution of peri-urban area is notable to fulfill the diversified urban

demand specially agricultural and non-agricultural products but the development

of the area as compared to urban area is highly uneven.

Due to economic transformation, the economic settings in the area is changing

gradually which is difficult to adopt to the dwellers, become economically looser.

So, in the context of economic transformation, it is important to examine the

vulnerability and their ability to cope with, recover from and adapt to any external

stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being as resulted from urbanization

process (Adesina, 2007)

Introduction

Based on the stated problems, the formulated research questions are:

How the economic setting of peri-urban area has been transforming over time?

What are the consequences of economic transformation in peri-urban area?

What are the factors controlling the transformation process?

1.3 Research Questions

• It is remarkable that economic transformation in peri-urban area is so rapid that, existing development policy and

planning unable to accommodate with its dynamic and intricate development.

• As a result a lot of problems merge with the expansion of urban area. So, to identify and minimize these problems, it

is utmost needed to understand how the peri-urban functioning

• So, studies are needed in order to solve the associated problems and to provide feedback to the policy makers,

administrators, and town planners to construct competent strategy to the steady development of the area

1.4 Rationale

Agriculture

Type of economic transformation in terms of land use, occupation, investment, production system etc.

Inter sectoral Intra sectoral

Subsistence to cash cropping -Horticulture-Floriculture-Livestock-Poultry-Aquaculture

Others-Howkering-Day workers in non-agricultural sectors

Industries

Business

Service(public and private)

Transportation

Within agriculture sector

Within service sectors

Within business sectors

-within public sectors-within private sectors-between public and private sectors

Agriculture sectorBusiness sectorService sector

Introduction

1.5 Conceptual Framework Peri-urban Area

Economic Impact of the transformation -Occupational change -Per capita income change - Expenditure capacity change -Land use change -Land value change -Functional change -Infrustructural change

Strategy for development

Geographical factors- Location-Land availability for agricultural and non- agricultural uses -Distance

Market/demand driven -Labours /workers -Agricultural Products -Land for non- agricultural use -Raw materials for industries

Governmental policies and planning -Landuse control and planning policy -Development programs

Employment opportunities - Primary sector - Secondary sector -Tertiary Sector

Infrastructural development -Road network -Transportation system -Growth of market centers -Telecommunication development -Other institution

Factors of Economic Transformation

Introduction

1.6 Objectives

The general objective of this research is to identify the factors that have been

influencing the economic transformation, consequences of economic transformation

and adopted governmental policy and planning in the development of the area.

The specific objectives are as follows:

To identify the peri-urban area around Rajshahi City

To analyze the economic transformation of peri-urban area and its consequences

in the area

To identify the influencing factors of economic transformation of peri-urban area

To recommend strategy for securing opportunities for the dwellers through

diversified activities

Introduction

1.7 Scope Of The Study

The scope of the research is to study how the urban settings play role to change

the economic circumstances its surroundings(peri-urban) due to failure of

accommodating huge increased population and functions

Economic transformation related issues are the main focus of the study.

The impact of the changing economy and the livelihood of the stakeholder that

bring alternatives in strategy are considered in this research

Existing peri-urban development trend and strategy of the government and its

effectiveness has been observed in the study

Finally, the study has been suggested a suitable development strategy for

integrating development between peri-urban and urban area

Introduction

Though economic transformation is vast concept but the conducted research was

on to see economic transformation in peri-urban areas of Rajshahi City. This is why

very specific indicators were considered according to the on going pattern of

changes in the locality.

Although core idea to measure economic transformation was followed, yet in data

collection, there had to face several constraints in gathering information from the

field. For example, improper land record and its value, variation in people perception

about their land and assets, scattered and uncoordinated assessments of the assets

by different departments and no proper know how to interpret the earnings and

possessions by the people to some extent might have effected the accuracy

standard of the data collection.

Another major constraint was the time limitation and research grant availability.

1.8 Limitation

Introduction

2.1 Peri-urban Area

Fringe is related to the growth of cities that lies immediately outside the designated urbanizable limits and has

strong interaction with present city and bears an urban reflection of on the physical, occupational and

demographic characteristics (Sinha, 1997).

Concentrated city or Core built-up area (Urban area)

Outer periphery

Rural area

Peri-urban area

Inner periphery

Figure 2.1 The form of the periphery and peri-urban area (redrawn and modified from Bryant et al. 1982)

Literature Review

2.2 Economic Transformation

Economic transformation is a process emerges through two main direction: first,

reallocation of factors of production from less productive sectors to more productive ones;

and second, diversification of the economy away from primary commodity sectors

(agriculture and others) into industry and services (Berthelemy and Soderling 2001).

