faculty of ecology and renewable technologies

Abstract

For over a century, Barrow-in-Furness's fortunes have beenintrinsically linked to the local shipyard. In this age of global disarmamentthe shipyard is struggling, since the end of the cold war Barrow with lessthan 70,000 inhabitants has suffered 14,000 redundancies. It has longbeen recognised that the town's over dependence on an industry thatonly brings prosperity in times of war cannot continue. Diversification isdesperately needed.

Finally it seems that change and diversification is coming. Barrowhas targeted itself as the gateway to Britain's energy coast, which is amajor proposal to use the natural assets (wind and waves) and existingnuclear skills base to transform the west coast of Cumbria into a hotspotof renewable energy generation and innovation. Barrow itself has justseen planning consent granted for two new offshore wind farms, whichwill add 132 new wind turbines to the existing 30 turbine strong windfarm. It is claimed that the largest of these two new wind farms willgenerate enough energy to power every residential property in Cumbriaone and a half times over.

The aim of this thesis is to fuse the study of renewabletechnologies and ecology into a single university faculty. The intention ito:

• provide a skilled workforce in order to ensure the futuresuccess of the renewable sector within Barrow.

• help ensure that proposals of the renewable sector will notdamage the rich and diverse ecology of the area.

• encourage cross discipline learning which should help inspiretechnological innovation through biomimicry.

2

Contents

Abstract 2

Contents 3-4

List of Illustrations 5-8

Acknowledgements 8

Thesis Information 9-12

Economy 11 Education/youth flight 11 Nature Reserves 11 Design proposal 12

Vital Information: Barrow-in-Furness 13-28

Geographical Information: Barrow-in-Furness 15-18Photographic Survey: Barrow-in-Furness (Urban) 19-20Photographic Survey: Barrow-in-Furness (Rural) 21-22Historical Information: Barrow-in-Furness 23-24Statistical Information: Barrow-in-Furness 25-26Local Perceptions 27-28

Synthesis of issues: Relative to Barrow-in-Furness 29-42

Vital Information: The Site 43-54

Geographical Information: The Site 45-46Historical Information: The Site 47-54 -1851 Ordnance Survey 47-48 -1873 Ordnance Survey 49-50 -1891 Ordnance Survey 51-52 -1933/1956 Ordnance Surveys 53-54 Photographic analysis: The Site 55-66

Site analysis 67-99

Urban Grain 1:2000 69-70Building uses 1:2000 71-72Private/Forbidden areas 1:2000 73-74Listed buildings 1:2000 75-76Routes 1:2000 77-78Access 1:2000 79-80The Panoramic view 81-88Future Developments: The Marina Village 89-90

Environmental and ecological sit analysis 91-102

Environmental Analysis: General 93-94Environmental Analysis: Wind speed 95Environmental Analysis: Rainfall 96Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration 97Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature 98The local ecology: Magic maps 99-102

The Brief: 103-108

Brief 105-106 -Background Summary 105 -Response 105 -Clients 105 -Potential hazards 105 -The Brief 105 -Students/public 105 -Staff 105 -Quality Statement 106 -Design Intent 106 -Schedule of Accommodation 106Brief Analysed: 107 -Surrounding Features 107 -Site Access 107 -Noise Pollution 107 -Locality 107 -Nature Reserves 107Brief Analysed: Design Issues 108 -The University of Cumbria 108 -Talented Minds 108 -The Energy Coast of Cumbria 108 -Wildlife Attraction 108 -Views 108

Precedents Study 109-122

Section Introduction 111-112Major precedents: WISE 113 -Environmental ethos 113 -Schedule of Accommodation 113Major precedents: Walney lighthouse 114Major precedents: Nottingham Old Market Square 115Major precedents: Nuclear Submarines 116Major precedents: University of the West of England 117-118Minor precedents: 119-122

Endnotes, Bibliography and Appendix 123-130

Endnotes 125Bibliography 126 -Books 126 -Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets 126 -Internet 126Appendix 127 -Brief dated overview of Barrow's history 127

3

List of Illustrations

All images are Authors own unless otherwise stated.

Image No

Source PageNo

Cover Mino_andrade, Viento..[Internet] Available from:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/mino_andrade/3727908886/ > [Accessed06.05.2010]

Cover

Cover Tom Dalziel , Seagull Hovers [Internet] Available from:<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seagull_Hovers.jpg > [Accessed25.11.2009]

Cover

1 Google Earth, 2009, Barrow-in-Furness, UK 15-16


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20

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21

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21

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134 Magic, Ramsar Sites (GB) [Internet] Available from:<http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed 09.01.2010]

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135 Magic, Special Areas of Conservation (GB) [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed 09.01.2010]

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136 Magic, Special Protection Areas (GB) [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed 09.01.2010]

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137 Magic, Important Bird Areas (GB) [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed 09.01.2010]

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138 Magic, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (GB) [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed 09.01.2010]

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139 Magic, RSPB Reserves [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed 09.01.2010]

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140 Magic, Intertidal Substrate Foreshore (England and Scotland)[Internet] Available from: <http://www.magic.gov.uk> [Accessed09.01.2010]

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142 Centre for Alternative Technology, WISE, Wales Institute forSustainable Education [Internet] Available from:<http://www2.cat.org.uk/wise/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&Itemid=208&gid=2> [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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144 Centre for Alternative Technology, WISE, Wales Institute forSustainable Education [Internet] Available from:<http://www2.cat.org.uk/wise/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&Itemid=208&gid=10 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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150 Centre for Alternative Technology, WISE, Wales Institute forSustainable Education [Internet] Available from:

