factors that influence use

Factors that Influence Use

45.3 million adults in the United States smoke cigarettes, although this single

behavior results in disability or premature death for

half of all regular users.

Source: CDC, Office on Smoking and Health

Factors that Influence UseNicotine Addiction

Smokers give several general reasons for smoking.

1. Stimulation 2. Handling the cigarette 3. Relaxation 4. Help for tension 5. Craving 6. Habit * (Addiction)

* The preferred term in Tobacco Control is addiction, not habit.


Addiction: Habitual psychological and physiological dependence on a substance beyond one's voluntary control

Addiction

Psychological Need

Physical NeedTolerance


Withdrawal Symptoms Irritability Anxiety Difficulty concentrating Increased appetite

.


Adrenaline—rush of energy Acetylcholine—awake and stimulated Dopamine—relaxed and feeling good Endorphins—natural painkillers Glutamate--learning and memory

Source: How Stuff Works, Inc.


Factors that Influence UsePhysiological Effects


Withdrawal symptoms are REAL and can range in severity.

Q: Do you know the signs of withdrawal from nicotine?


People who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk of dying prematurely.

The younger a smoker quits, the greater the health benefits.

But, stopping at any age is beneficial to health.

CDC, Office on Smoking and Health


Tobacco Products

Factors that Influence UseTobacco Products

Additives are also in cigars, pipe tobacco, and spit tobacco for taste and addictive

properties.


Clove Cigarettes or Kreteks 70% tobacco and 30% cloves

Clove numbs throat

Densely rolled = higher exposure to carcinogens


Bidis Non-filtered, sweet-flavored

cigarette Higher levels of carbon

monoxide, nicotine, and tar than cigarettes

Popular with young people



Cigars and Cigarillos Tobacco wrapped in a

tobacco leaf Can contain as much

tobacco as a pack of cigarettes

Growing popularity among young people

Hookah Traditional Middle Eastern

and Asian device for smoking shisha tobacco

Perceived as less risky Growing popularity in U.S.

among young people


E-Cigarettes Nicotine delivery systems that use water, a heating element, and electricity to mimic the sensation of smoking a cigarette



Snus Taboka was the tobacco

industry’s first attempt at Snus.

A smokeless form of tobacco that comes in pouches.

Originated in Sweden, new to the U.S.

Factors that Influence UseSocial Factors

Community

Culture

Customs

Values

Attitudes

Beliefs

Factors that Influence UseSocial Factors

Behavioral norm: the most common actions or behaviors exhibited in a social group.

Attitudinal norm: the most widely shared beliefs or expectations in a social group about how people or members of the group ought to behave.

National Social Norms Resource Center, 2009

Factors that Influence UseSocial Norms

Factors that Influence UseSocial Norms

Factors that Influence UseMovies

“In contrast to the health groups, who saw smoking as a medical issue, the tobacco industry has always seen smoking as a cultural

issue. And there is not a better way to control pop culture worldwide than through movies…”

Professor Stanton Glantz

Smoking in the most popular, youth-oriented, PG-13 movies has increased.

Teenagers are more readily influenced than other age groups.

Tobacco companies benefit financially from individuals who start to use tobacco at an early age.

Tobacco companies have violated the tobacco settlement and have a long history of marketing their products to young people.

Ng & Dakake. 2002. MASSPIRG.


Tobacco use has increased 50% since the MSA. Tobacco use remains prevalent in PG-13, youth-oriented

movies. Most films portray smokers and smoking in a positive or

neutral light. Fewer films feature negative statements about tobacco use. Several films show identifiable, brand name cigarette packs. Big name stars smoked in both pre- and post-settlement films.

Ng & Dakake. 2002. MASSPIRG.


Efforts are being made to get smoking out of the movies.

Programs such as Screen Out! and California Youth and Advocacy Network’s (CYAN’s) “Tobacco and Hollywood Campaign” are raising awareness of this problem and endorsing change.


Factors that Influence UseThe Power of Advertising

Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery, 2009

Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery


African Americans

Hispanics and Latinos

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders (LGBT)

Low SES

Factors that Influence UseTargeting Specific Populations


“RJR's business among Blacks is underdeveloped....

Further, given their strong preference for menthol flavor, we probably need to devote more attention to Blacks...

In fact, I even feel that a project designed to develop a cigarette for

Blacks may be a viable business proposition.”

Targeting Cigarettes at African Americans RJR, 1977 Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery

1990s 2008


National Cancer Institute, Visuals Online

How could they possibly enhance that

image?

Factors that Influence UseTobacco Product Enhancement

Factors that Influence UseTobacco Product Enhancement

Factors that Influence UseTobacco Industry Enhancement

http://www.brownandwilliamson.com/BWT/Index.cfm?ID=137&Sect=4


Why the name change? Official reason: Represents diversity of products Real Reason: disassociates company from its strong

tobacco identity.

In 2001, the manufacturer of Skoal chewing tobacco changed its name from “United States Tobacco Company”

to disassociate from smoking and auxiliary issues like smoke-free air.


Review

Evolution of Tobacco Control Described the history and evolution of the

tobacco control movement. Learned the impact that events had on tobacco

use throughout U.S. history

Prevalence of Tobacco Use Learned where to obtain data on the prevalence and

impact of tobacco use. Learned the importance of using local data.

Discussed the impact of addiction. Analyzed how the tobacco industry influences

tobacco use.

Discussed the health effects and health risks associated with tobacco use.

Discussed the health effects of secondhand smoke.

Review

Impact of Tobacco Use


Tobacco Technical Assistance ConsortiumRollins School of Public Health

Emory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia

To contact: [email protected]: 404-712-8474

factors that influence use

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