Literature Review

Figure 2.3 Economic transformations through migrating market structure

Source: Webb and Grant (2003)

Research Design and Methodology

Literature Review

Research Problem Identification

Conceptual Framework

Objectives

Research Design

Assessment of data needsSelection of the study Area

Primary Data - Reconnaissance survey-Questionnaire Survey-Interview with Key Informant-Field Observation-Informal Discussion

Secondary Data:- Statistical Reports- Official Websites-Books/Journals-Official Documents-Development Plans

Data Entry and Processing

Mapping Analysis

Findings and Conclusion

Descriptive Statistic-Frequency Distribution-Mean-Percentage-Graphic presentation

Analytical Statistics- Correlation

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Selection Criteria of the Study Area

The area is composed of:

- Both rural and urban phenomena;

- Rapid demographic transformation area;

- Area with rapid land use change basically from agricultural to non-agricultural uses;

- Area with different types of diversifying formal and informal economic activities;

- Infrastructures more develop than rural area but less develop than urban area;

- The main economic activity is agriculture, and basically market garden agriculture;

-The area is transitory between City Corporation and its nearby rural settlements that may be

considered best to study the economic transformation;

- Economic activities in the area drive to fulfill the demand of market;

- The area is at a time under the jurisdiction of Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA) and Paba

Thana.


RAJSHAHI CITY STRATEGIC PLAN 2002-24

LEGENDRDA boundaryCity bourdaryOther area boundaryMajor roadGrowth center link road

#S Other urban growth center

%U Study area

#S

#S#S

#S

#S CORPORATIONCITY

RAJSHAHI

P A D M A

R I V E R

Rural Agricultural Conservation

Rural A

gricultu

ral C

onserv

atio

n

New Urban AreaNew U

rban

Are

a

NaohataPaurashava

Paurashava

Kat

akha

li

0 4 Km.

P

B

A

AT

H

A

NA

%U

%U N

RAJSHAHI CITY CORPORATION AND ITS PERIPHERY


Figure 3.1 Map of Study Area

3.3 Sources of Data and Collection Methods

Secondary Sources Primary Sources

Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC);

Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA);

Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Statistical Office;

Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Agriculture Office;

Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Livestock Office;

Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Fisheries Office;

Local Government Engineering Department

(LGED), Paba;

Tohosil Office, Kharkharia and Kasiadanga;

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Divisional

office);

Center for Urban Studies (CUS);

Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB),

Rajshahi;

Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB),

Rajshahi;

Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE),

Rajshahi;

Bangladesh Small Industries Corporation (BSIC),

Rajshahi;

Regional Statistical Office, Rajshahi;

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

(BIDS), Rajshahi

Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization

(SPARRSO)

Reconnaissance Survey

Questionnaire Survey

Interview with stakeholders/key

informants

Field Observation

Informal Discussion


3.4 Sampling Design and Procedure

Peri-urban area around Rajshahi City,

Bangladesh

Total Peri-urban Villages-13

Purposive S

ampling

Sample HouseholdNumber- 91

Total Sample Size247 Households

Kasiadanga

Sim

ple Random

Sam

pling


Aliganj Kharkharia


N1+Ne2

n =Where, n = Sample size N = Total household e = Level of precision

To compute the sample size Yamene’s (1967) formula has been

applied which is followed:


Figure 3.2 Sampling Design and Procedure

1. Location 2. Population density 3. Literacy rate 4. Occupation (non-agriculture) 5. Toilet facilities (Sanitary)

6. Electricity connection 7. Land use (homestead) 8. Owner of agricultural land 9. Housing status -Pucca (Brick) -Semi-pucca (Semi-brick)

4.1 Indicators of peri-urban area identification

Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile

Indicators are developed from different data sources available with Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2001. Shading cell indicates the fulfillment of peri-urban criteria. Those villages have fulfilled at least 50% indicators requirement are considered as peri-urban area

4.2 Peri-urban identification Procedure [Location (Close to RCC boundary), Density in Sq.km. and other indicators in %.]


Location Toilet facility

(Close to RCC boundary)

(Sanitary)Semi-pucca (semi-brick)

Pucca (Brick)