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154 SteveMG, Walney Island Lighthouse [Internet] Available from:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/34782327> [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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155 the.one.who.knows.no..., Lighthouse in South Walney NatureReserve [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/24898371 > [Accessed11.05.2010]

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156 Duncan Darbishire, South Walney Lighthouse [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/7182217 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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157 (NZ)dave, blue & gold [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/nzdave/304499794/ > [Accessed11.05.2010]

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158 Wanderlust, Split Lighthouse [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://travellingboots.wordpress.com/2009/02/15/a-weekend-on-the-ocean-road/ > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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159 stefan.sivieri, INVERNO A IMPERA [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/9535017@N06/673096739/ >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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162 DaveKav, Old Market Square, Nottingham [Internet] Available from:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/d-kav/2370306977/ > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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163 PeteZab, Old Market Square, Nottingham [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/petezab/1554878802/ > [Accessed11.05.2010]

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164 Cabe, David Millington, Old Market Square - Nottingham [Internet] Available from:<http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/old-market-square?photos=true&viewing=6705 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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165 Cabe, David Millington, Design Nottingham - Nottingham [Internet] Available from:<http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/design-nottingham?photos=true&viewing=6667 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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166 Space Syntax, Nottingham, Old Market Square [Internet] Available from:<http://www.spacesyntax.com/en/value.html >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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167 Traven, Old Market Square in Nottingham, UK [Internet] Available from:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3990583 >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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168 Royal Navy, Astute, Astute Photo Gallery, Astute launch day 08 June2007 [Internet] Available from:<http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarine-service/future-submarines/astute/photo-gallery/*/changeNav/00h001003004006002/imageIndex/81/ >[Accessed 05.02.2010]

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169 Royal Navy, Astute, Astute Photo Gallery, Astute arriving in Faslanefor the first time. [Internet] Available from:<http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarine-service/future-submarines/astute/photo-gallery/*/changeNav/00h001003004006002/imageIndex/4/ > [Accessed05.02.2010]

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170 Royal Navy, Astute, Astute Photo Gallery, HMS Astute is prepared forlaunch day 08 June 2007 [Internet] Available from:<http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarine-service/future-submarines/astute/photo-gallery/*/changeNav/00h001003004006002/imageIndex/80/ >[Accessed 05.02.2010]

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171 Royal Navy, Astute, Astute Photo Gallery, Astute arriving in Faslanefor the first time. [Internet] Available from:<http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarine-service/future-submarines/astute/photo-gallery/*/changeNav/00h001003004006002/imageIndex/20/ >[Accessed 05.02.2010]

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172 VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness, HMS Victorious, Ref C/120/415/4c 116

173 Atomic Age – HMS Dreadnought, Britain's first atomic poweredsub-marine in 1960 [Internet] Available from:<http://www.southlakes.addr.com/ships/dreadn.jpg> [Accessed29.01.2010]

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174 VSEL, Barrow-in-Furness, HMS Vanguard Ref C/120/294/33 116

175 University of the West of England, St Matthias Campus map [Internet] Available from: <http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aboutUWE/campus/st-matts-map.shtml > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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176 University of the West of England, Hartpury Campus map [Internet] Available from:<http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aboutUWE/campus/hartpury-map.shtml >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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177 University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus map [Internet] Available from:<http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aboutUWE/campus/frenchay-map.shtml >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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178 University of the West of England, Bower Ashton Campus map [Internet] Available from:<http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aboutUWE/campus/bower-ashton-map.shtml >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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179 Jodidio, Philip, Arche Nebra Visitors' Center, Architecture Now 6, 2009,page 251

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187 Jodidio, Philip, Matsunoyama Natural Science Museum, ArchitectureNow 4, 2006, page 523

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195 Jodidio, Philip, CaixaForum, Architecture Now 6, 2009, page 233 121


197 Jodidio, Philip, Monolith, Expo.02, Architecture Now 3, 2004, page 439 121



200 Free Range International, The Minaret of Jam [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://freerangeinternational.com/blog/?p=429 > [Accessed11.05.2010]

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203 sinister pictures, Eden Panorama16 [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/sinister-pictures/3822963878/ >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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204 Jodidio, Philip, The High Line, Architecture Now 4, 2006, page 137 122

205 bwood13, Eden Project [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/4916668 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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206 Ed Yourdon, Return to the High Line, Jul 2009 - 24 [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/3761956502/ > [Accessed11.05.2010]

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207 Jodidio, Philip, The High Line, Architecture Now 4, 2006, page 137 122

208 Culture Fix, Sunset over The High Line [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://culturefix.wordpress.com/2009/07/ > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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209 Jodidio, Philip, The Eden Project, Architecture Now 2, 2002, page 203 122

AcknowledgementsI dedicate this thesis to my parents, Anne and Dave Worton, theirunconditional support over the past six years has been greatlyappreciated.

I would also like to thank Paul Wrathall, my personal tutor for hispassion and support, Bob Felix, course leader, for his guidance

Special thanks to my brother, Gary Worton, for sharing his

experiences, knowledge and for his truly outstanding computer skills.

