Ajay Singh Rathore

M.A. in Applied Criminology.

Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice.

Jodhpur.

Concept & FactorsOf

Criminology.

Concept of Criminology.

Criminology:

- scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

- is an interdisciplinary science, which includes: Sociology, Psychology, Law, Criminal justice, Political science, Economics, Natural science.

Biological Factors. Atavism:

A) Criminality result of Primitive Urges,-“Criminals are Born, Not Made.” – Cesare

Lombroso.-He defined Criminals as per their physical

characteristics,- long hairs, long earlobes, large jaw, slanting

forehead…

Constitutional Theory:A) Criminality with reference to Offender’s body type or

structure.- Mesomorph – Adventurous & Aggressive;- Ectomorph – Restrained &Introverted;- Endomorph – Sociable & Outgoing.

Genetics:A) ‘XYY’- Supermale,B) Heredity influences and transmission of characters.

Neuro-transmitters:A) Dysfunction in neuro-transmitters,

- Low levels of Serotonin & Dopamine.B) Hormone influences,

- Increase level of testosterone,- Premenstrual syndrome.

Biological Factors.

Neuro-biology:A) Damage to the structure & function of the brain,

- Pre-frontal Cortex. (head injury, birth complications)

Other Socio-biological factors:A) Low intelligence,B) Poor diet,C) Impulsivity,D) Hyperactivity.

Biological Factors.

Psychological Factors. Mental Health & Criminal Behavior:

A) Abnormal behavior,- Schizophrenia(Social withdrawn,

Isolation),- Mood disorder (Disruptive nature),- Substance related disorders.

B) Aggression & Violence

Criminal Personality & Personality Disorders:

A) Deviant nature/differ from expectations,B) Physiological & Biological Markers,

Psychological Factors.C) Psychological tendencies;

- Identity probs,- Anxiety,- Self harm,- Impulsiveness.

D) Psychopaths/Psychopathic personality,E) Sociopaths.

Learning Theories:A) Freud- Psychoanalytical Theory;

- Ego & Superego fail to restrain aggressive urges of Id.

Psychological Factors.

B) Skinner- Operant Conditioning;- Rewarded behavior will occur

continue,- Individual who rewarded or escape

from punishment for Deviant/Anti-Social act will continue to engage in them.

C) Bandura- Social Learning Theory;- We learn through society and

surroundings,- “Bobo-Doll Experiment.”

Sociological Factors. Self- Irritability & Low self control,

Family- Poor parenting and marriage probs,

School- -ve school experience/ educational

underachievement,

Peers- Delinquent friends,

Work- Unemployment & Poor jobs,

Sociological Factors.Inequality of power,

Child’s socialization process,

Community level risk factors (Disorganization, Social

control, Opportunities)

Pro-social bonds may be inhibit anti-social behavior

(conventional activities & beliefs)

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

Culture transmission,

Large Population,

Poorly maintained neighborhood,

More Pub, Alcohol Shops,

Gambling places & Tourists places,

Lack of collaboration in Community-Policing.

Religious Factors.

o Correlation b/w Religiosity & Crime;

- Relation b/w religiosity & Drug abuse/ Alcohol.

- Showing superior the one’s religion among all the rest.

Economical Factors.

Rational Choice Theory:- Calculation, decision of profit, benefits.- Wishes & goals-come out with action that

provide more & easy with greatest satisfaction,- Economic play a huge role in Human

behavior.

Unemployment:

Wealth:- provides choice & quality of life to get a

high material standard of living.- In search of Material Success.

POLITICAL FACTORS.

Powerful individuals use their power to establish laws & sanctions against less powerful persons/groups.

Influenced by the views about the govt. or have an opposing ideology.

Crimes of Power includes:- Price fixing,- Corruption,- Nuclear waste products,- Misuse of Power authority.

Thank You

for yourkind

attention.

Any query, please !