RCC 11303 64.22 20.99 64.39 63.13 33.47 38.76 45.32 38.9

Paba (Rural) 935 43.62 13.31 21.53 31.76 10.75 49.46 54.5 4.2

Nabinagar 869 43.7 32 37.6 35.6 11.07 16.4 92.31 6.41 9 90

Harupur 1493 46.1 21.21 26.61 31.31 10.95 46.77 64.47 6.84 9 90

Gobindpur 5279 41.35 24.17 30.56 26.65 11.38 26.65 66.39 5.74 8 80

Balia 2592 44.72 20.76 13.06 19.97 11.85 52.58 49.07 3.72 5 50

Kashiadanga 2689 38.94 23.25 17.72 17.44 12.01 30.63 58.61 5.03 7 70

Pukuria 758 46.09 7.59 28.95 2.63 8.76 54.6 56.6 10.38 4 40

Aliganja 1748 39.69 24.35 21.91 10.58 11.83 17.75 62.81 7.13 8 80

Basua 5206 43.72 21.1 62.93 27.59 12.39 17.46 75.95 5.61 9 90

Baze Silinda 929 36.21 25.06 25.54 0 11.18 28.42 25.29 25.88 6 60

Khirshan 1641 34.2 5.84 10.24 2.26 8.95 37.67 43.79 1.98 3 30

Bara Baria 2045 27.34 14.81 36.08 0.78 8.35 56.47 26.88 3.23 3 30

Deluabari 487 40.12 21.65 18.75 72.91 9.09 33.33 20.93 0 3 30

Baish Balad 247 24.56 13.33 13.33 0 8.95 13.33 16.67 0 2 20

Birastail 930 43.49 10.8 22.61 25.93 8.49 66.8 72.44 2.27 3 30

Kechuatail 781 38.59 19.83 15.3 21.03 10.97 45.63 63.18 4.65 6 60

Musrail 2119 42.49 22.46 26.94 40.31 11.05 27.71 50.33 5.92 8 80

Narikelbari 1677 55.4 17.76 22.92 41.66 11.92 47.92 59.34 0 9 90

Lalitahar 1561 37.72 23.21 33.06 45.25 12.06 35.33 64.38 1.96 8 80

Kharkhari 2308 39.13 27.28 24.16 42.28 15.01 40.94 70.18 3.51 8 80

Baman Sikhar 1442 30.29 7.49 9.89 42.31 8.75 48.63 36.78 0 3 30

Name

Density

(Person/Km2.)Literacy

Occupation (Non-agricultural) No of indicators

fulfilling the peri-urban criteria

% of indication fulfilling the peri-

urban criteria

HouseholdElectricityConnection

Land Use (Homestead)

Owner of agricultural land

Housing Status

#S

City

RajshahiCorporation

#1

#5 #6

#3#2

#4#7

#8

#10 #11

#9

#12

#14

#17

#18#20

#19

N

PERI-URBAN AREA OF RAJSHAHI CITY

Legend

Rural area

Peri-urban area

#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8

#9

NabinagarHarupurGobindpurBaliaKasiadangaAliganjBasuaBaze Silinda

Kechuatail

Village NameGeo-Code

#10

#11

#12

#13

NariketbariaLalitahar

Kharkharia

#14

#15

Geo-Code Village Name

Khirshan

Deluabari

Musrail

Geo-Code Village Name

#16

#17

#18

#19Birostail

Baish Balad

PukuriaBarabaria

Baman Sikhar#20

Village NameGeo-Code

#16

#13

Nawhata Paurashava

KatakhaliPaurashava

R

U

R

A

L

A R

E

A

R U R A L

A R E A

P A D M A

R I V E R

0 2 Km.

#15


Figure 4.1

4.3 Peir-urban Profiles

Population Occupation Toilet facilities Total area (km2) 16.40 Service (%) 1.35 Sanitary (%) 32 Total population 32022 Household work (%) 47.22 Others (%) 44

Agriculture (%) 17.06 None (%) 24 Population density (person/km2.)

1952

Water, electricity, Gas (%) 0.36

Households 6729 Male: Female 112:100

Construction (%) 4.29

Working population (%) 50.05 Transport (%) 5.2 Literacy rate (%) 43.62 Hotel and restaurant (%) 0.39

Household size (person/house) 4.76 Business (%) 9.9 Industry (%) 1

Others (%) 9.54 Source of drinking water

Tap (%) 0.2

Housing status Tube-well (%) 93.81

Kacha (%) 32.54 Well (%) 0.75

Semi-pucca (%) 61.75 *Income (Taka/person) 1202 Pond (%) 0.6

Pucca (%) 5.71 *Expenditure (Taka/Person) 1004 Others (%) 4.64

Sources: *BBS 2000 and BBS, 2001


Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile4.3 Peri-urban Profiles

(Contd.)

Figure 4.6 Transport Network of RCC Peri-urban area-2001

Figure 4.5 Agricultural Land Use Pattern of RCC Peri-urban area-2001

Most of the land use for crop, vegetables and fruits cultivation

Figure 4.4 Land Use Pattern of RCC Peri-urban area-2001

Most of the land are occupied by two major sectors such as agriculture and residential/homestead

Agriculture51.77%

Road and railway0.53%

Water Body16.38%

Indusrial0.01%

Others16.66%

Residence/ Homestade

14.41%

Business & Mercantile

0.04%

Education/Research

0.19%

Cropped land

51.82%

Aquaculture2.25% Poultry

0.56%Livestock

0.06%

Fruits6.66%

Others7.15%

Vegetables31.49%

72

26

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Kacha Pucca Railw ay

Leng

th (%

)