8

10

Thesis Information

Thesis Information

This thesis brings three key components related to the town ofBarrow-in-Furness together and intertwines them to inform the project.

Economy

As a designated submarine centre of excellence and the UK's

only designated nuclear submarine build yard1, its hardly surprising that

the economy of Barrow-in-Furness is highly dependant on it's shipyard,

which is currently owned by BAE Systems. It is estimated that in wages

alone, the shipyard pumps £70 million per year into the Barrovian

economy2. However, in an age of nuclear disarmament there is the

continual threat of the shipyard closing down, This would be a

“devastating economic blow3” to the town as “Submarines are our

bread and butter, they are our "niche" market.4" The end of the cold war

demonstrated the impact that a drop in demand for submarines can

have on the local economy: over the course of the 1990's, ten thousand

shipyard workers were made redundant and a further four thousand

were made redundant from companies which depended on the

shipyard for work5.

Fortunately for the town, BAE is still winning contracts. They have

recently completed the first of at least three, potentially seven, Astute

Class nuclear submarines;6 however, Barrow remains overly reliant on

the success of its shipyard. Diversification is seen as a means of

securing Barrow's economic future. Plans are in place to transform

Barrow into the gateway of Britain's Energy Coast; a proposal to use the

natural assets and existing skills base, particularly in the nuclear sector,

of the west Cumbrian coast. The plan is to create a hotspot for the

production and, potentially, manufacture of renewable energy7. To

accommodate the businesses and workers that it is hoped that Britain's

Energy Coast will attract, vast swathes of derelict land are being

transformed into a business park (The Waterfront Development), which

hopes to provide 1,500 new jobs and a residential development (The

Marina Village), which also includes numerous leisure facilities8.

Education/youth flight

A perceived lack of opportunities within Barrow had resulted in a

worrying trend known as youth flight. 18-30 year olds were leaving

Barrow for better employment and lifestyle prospects. Whilst youth flight

remains a problem, the trend reversed in 2005 for the first time in a

decade. Talented minds is an organisation set up to help tackle youth

flight; part of the work they do is to involve school children to become

actively involved in the regeneration process9.

The principles of the issues stated thus far are reflected

throughout much of Cumbria—for this reason The University of Cumbria

was established on the 1st of August 200710. The University's main

campus is in Carlisle, with numerous satellite faculties spread throughout

Cumbria. The University of Cumbria currently has no presence within

Barrow, although a small branch is planned in association with Furness

College11.

Nature Reserves

The surrounding environment is a stunning contrast to the town

itself and includes 4 nature reserves, boasting:

• Europe's largest mixed breeding ground of Herring and Lesser

Black backed gulls,

• The most southerly breeding ground of Eider ducks,

• Over 130 bird species of migratory birds,

• 25% of the UK's Natterjack toads, Britain's rarest amphibian,

• Over 400 species of moths and butterflies,

• In excess of 450 species of plants, including the Walney

Geranium, which is unique to Walney Island,

• Ecologically significant habitats including: mudflats, sandy

beaches, pebble ridges, salt marshes, sand dunes, rough

pastures, freshwater and brackish pools12 13.

There are proposals to give the accidentally, artificially heated

Cavendish Dock (heated by a nearby power station using the dock

water as a coolant) the status of a wetland nature reserve, as a unique

ecology has developed and a special habitat for many species

including wildfowl and mute swans14.

In case all this isn't enough, Barrow is surrounded on three sides

by Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary and the Irish Sea, where

basking sharks, whales, dolphins, porpoises, leather back turtles and

seals, amongst many other species, can be seen15. On the fourth side

the Lake District, serves as a beautiful backdrop to the town and is just

20 minutes drive away.

11

Design proposal

The proposal for this project is to bring the University of Cumbria

to Barrow-in-Furness with a Faculty of Renewable Energy and Ecology.

The intention is that the presence of a higher education establishment

will help to retain more local young people, as well as attract students to

the town and redress the problem of youth flight. Bringing the study of

renewable energy to the town will ensure that there is a young, skilled

and talented workforce readily available to secure Barrow as the

gateway to the energy coast of Cumbria and boost the towns future

economy. It is undeniable that Barrow's ecology is stunning and needs

preserving and protecting. A faculty of ecology within the town can

ensure that it is. The hope of combining the two subjects into one faculty

is that they may benefit one another; for instance, more productive

forms of renewable energy may emerge due to biomimicry, or more

ecologically responsible technologies through exchanges of ideas.

12

14

Vital InformationBarrow-in-Furness

Geographical Information

15 Image 1

Geographical Information: Barrow-in-Furness

Barrow-in-Furness is located in the south west of Cumbria, at

the end of the Furness peninsula. It is geographically remote and is

“famously at the end of the longest cul-de-sac in England”16. The Irish

Sea, Morecambe Bay and Duddon Estuary surround Barrow on three

sides; the Lake District occupies the fourth. It takes forty minutes driving

to reach the M6, one hour by train to Lancaster and connections to the

rest of the country, making Barrow economically isolated.

17 Image 2

Photographic SurveyBarrow-in-Furness (Urban)

19

Photographic SurveyBarrow-in-Furness (Rural)

21

Historical Information: Barrow-in-Furness

Barrai, later Barrow Village, was listed as a hamlet of Furness

Abbey in 119017. Barrow remained a sleepy farming village until 1770

when the decision was made to mine the local iron ore on a

commercial scale. Furness Haematite is a rare type of pig iron,

possessing a high iron content, which is free of phosphoric impurities. In

1876 The Barrow Haematite Steel Company, established in 1866, had

become the worlds largest steel works. At the time, the Bessemer

process only worked with iron ore as pure as Furness Haematite,

meaning that Barrow was free of competition. However, in the 1880s, as

the mines got deeper and became increasingly prone to flooding,

advancements in the Bessemer process left The Barrow Haematite

Company vulnerable to competition. Over time the steelworks became

less and less of an economic force within Barrow. In 1963 it finally closed

down.

In 1895, the shipyard, established in 1870, came to the fore front of

Barrow's economy, with the launch of the cruise liner Powerful. 1899

saw HMS Vengeance launched: she was the first warship to be built,

armed and engineered in one yard. 1901 brought Holland 1, the Royal

Navy's first submarine and in 1960 Dreadnought was launched: she

was the first Barrow built nuclear submarine.

As a town manufacturing tools of war i.e. battleships,

submarines, tanks and missile launchers, etc, Barrow's economy

benefits from war. WW1 caused the population and employment levels

to peak. Whilst wars bring prosperity, wars ending bring recession. At

Barrow's 1917 peak, the shipyard employed 31,000 workers. Five years

later, in 1922, this had dropped to just 3,150. WW2 brought boom years

back to Barrow. This time, however, the bust years didn't come until the

end of the cold war in 1991, when employment at the shipyard fell from

15,000 to 5,000 in four years. The workforce currently stands at 3,50018.

To date Barrow has built 312 submarines, 373 merchant ships and

148 naval surface ships19.

23

Statistical Information: Barrow-in-Furness

Population (Town): 59,182

Population (Borough): 71,981

Density: 9.2 persons per hectare

With 99.2% of Barrow's population classed as white, 97.7% of

the population born in the UK, 81% of the population considering

themselves Christian and representation for all ethnic and religious

minorities below the national average, Barrow could be said to lack

cultural diversity.

The percentages of individuals that are either unemployed, long

term unemployed or permanently sick or disabled are all well above the

national average and the health of Barrovian's appear to be amongst

the worst in the country20.

Barrow has been described as the most working class town in

the country21. The statistics support this hypothesis. Statistics on car

ownership, properties with central heating and employment suggest

that there is an above average number of residents on a low to average

wage and a well below average number of wealthier residents.

There are fewer students in Barrow than the national average. At

just 13% Barrow also has amongst the lowest percentage of degree

graduates of any ward in the country. 32.8% of the population posses

no qualifications.

The percentage of 20-29 year olds is noticeably below the

national average. This is possibly linked to the problem of youth flight.

Barrow has one of the highest percentages of vacant properties

in the country22.

25

Barrow-in-Furness NOW

26

Barrow-in-Furness AS IT COULD BE

Local Perceptions

For many years Barrow has been portrayed in a negative light by locals

and outsiders alike, however there is a strong sense of optimism

returning to the town.

In 2003 “unemployment was above the national average – and

rising. On top of this the BAE SYSTEMS shipyard had given notice that it

intended to lay off up to 1000 workers. Barrow along with west

Cumbria, was losing its young people at twice the national rate. It was

partly because they were going outside the area to be educated – and

not coming back because job prospects were poor. Cumbria's

education offer was weak. We had as many schools in the county

under special measures as the whole of London. The Further Education

College in Barrow was struggling – with poor OFSTED reports and

precarious finances. The town was demoralised following the outbreak

of Legionnaires Disease eighteen months earlier. Our local press was

virulent and negative on many fronts, particularly when attacking the

local authority. The town looked depressed. Because it was”23.

In the seven years that have passed Barrow has undergone

significant changes and improvements:

• the local economy is much stronger, partly due to the shipyard

having turned itself around and unemployment has dropped to

3.8% which is less than the national average.

• Through plans for the Marina Village and Water front

developments, Barrow has begun to re-brand itself as the

gateway to Britain's energy coast. Numerous industries involved

in the renewable energy sector have expressed an interest in

moving into the Waterfront business park24. Danish giant Dong

energy is building a new service base in Barrow and will be

involved in the construction of an offshore wind farm, comprising

102 turbines capable of generating 1,400 gigawatts of

renewable energy per annum (enough to power 320,000 homes

or one and a half times Cumbria's entire housing stock). A

second offshore wind farm is to be built by Swedish state energy

firm Vattenfall, which will be capable of powering a further

125,000 households25.

• “The unhealthy haemorrhaging of talent that we suffered six

years ago has been stemmed”26.

• Education in the region has dramatically improved, and the local

youth have become actively involved with the changes

happening to the town.

• The love Barrow campaign has caught on and is causing locals

to consider their opinions of the town.

A town which had been perceived as lacking enterprise and

entrepreneurial spirit is now, through Furness enterprise, winning

national awards, including the Enterprising Britain Award and the

Combating Worklessness award. Barrow was also the top improver in

both Economic Dynamism and Enterprise, and second Overall Improver

in the region, after Knowsley

Barrow has improved dramatically in the last seven years, but

the town remains only just above the lowest ranking areas in terms of

economic performance and overall resilience27. This aside, however,

Barrow's ongoing transformation has resulted in notable changing of

local perceptions, simply “People are realising that Barrow is a better

place to live, work and invest”28.