NALIGANJ

LegendVillage boundaryFeeder road (Pacca)Highway

0 600 Feet

Figure 4.8

LOCATION OF SAMPLE VILLAGES IN THE PERI-URBAN AREA

60 Meters

180 Meters

180 Meters

NPERI-URBAN AREA OF RAJSHAHI CITY

Peri-Urban Area

CC

CC

CCùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùEmbankment

Peri-urban BoundaryCity Corporation Boundary

HighwayFeeder road (A type-Pucca)Feeder road (B type-Pucca)

Legend

CCCCCCCC

C

ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùCCC

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCCCCCC

ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù

ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù

#1!

#2#3

#4

#6

#7

#8

#9

#10 #11 #12

#5 #13

#1!#2#3#4

Nabinagar

Haripur

Gobindapur

Balia

Geo-Code No.

Mauza Name

#5#6

#7 #8

#9#10

#11

#12

#13

Kasiadanga

AliganjBasua

Baze SilindaKechuatailMusrail

NarikelbariaLalitaharKharkharia

Mauza Name

Geo-Code No.

Geo-Code No.

Mauza Name

RU

RA

L

AR

EA

Nawhata Paurashava

KatakhaliPaurashava

RU

RA

L

AR

EA

R a j s h a h i C i t y C o r p o r a t i o n

P A D M AR I V E R

0 4 Kilometer

Natoreroad

Nawabganj Road

Saheb Bazar

NKHARKHARIA

LegendVillage boundaryRoad (Pacca)

0 200 Feet

N

KASIADANGA

Legend

Village boundaryFeeder road (Pacca)HighwayRailway

0 600 Feet180 Meters

180 Meters

90 Meters

5.1 Changes in Demographical Characteristics

Figure 5.1 Population increasing rate during 1991-2008 Figure 5.2 Household increasing rate during1991-2008 Figure 5.3 Migrated household 2001 & 2008

Figure 5.5 Literacy rate during 1991 to

2008 Figure 5.4 Population density during 1991-2008

Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences

3.74

6.49

1.16

4.924.89

1.4

3.974.03

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate

Cha

nge

in P

opul

atio

n (%

)

1991-20012001-2008

4.04

7.71

2.6

5.45

2.95

4.24

6.756.05

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9


Cha

nge

in H

ouse

hold

Num

ber (

%)

1991-20012001-2008

6.1

10.88

5

8.48

2.72

1.08

3.62

1.34

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Mig

rate

d H

ouse

hold

(%

)

20012008

26602960 2941

1510

1988

1176

19602110

2268

1751

2694

3563

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000


Den

sity

(/k

m2)

1991 2001 2008

18

76.1170.23

66.6672.3

22.129.824.2

38.94 39.69 39.13 39.32

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Lite

racy

Rat

e (%

)

1991 2001 2008

5.2 Change in economic characteristics

Figure 5.6 Employment Pattern in Study Area during 1991-2008


In term of employment, the contribution of primary sector is increasing while tertiary sector is decreasing

in Kasiadanga and Kharkharia Village, but in Aliganj reverse situation is found.

In all three villages the contribution of secondary sector is very limited.

13.9

21.1

32.1

25.3

16.515.0

14.2

21.4

26.4

19.1 18.9

22.8

34.4

31.0

22.6

29.5

27.0

37.139.0

34.1

26.4

32.8

29.430.5

0 .7 .5.700001.9

.100.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008

Kashiadanga Aliganj Khankaria Aggregate

Num

ber

of E

mplo

yee (

in %

)

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Secondary Sector

Tertiary Sector

Per capita

Income

Per Capita Expenditure

Remarks

Corr. Value -0.345 -.784(**) 0.473 0.479

Sig. Value 0.272 0.003 0.12 0.115

Corr. Value 0.019 0.334 0.301

Sig. Value 0.953 0.288 0.342

Corr. Value -0.423 -0.42

Sig. Value 0.171 0.174

Corr. Value .993(**)

Sig. Value 0

Tertiary Sector

Among the indicators there areweak relation found

Per Capita Income

Relation between Per CapitaIncome and Expenditurechange is positive and highlysignificant

Primary Sector

Only relation is significantbetween the change in Primaryand Tertiary sectors and that is negative.