Seven years ago Barrow wasn't ready for a university faculty: it

would have brought false hope, there were no jobs for graduates to take

up and no sign of new jobs becoming available. Now, however, Barrow

has secured an abundance of new job prospects and is full of energy

and enterprise, much like in its rich industrial past. Now, a faculty of the

University of Cumbria will help ensure the transformations Barrow has

undergone, and is undergoing, are a sustained success.

27

30

Synthesis of issuesRelative to

Barrow-in-Furness

Synthesis of issues

Barrow's economy is overly dependant on its shipyard29. The shipyard

and Barrow thrive with war disarmament the shipyard and Barrow are in

decline30. This has resulted in negative perceptions of the town a

consequence of which has been youth flight aka brain drain31. These

issues are being addressed through education32 and the diversification

of job prospects, of particular interest is Britain's Energy Coast which

through renewable technologies hopes to use global warming to boost

the economy of the west Cumbrian coast33. A concern of the proposal is

that Barrow boasts a rich and diverse ecology of international

importance, with about 17,000 breeding pairs of seagulls as well as

numerous endangered species34 35.

The aim of this project is to bring a faculty of the University of

Cumbria to Barrow, where renewable technologies and ecology are

studied and researched, the faculty should;

• encourage an understanding between the two subjects studied

at the faculty, to ensure the future security of the local ecology

and success of renewable technologies in the area.

• attract youth's to the area and help to retain more local youth's

and therefore play a big part in tackling youth flight.

• Provide a skilled workforce to ensure that Barrow becomes the

gateway to Britain's Energy Coast.

• Play a part in turning negative perceptions into positive ones.

• provide a diverse range of renewable technologies for students

to study, which will ideally provide renewable energy beyond the

buildings requirements and help power the local community.

• Provide a suitable environment on the buildings roof for nesting

birds in order to bring some wildlife to the students and to help

alleviate the problem of seagulls nesting on chimneys within the

town.

•

31

Synthesis of Issues

44

Vital InformationThe Site

Geographical Information: The Site

The site is situated at the historic gateway to Barrow. Since the

closure of the old railway station in 188236, the site had become a

largely neglected corner of the town. The recent construction of a

Morrisons, introduction of a floating nightclub and the laying of a

promenade has breathed some life back into the area.

To the south of the site is Buccleuch Dock, used by the shipyard,

which is on the opposite bank. At present there is a nuclear submarine

undergoing repairs within the dock directly opposite the site.

Within a comfortable two minute walk of the site are: Barrow

town centre, an abundance of vacant properties and Cavendish dock

(exhibits a unique ecology). Once The Waterfront Development is

complete graduate job opportunities will become available, also within

two minutes walk of the site.

North Walney, South Walney, Foulney Island and Sandscale

Haws nature reserves, the Duddon Estuary, Morecambe Bay and the

Irish Sea are all within close proximity and roughly, equidistant from the

site.

45

Historical Information: The Site

1851 Ordnance Survey

In 1851 Barrow was still named Barrowhead/Barrow village. The

population was just 70037 and Barrow Island was still independent of the

mainland. The site could be found in a quay beneath the waves in

Barrow Channel38. Iron ore was loaded onto and coal was unloaded

from boats in the quays. The coal was deposited in the adjacent coal

yards as was the iron ore, brought from the Furness mines by horse and

cart, only in the adjacent iron ore yards39. A limekiln could also be found

north of the site.

Furness Railway, established in 1846, had a station to the east of

the site. Haematite (Iron ore) from the Furness mines would be brought

to Barrow pier by train and loaded on to ships. The success of the

railway would see the quays broken up and used as fuel for the

locomotives40.

47

1956 Ordnance survey

54

56

Photographic analysisThe Site

Photographic analysisThe site

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68

Site analysis

Site analysis:Urban Grain 1:2000

69

Site analysis:Building uses 1:2000

71

Site analysis:Private/Forbidden areas 1:2000

73

Site analysis:Listed buildings 1:2000

75

Site analysis:Routes 1:2000

77

Site analysis:Access 1:2000

79

The Panoramic viewAvailable on site at a height.

81

Future Developments:The Marina Village

89

92

Environmental and ecological site analysis

Environmental Analysis: Wind speed

The power of the 15-20 knot winds around Barrow60 are already

being harnessed by a 30 turbine strong offshore wind farm, each

turbine generates 3MW of power, which amounts to a net total of 90MW

of power61. Barrow's high wind speeds are as a result of being at the

end of a peninsula and being surrounded by water on three sides,

leaving the town exposed to vapour laden winds coming from the Irish

Sea62.

95

Environmental Analysis: Rainfall

The vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea are a cause

of Barrow and Furness's high levels of rainfall63. Calculations based on

MetOffice information suggest that on average in Barrow every 1m2 of

ground will receive 0.516m3 of rainfall per annum. The hope is that this

high level of rainfall will be able to supply the building's grey water

demands, and possibly even the building's entire water requirements.

Barrow's slogan is, “Where the Lakes meet the sea”. A large

proportion of the high levels of rain that falls on the Lakeland fells drains

into the sea around Barrow. This makes Barrow an ideal area for the

study of a new form of renewable energy known as osmotic energy.

Osmotic energy works by forcing fresh water (river water) and salt water

(sea water) into adjacent chambers, separated by a membrane, through

which the fresh water will pass but salt water cannot. The result is an

increase in pressure in what was the salt water chamber. This pressure

is then released to drive a turbine64.

96

Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration

Barrow receives 1200 to 1400 hours of sunshine per annum65.

Whilst coastal areas receive more sunshine than inland areas, the south

receives noticeably more than northern areas66. This suggests that

Barrow may not be the best place for the study of photovoltaics and

solar panels but that both could contribute to the building meeting its

own energy and heating demands.

97

Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature

Coastal areas tend to have fewer days of air/ground frost and

enjoy warmer ground temperatures67. This is due to the insulation

provided by the sea. As a result of Barrow being surrounded by sea on

three sides, this effect has likely been intensified.

Barrow has 20-40 days of air frost, significantly less than much of

the country. This indicates that air source heat pumps could prove

exceptionally efficient in the area.

The town sees 60-80 days of ground frost, which is again

significantly less than most of the country. The average annual 30cm soil

temperature is 10-110C, making the ground of the Furness peninsula the

warmest in Cumbria and one of the most northern English settlements

with such high ground temperatures68. This suggests that ground source

heat pumps and possibly geothermal energy may prove highly efficient

in and around Barrow.

98

The local ecology:Magic maps

A wealth of diverse ecology surrounds both Barrow and the site. Areas

of ecological significance such as Morecambe Bay, The Duddon Estuary

and Walney channel are all easily accessible from the site and will

become even more accessible with the planned Marina within

Buccleuch Dock, which will allow direct access from the dock to the Irish

sea. The maps on the following few pages serve to highlight the wealth

and significance of the ecology surrounding Barrow.

99

104

The Brief

Brief:

Background Summary

Barrow-in-Furness is a declining industrial town that is too reliant

on its increasingly specialist shipyard. Barrow is seeking to change this

with numerous initiatives.

1.The town is targeting itself as the gateway to Britain's Energy

Coast, a scheme planned to take advantage of the natural conditions

and existing skills base of the west Cumbrian coast by transforming it

into a hot spot of renewable energy production and possibly

manufacturing69.

2.The Waterfront Development is a major development planned

to provide office and workshop spaces for, amongst other businesses,

new renewable energy companies. There will also be new residential

properties to house the new workforce, as well as numerous new

leisure facilities70.

3.The University of Cumbria has its main campus in Carlisle, with

numerous satellite faculties spread throughout Cumbria71. As yet the

University of Cumbria has no presence within Barrow, although a small

faculty is planned in conjunction with Furness College (a vocational

college)72.

4.Talented Minds is a scheme set up to address the worrying

problem of youth flight73.

5.There are four nature reserves in and around Barrow. They

support over 100 species of nesting migratory birds, including Europe's

largest breeding ground of Herring Gull, Lesser Black-backed Gull and

Eider Ducks, 25% of the UK's rarest amphibian, the natterjack Toad,

400+ species of moths and butterflies and 450+ species of flowering

plants, including the Walney Geranium, which is unique to Walney

Island74 75.

Response

The project is to be:

- A faculty of ecology and renewable energy for the University of

Cumbria

- Situated within and integrated with The Water front Development

master plan.

It should seek to:

- address the problem of local youth flight, by helping retain existing

youth and by attracting new youth from outside the area to the

university.

- help support the new renewable energy sector, due to move to the

town, by developing a strong and well educated workforce.

- aid in the preservation of the existing fauna and flora.

– merge the two disciplines of renewable energy and ecology to

help innovate and potentially develop new renewable

technologies which produce greater power yields and are more

ecologically responsible.

Clients

The University of Cumbria is the client, funding—as with all of the

university's developments will be provided by the Higher Education

Funding Council for England (Hefce)76.

Potential hazards

There are a few areas in which the project could fall down, the

primary threat being that locals will not accept the university, seeing it as

an inaccessible piece of elitism, inappropriate for Barrow. Another

potential hazard is one of future use, a time will come when the building

use needs to change. It would be embarrassing if a building designed

for studying renewable technologies was itself not renewable.

Other significant challenges for the project include, finding a

blend between the studies of renewable technologies and ecology and

placing a modern design at Barrow's historic gateway, whilst being

respectful of the beautiful Victorian buildings of Saint Georges Square.

The Brief

There are three key groups of individuals, each with independent

and shared requirements, that the building needs to serve. Whilst

students are undeniably the primary users, it is essential to ensure that

the project isn't seen as a piece of elitism forced upon Barrow. This can

be achieved by the design actively encouraging the public to engage

with the building.

Students/public

All student spaces will also be available for public use, but for the

most part at dif ferent times. Spaces simultaneously open to students

and the public include the cafe, library, foyer and an exhibition space,

where the public and students alike can be informed of the faculty's

latest work. In order to aid in the teaching of renewable technology and

ecology, a diverse range of educational spaces are required, these

include:

• A lecture theatre, for presentations to large groups; it may also

be hired out for talks, debates, meetings etc.

• Large and small classrooms to accommodate dif ferent sized

groups; they may also be used as conference rooms.

• A very large workshop, in which prototypes of ideas may be built

and tested.

• A plant room, in which the equipment is exposed for students to

study.

• A green house for ecological experiments.

• numerous computer rooms for general use, as well as analysis of

the building's environmental impact and analysis of research

carried out in the workshop/plant room.

All of these educational spaces will also be available to the public for

evening classes.

Staff

All remaining spaces are predominantly staff only. These spaces

include offices, stores, food preparation areas and the staff room. The

offices have the problem of being reasonably private, whilst also being

semi accessible to students.