Secondary Sector

Among the indicators there areweak relation found

Appendix 5 Table B Correlations among the change of primary, secondary and tertiary sector contribution to provide people, Per capita Income and Expenditure


** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.

Table 5.2 Average Annual Income and Expenditure Increasing Rate from 1991-2008

Figure 5.7 Per Capita Income and Expenditure during 1991-2008


2630

632

1070

2407

1238

640

1778

1096

552

2330

1229

591

1281

717

2092

1034

564

1775

915

486

2050

520

1027

2210

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008

Kashiadanga Aligang Kharkaria Aggregate

Taka

/Mon

th

Income Expenditure

5.2.2 Change in Income and Expenditure

Name of Village

Income (%) Expenditure (%)

1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008

Kasiadanga

7.86 13.16 6.93 13.31

Aliganj 10.79 11.19 9.75 12.45

Kharkharia 9.85 7.77 8.82 11.74

Aggregate 9.34 11.8 8.33 12.79

In all three villages, both per capita income and expenditure have been increased.

Both per capita income and expenditure are higher than the aggregate situation in Kasiadanga village for all three time periods

Change in per capita income and expenditure is more during 2001-2008 than during 1991-2001 in all three villages

In Kasiadanga, change in per capita income and expenditure is higher than the other villages during 2001-2008

Figure 5.8 Change in Saving during 1991-2008


5.2.3 Change in Saving

In all three villages, saving has been increased during 1991-2001 but during 2000-2008 it have been decreased.

11.85

16.47 15.97

12.01

16.44

12.02 11.96

16.51

0.17

11.87

16.47

13.08

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008

Kashiadanga Aligang Kharkaria Aggregate

Sav

ing

(in %

of i

ncom

e)

Sources: Tohosil Office of Kasiadanga and Kharkharia, Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA), Unpublished report of SPARRSO

Table 5.3 Land Use (in percentage) pattern during 1991-2008


Name of Village

Agriculture Housing Road and Railway Industry Commercial

1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008

Kasiadanga 65 62.17 58.01 9.65 12.01 15.9 .37 .37 .37 0 0 0 .01 .02 .05

Aliganj 60.72 58.10 54.26 9.12 11.83 15.67 .67 .67 .67 0 .02 .02 .04 .05 .07

Kharkharia 60.5 57.86 54.47 8.98 11.62 15.01 .22 .22 .22 0 0 0 .04 .06 .10

Aggregate 62.11 59.42 55.51 9.28 11.87 15.69 .53 .53 .53 0 .01 .01 .03 .04 .06

5.3 Change in Land Use Pattern

Agricultural land has been reduced while housing and commercial land have been increased in all three villages.

Housing land

Commercial land

Remarks

Corr. Value -.805(**) -.929(**)Relation between Agricultural and housing land use change is negative and significant.

Sig. Value 0.002 0Relation between Agricultural and Commercial land use change is negative and highly significant.

Housing land

Relation between housing and commercial land use change is positive but not significant

Sig. Value 0.019

Agriculture land

Corr. Value .663(*)

Appendix 5 Table A Correlations among the changes of land use types



1991N

0 900 Feet

N

0 900 Feet

N

0 900 Feet

2001 2008

LANDUSE MAP OF KASIADANGA VILLAGE (RAJSHAHI PERI-URBAN AREA)

270 Meters

270 Meters 270 Meters

Industrial

Railway

Agriculture

Housing

Water Body

Commercial

Road

Others

Figure 5.9


LANDUSE MAP OF ALIGANJ VILLAGE (RAJSHAHI PERI-URBAN AREA)1991

2001 2008

N

0 900 Feet

N

0 900 Feet

N

0 900 Feet270 Meters270 Meters

270 Meters

Industrial

Others

Agriculture

Housing

Water Body

Commercial

Road

Figure 5.10


N

0 300 Feet

Figure 5.11


N

0 300 Feet

LANDUSE MAP OF KHARKHARIA VILLAGE (RAJSHAHI PERI-URBAN AREA)

2001

1991

N

0 300 Feet90 Meters

90 Meters90 Meters

Industrial

Others

Agriculture

Housing

Water Body

Commercial

Road

2008

5.4 Change in Agricultural Land Use Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences

Figure 5.12 Cultivated land under different agriculture type during1991-2008

Table 5.4 Agricultural land use change during 1991-2008

Crop land has been decreased while land under vegetables and fruits have been increased in all three villages

Change is higher during 2001-2008 than during 1991-2001

Name of Village Period Crop land Poultry Vegetables and fruits

Kasiadanga 1991-2001 -1.05 0 +1.42001-2008 -1.94 +0.1 +3.68

Aliganj 1991-2001 -1.35 0 +0.642001-2008 -1.43 +0.2 +3.72

Kharkharia 1991-2001 -1.68 0 +1.022001-2008 -1.51 0 +3.68

Aggregate 1991-2001 -1.28 0 +0.942001-2008 -1.62 +0.15 +3.70

95.62

85.09

69.52

91.56

77.9883.43

66.63

54.52

92.24

79.43

66.46

0 0 0 04 4

74.24

88.29

117.77

57.9364.33

94.15

55.17

65.42

94.87

63.33

72.71

102.37

66.48

0 0 1.62 1.1900

0.81

4.254.264.261.071.071.074

5.55.55.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008

Kashiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate

Cultiv

ate

d land (

% o

f to

tal agricultura

l la

nd)

Crop land Poultry Aquaculture Vegetabls and Fruits


Figure 5.13 Cultivated Land under Horticulture during 1991-2008

5.4 Change in Agricultural Land Use (Contd.)

Both vegetables and fruits cultivation have been increased in all three villages.