105

Quality Statement

The building should seek to facilitate a high standard of cross

curricular education, by designing and opening up stimulating

educational spaces and by providing highly sociable spaces.

High environmental standards shall be sought, ideally with the

building going beyond autonomy and supplying renewable energy to its

context, effectively becoming a small, environmentally friendly power

plant. A large variety of environmentally conscious technologies should

be used to both meet the buildings requirements and aid in the

students' studies.

Design Intent

The scheme should seek to:

• Actively encourage public engagement.

• Be of the very highest environmental standards.

• Provide a diverse range of renewable technologies for students

to study and experiment.

• Employ a modern design ethic, whilst also being respectful of

the sites historic context.

• Attract the local ecology to the building, where appropriate.

• Provide highly stimulating educational spaces.

• Encourage conversation and social interactions between

individuals studying different subjects to increase the likelyhood

of innovation taking place, by providing highly sociable spaces

and by opening up classrooms, where appropriate.

Schedule of Accommodation

Entrance space

Reception 20m2

Computer area 30m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Cafe

Seating area 210m2

Kitchen 50m2

store room 20m2

bin store 10m2

Servery 15m2

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Educational areas

Large lecture theatre (200 seats) 135m2

Stage 50m2

Projection room 30m2

Equipment store 30m2

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

3 large classrooms (60 seats) 90m2 x3

5 classrooms (30 seats) 45m2 x5

Computer area 50m2

4 store rooms 10m2 x4

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Workshop 600m2

Plant (will also act as a teaching area) 400m2

Store room 50m2

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Greenhouse 400m2

Computer room 50m2

Store room 10m2

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Library 625m2

Reception 15m2

Office 30m2

2 group rooms 20m2 x2

Print room 50m2

Store room 10m2

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Staff and Admin

5 tutors offices 70m2 x5

Staff room 100m2

Admin office 125m2

Cleaners store 5m2

WC's 10m2 x2

Goods delivery

Security desk 10m2

Store room 10m2

Grand Total (3780m2 + 20% for circulation) 4536m2

106

Brief Analysed:

Surrounding Features

Each of the site's four sides will demand dif ferent architectural

solutions. To the north of the site is Saint George's Square, Barrow's

historic gateway, with a collection of beautiful Victorian buildings,

including the stunning Saint George's Church.

To the south is Buccleuch Dock, fronted by a newly built

promenade. On the opposite bank is a collection of sheds and cranes,

which make up a part of the shipyard. Currently docked opposite the

site is a nuclear submarine Also in the dock are three battleships,

several cargo ships and the Princess Selandia (a floating nightclub).

East and north east of the site is derelict/brownfield land with

the occasional workshop/warehouse. This land, including the site, is due

to become a part of the proposed Marina Village. Buccleuch Dock is to

be used as the marina77.

To the west of the site is a short access road for the promenade

and service area of the adjacent Morrisons. This area could also be

used for service access to the proposed building.

The site itself is occupied by a small timber yard, an empty

warehouse and the grade 2 listed78 old railway building, which, until

1882, was Barrow's main railway station79. Barrow's first town council

was also held here80. More recently the old railway had been used as

the Railway Men's Club (a Working Men's Club), however, it is currently

unoccupied.

Site Access

Once The Marina Village is completed, the site will be accessible

to pedestrians and cyclists from all sides. Vehicular access will be

available from three sides, the exemption being Buccleuch Dock, to the

south; however, the new marina means individuals will be able to

approach by boat—this may prove especially useful for ecology students

going on excursions in the Irish Sea. The vast majority of individuals are

expected to approach from Saint George's Square.

Noise Pollution

On the opposite side of Buccleuch dock is a part of the shipyard,

where ships and submarines are fitted out and repaired. Whilst this

does cause noise pollution it is minimal, just a distant hum of machinery,

as opposed to continual obnoxious banging. Of more concern, yet still

minimal concern, is traffic passing through the reasonably busy Saint

George's Square.

Locality

The site lends itself to a Faculty of Renewable Energy and

Ecology for the University of Cumbria.

From a students perspective, a large number of Barrow's vacant

properties, which could become student accommodation, are only a

few minutes away, as is the town centre, including Cornwallis Street with

its nightclubs. Food supplies can be obtained from the Morrison's literally

next to the site.

From an ecological perspective, Cavendish Dock, is within a

minutes walk (due to the dock being artificially heated by a nearby

power plant a unique ecology has evolved as well as a special habitat

for wildfowl and mute swans)81. The site is also within close proximity of,

and roughly central to, North Walney, South Walney, Foulney Island and

Sandscale Haws nature reserves, and the Duddon Estuary and

Morecambe Bay. As a coastal town there is easy access to the Irish Sea

and the Lake District is just twenty minutes away.

From a renewable energy perspective, Barrow is targeting itself

as the gateway to The Energy Coast of Cumbria and there is already a

substantial offshore wind farm. When The Waterfront Development is

complete, potential future employers of the students will be just a couple

of minutes walk away. Barrow's coastal diversity, independent weather

patterns82and existing skills base make it an ideal location for

renewable energy testing and innovation.