Vegetables occupied more land than the fruits.

Vegetables cultivated land is more than the aggregate situation in Aliganj and Kharkharia for all three time

periods.

But fruits cultivated land is more than the aggregate situation in Kasiadanga village for all three time periods.

49.84

72.22

45.84

52.11

80.59

47.31

58.98

87.65

43.20

51.94

78.33

36.4

37.84

24.0420.77

20.12

7.226.447.86

13.5612.2212.09

45.55

38.45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008

Kashiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate

Culti

vate

d la

nd (

in %

of to

tal a

gricultu

ral l

and)

Vegetables Fruits

5.5 Major agricultural production (in percentage) during 1991 –2008

5.5 Change in Agricultural Production


1991 17.75 74.29 3.53 1.13 3.29Kasiadanga 2001 14.21 81.04 2.08 0.83 1.83

2008 11.48 81.19 5.73 0.71 0.891991 22.48 67.9 3.74 1.24 4.64

Aliganj 2001 16.05 78.71 1.85 0.9 2.49

2008 12.18 82.5 3.25 0.68 1.391991 12.95 83.42 1.38 0.18 2.07

Kharkharia 2001 10.51 87.51 0.86 0.14 0.98

2008 8.69 88.66 2.17 0.13 0.351991 19.43 72.35 3.37 1.07 3.792001 14.68 80.66 1.83 0.78 2.052008 11.52 82.68 4.09 0.63 1.08

Fruits Aquaculture Other

Aggregate

Name of village Year Cereal Vegetables

Vegetables and fruits production have been increased during 1991-2008 Cereal production has been decreased during 1991-2008

Source: Thana Agricultural Office

Cereal

ProductionVegetables Production

Fruits Production

Fish Production

Total Production

Remarks

Cereal Demand Corr. Value .946(**)

Correlation between demand and production of different agri-products are

positive and highly significant

Sig. Value 0Vegetables demand

Corr. Value .994(**)

Sig. Value 0

Fruits demand Corr. Value .916(**)

Sig. Value 0

Fish demand Corr. Value .917(**)

Sig. Value 0

Total demand Corr. Value .998(**)

Sig. Value 0

Appendix 5 Table C Correlations between total demand and total production of different agricultural products in the sampled villages


5.6 Change in Land Value

Figure 5.14 Annual land value change of the study area during 1991-2008

Source: District Land Registry Office, Rajshahi

Table 5.6 Land value (, 000 Taka/Acre) according to major uses during 1991-2008


1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008Kasiadanga 250 500 1,200 - - - 4,000 8,000 18,000 1,500 2,500 6,000Aliganj 550 1,200 3,000 - 600 1,500 950 3,600 8,400 800 1,600 3,000Kharkharia 180 450 750 - - - 9,00 1,800 6,500 750 1,450 3,200Aggregate 413 891 2,176 - 600 1,500 1,279 4,068 10,536 1,036 1,887 4,022

Housing landName of Village

Agricultural land Industrial land Commercial land Commercial land value is more than the others land value.

Agricultural land value is more in Aliganj village than other villages But commercial and housing land value

is more in Kasiadanga village than other villages

Aggregate land value change indicates that commercial land value change is more than other uses

10

17.5

11.8

18.75

15

8.33

11.57

0 0

10

18.75

27.8

32.6

21.8

10 119.4

18.0218.7518.75

19.87

10

16.614.14

8.21

15.1217.5

6.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008


Land V

alu

e C

hange (

%)

Agricultural IndustrialCommercial Housing

5.7 Change in infrastructures

Name of Village

Year Educational institution

Post office

Public Health Center

Bank Local

Market Other Total

1991 2 0 0 0 1 1 4

2001 4 0 0 1 1 1 7 Kasiadanga

2008 6 0 1 1 1 1 10 1991 1 0 0 0 0 - 1

2001 1 0 0 0 0 - 1 Aliganj

2008 5 (4 BRAC

school) 0 0 0 0 - 5

1991 2 1 0 1 2 1 7 2001 2 1 0 1 2 1 7

Kharkharia 2008

4 (2 kindergarten

) 1 1 1 2

6 (5 NGO Office)

14

Table 5.7 Number of institutions in the sampled villages during 1991-2008

Figure 5.15 Change in housing type during 1991-2008

Source: Thana Statistical Office 2008


11.94

65.78

50.75

37.3130.07

21.01

62.81

7.1213.21

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1991 2001 2008

Aligang

Num

ber

of H

ouse

(%)

61.72

41.94

33.87

24.19

25.4326.31

70.18

12.853.51

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1991 2001 2008

Kharkaria

Num

ber

of H

ouse

(%)

31.25

44.18

31.25

5.03

21.97

37.533.8536.36

58.61

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1991 2001 2008

Kashiadanga

Num

ber o

f Hou

seho

ld (%

)

Kacha (Mud) Semi-pucca Pucca (Brick)

32.69

27

20.79

42.09

5661.57

17

5.74

37.13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1991 2001 2008

Aggregate

Num

ber o

f Hou

se (%

)

Pacca house has been increased while Kacha and Semi-pucc house have been decreased.

Semi-pucca Pucca Remarks

Kacha Corr. Value 0.014 -0.507Relation between kacha and semi-pucca houses change is positive butnot significant

Sig. Value 0.967 0.093Relation between kacha and semi-pucca houses change is negative butnot significant

Semi-pucca

Corr. Value -.869(**)

Sig. Value 0

Relation between semi-pucca andpucca houses change is negative andhighly significant

Appendix 5 Table D Correlations among the changes of housing types



Table 5.8 Road Type During 1991-2008

Source: Local Government Engineering Office (LGED), Paba Thana.

Table 5.9 Type of vehicles (number of Vehicles/100 households) during 1991-2008

Source: Bangladesh Road Transport Authority and Field Survey 2008.


Type of Roads Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008

Metal(4 lanes)

Length (km.) 0 .09 .09 .93 .93 .93 0 0 0 .93 1.02 1.02Density (Km./Km2) 0 .07 .07 .43 .43 .43 0 0 0 .24 .27 .27

Metal(2 lanes)

Length (km.) .36 .36 .36 .7 .7 .7 .34 .34 .34 1.4 1.4 1.4Density (Km./Km2) .29 .29 .29 .32 .32 .32 .97 .97 .97 .37 .37 .37

Metal(Single lane)

Length (km.) 0 1.2 3.14 0 .5 2.5 0 0 .9 0 1.7 6.54

Density (Km./Km2) 0 .96 2.53 0 .23 1.15 0 0 2.57 0 .45 1.73

Gravel Length (km.) 3.78 2.58 .64 6.4 5.9 3.9 1.11 1.11 .21 11.29 9.59 4.75

Density (Km./Km2) 3.05 2.08 .51 2.72 1.8 3.17 3.17 .6 3 2.55 1.26

1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008No. of motor bike 0.37 0.55 2.03 0.4 0.62 1.78 0.85 1.97 5.4 0.43 0.71 2.15No. of microbus 0 0 0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07No. of bicycle 20.4 27.85 41.45 25.07 34.77 65.56 24.03 30.8 49.33 22.72 31.4 54.44No. of rickshaw 0.37 0.59 1.53 0.96 1.57 2.72 1.76 2.93 4.05 0.76 1.26 2.33No. of rickshaw-van 0 1.46 3.06 0 2.28 4.88 0 1.65 4.05 0 1.87 4.07Total 21.14 30.45 48.24 26.43 39.24 74.94 26.63 37.36 62.83 23.91 35.24 63.07

AggregateType of Vehicles

Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia


There is no change in metal 2-lanes road for all three villagesGravel road has been converted into single metal road in all three villages

All types of vehicles owner have been increased during study period


Table 5.10 Sources of drinking water (percentage) during 1991-2008

Table 5.11 Number of household electrified and their consumption during 1991-2008

Sources: Power Development Board, Rajshahi

Sources: BBS 1991 and 2001, Field Survey 2008

Table 5.12 Number of cell phone users during 1991-2008

Source: Field Survey, 2008

1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008Tap 0 0.41 4.17 0.22 0.12 2.98 0 1.34 3.23 0.09 0.35 3.49Tube-well 95.55 69.08 95.83 99.55 93.2 97.02 100 98.66 96.77 97.68 83.17 96.51Well 4.45 1.78 0 0.23 2.01 0 0 0 0 2.23 1.73 0Pond 0 0.41 0 0 4.53 0 0 0 0 0 2.33 0

Type of Sources


1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008

No. of household (%) 6 17.44 79.1 8.02 10.57 85.07 0 42.28 87.09 6.2 16.38 82.77

Monthly consumption (Kilo-watt/household)

62 63 63.87 59.1 60.31 62.35 0 57.81 60.28 60.55 60.37 62.16

AggregateKasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia


2008 2008 2008 2008

No. of cell phone (Per 100 households)

60 95 84 80


Number of tap water users have been increased

Almost 100 % people have been used tube-well water

Number of electrified household has been increased

Change after 2001 is more than before 2001

5.9 Consequences of the Changes


Potentiality of the area

Change in Demand -Food -Land -InfrastructureInstitutionTransport networkTransportationsCommunicationMarketHousing statusFacilities

Land Use Change-Agricultural -Non-agricultural

Land Price Change

Demographic change-Rising Population-Rising Household-Increasing Literacy rate

Increasing Income

Occupational Change

Higher Expenditure capacity

More Savings

More Investment

Agricultural SectorNon-agricultural Sectors

6.1 Distance From Market

Factors Influencing Economic Transformation

Name of Village Within 1 Km. 1-3 Km. 3 -5 Km. 5 -7 Km.

Kasiadanga 1 2 0 1

Aliganj 0 2 1 1

Kharkharia 1 0 2 1

Table 6.1 Distances from Village to Different Market Centers (Km.)

Within 7 kilometers every village has 4 market centers

Kasiadanga and Aliganj have local market center.


Figure 6.1Marketing Channel of Kasiadanga

Kasiadanga Bazar

(Local Market)

Court Bazar(Secondary

Market)

Saheb Bazar(Main Market)

Dhaka and Other Cities

Producer/Field

Fulfill the local and national demand

Fulfill the City and its surrounding area’s demand

Fulfill the local and surrounding area’s demand

Damkura Hat(Local

Market)


Figure 6.2 Marketing channel of Aliganj

Dangerhat(Local Market)

Court Bazar(Secondary

Market)



Producer/Field

Fulfill the local demand



Figure 6.3 Marketing channel of Kharkharia

Kharkharia Bazar

(Local Market)

Nawdapara(Secondary

Market)



Producer/Field




Talaimary(Local

Market)




Producer/Field


Local Market


Figure 6.4 Marketing Channel of Peri-urban Area

6.2 Growth of Market Centers : There are 5 growth center and 8 hats those have been created a suitable marketing environment for the agricultural and non-agricultural product.

6.3 Market Demand: Due to market demand land use in peri-urban area has been changed. For example, agricultural land has been converting into housing land. Moreover, agricultural land use is also changing in order to fulfill the market demand.

6.4 Land Availability, Price and Investment Opportunity: As compare to urban area land is available in peri-urban area for any using purpose; and price also low which creates investment opportunity for the investor. For example Bishal Group has brought land in Kharkharia village for shopping center.

6.5 Employment Opportunity: Due to change of overall situation like land use, agricultural land use, infrastructural development etc more employment opportunity have been created for the dwellers in peri-urban area as well as urban area, which has been influenced the economic transformation of the area.

6.6 Infrastructure: The development of infrastructures create employment opportunity for the dwellers. Such as, lot of people are involved in transport, educational institutes, NGOs activities etc that has brought economic change in the peri-urban area

6.7 Availability of Urban Facilities in the Area: Urban facilities like electricity, dish cable, education facilities, better housing opportunity with low rent etc attract migrant to settle in the area.

6.8 Land Use Control Planning: According to the RDA Master Plan the area is conserved for residential uses and they have development plan of the area, which attracts investor to invest here and the migrants to residence here.



Figure 6.4 Influencing Factors of Economic Transformation

Land Use Control Planning

and Policy+

EconomicTransformation

Distance from Market

+

Employment Opportunity

++

Land Availability, Price and Investment

Opportunity++

Infrastructure+++

Communication

Number of Institutions

Transport Network and

Mode of Transportation

Growth of Market Center

LandDemand

FoodDemand

Market Demand+++

+++ Strong Factor++ Moderate Factor+ Average Factor

Conclusion

It could be concluded that the spatial and temporal variation in the change of

economic setting have been observed in the peri-urban area of Rajshahi City.

Such as, change in some areas is rapid than other areas, and change in recent

time is more rapid than previous. In addition, the change in term of some

indicators similar to the other cities and some are not. Moreover, the change

depends on numerous local and external factors.

Summery and Conclusion

Recommendations

Implementation of development plan

-It is necessary to implement the existing development plan of Rajshahi Development Authority(RDA). Because the area is under the Master Plan of RDA and it contains several development plan such as industrial development basically small and medium, and agro-based industry in the peri-urban area for creating job opportunity for the dwellers.

-Moreover, it has plan to develop the business center in order to increase commercial activities

Development of Road Network

Though the area has metal road connection with city and nearby area but it has no direct access to the urban center. So, planed road network is necessary to enhance the mobility of goods and people.

Increase Urban Facilities

The area is not facilitated by drainage system, municipal water supply system, LAN telephone, internet etc. So, it is needed to bring the area udder those facilities.

Integration of Peri-urban Area to Urban Area

The area has proximity to be urban in near future so that in order to develop the peri-urban area integration is needed between the development work of urban and peri-urban area.

Thanks for your kind

attention

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