Nature Reserves

The Irish Sea, Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary and the five

nature reserves in and around Barrow, all within close proximity of the

site, offer an abundance of fauna and flora for ecology students to

study. Together, Barrow's surrounding ecology consists of: basking

sharks, whales, dolphins, porpoises, leather back turtles83, 130+

migratory bird species, 400+ species of moths and butterflies, 450+

species of plants, Europe's largest mixed breeding ground of Herring

and Lesser Black Backed gulls, the most southerly breeding ground of

Eider ducks, ecologically significant mudflats, sandy beaches, pebble

ridges, salt marshes, sand dunes, rough pastures, fresh water, brackish

pools84 85and an artificially heated ecologically unique dock86.

107

Brief Analysed:Design Issues

The University of Cumbria

Bringing the University of Cumbria to Barrow will help to tackle

the local youth flight, boost aspirations and, in time, the economy. A

faculty of renewable technologies and ecology will help Barrow attain its

targets of becoming the gateway to Britain's energy coast, whilst

ensuring that Barrow's unique and diverse ecology is preserved. The

faculty also opens up the potential for innovations, through inter-

curricular conversation, to take place, particularly with renewable

technologies.

Talented Minds

Talented Mind's two main objectives are to retain Barrow's

existing youth and to attract individuals back to the area, particularly

those that have obtained degrees. The simple reason for this is that

without the next generation to take the reigns, Barrow will find itself in a

severe, potentially irrecoverable decline. The means by which Talented

Minds attempts to retain youth is by involving school children (this

project's future target audience) in Barrow's various regeneration

projects87. The core aspirations of Talented Minds and this project are

essentially the same: for this reason the faculty would look to have

close relations with the scheme.

The Energy Coast of Cumbria

Britain's Energy Coast is a proposal put forward by West Lakes

Renaissance. The plan is to take advantage of the west Cumbrian

coast's natural assets I.e strong winds and tides, to create a UK hotspot

of renewable energy production. Another element of the proposal is to

take advantage of the existing skills base, particularly in the nuclear

sector around Sellafield, and to dramatically increase the nuclear power

capacity of the area. The hope is that the proposal will provide a much

needed economic boost to the entire west Cumbrian coast88.

As the largest and most southerly settlement on the west

Cumbrian coast, Barrow is targeting itself as the gateway to the Britain's

Energy Coast proposal, a title it most likely needs to claim if the

Waterfront and Marina Village developments are to be successful.

Fortunately for Barrow it possesses some fairly impressive boasts to aid

it in claiming this title:

• Morecambe Bay the Duddon Estuary and Walney Channel all

have large and regular tides, making them ideal places for tidal

power.

• Due to Barrow being “Where the Lakes meet the sea”, it's a

suitable location for the testing of osmotic energy.

• Low levels of air frost mean air source heat pumps should be

exceptionally efficient.

• With high 30cm ground temperatures and few days of ground

frost, ground source heat pumps should also be exceptionally

efficient89.

• Strong winds mean wind power,works well here, a 30 strong

wind farm has already been built90.

• Barrow is built on sandstone91, a porous rock used in carbon

capture (where carbon dioxide is captured and pumped into

sandstone as opposed to the atmosphere).

The town also has a large unemployed workforce many of whom have

been involved in the construction of nuclear submarines and therefore

possess skills which could be applied to the manufacture of various

renewable technologies. There is evidence of Barrow having done

similar in the past by applying existing skills to:

• Give the world famous steam locomotive, the Flying Scotsman, a

new boiler.

• Build the major anchor points for the worlds longest suspension

bridge.

• Test the brake gears of Concorde.

And to provide advanced test facilities for the Eurofighter Typoon92.

Wildlife Attraction

Seagulls nesting on chimneys is becoming an increasing

problem within Barrow. They are noisy and can be ferociously protective

of their young, dive bombing at and excreting on passers by. A patch of

derelict land, not dissimilar to the site, although inaccessible other than

by air, has become a well used breeding ground for seagulls. If the

proposed building provides an equally safe habitat for the gulls, then the

building could help to alleviate the problem of chimney nesting seagulls

and bring some of Barrow's ecology to the building for the students to

study.

Views

Views at ground level from the site are rich, diverse and

interesting; however from, a higher level the views are incredible. A

stunning 3600 panorama consists of, to the north, Black Combe and its

reflection in the Duddon Estuary, with Sandscale Haws nature reserve

in the foreground. As you turn to the east you see the mountains of the

Lake District gradually disappearing into the mist. To the east are the

Furness foothills (large drumlins). Continuing turning towards the south,

the vast expanse of Morecambe Bay can be seen, with a silhouette of

the Peak District in the distance. To the south, Blackpool Tower stands in

the distance, with a cluster of the Furness islands in the foreground,

including Sheep Island, Foulney Island, Roa Island, the southern tip of

Walney Island and Piel Island, with its early 14th century ruin93. Between

the south and north sits Walney island, with the Irish Sea beyond. To the

north east a silhouette of the Isle of Man can be seen shimmering in

the Irish Sea.

108

110

Precedent Study

PrecedentsSection Introduction

Many precedents have informed this project. Understandably

some have informed the final design more than others therefore this

section has been broken down into two sections: major precedents

and minor precedents.

Major precedents have provoked thought and had a significant

influence on the design approach, often resulting in significant changes

to the design. They will be analytically discussed.

Minor precedents have generally inspired subtle tweaks or

guided the project's aesthetic values. These will be shown as a

collection of images with brief captions beneath.

112

Major precedents:WISE

Full Title: Wales Institute for Sustainable EducationLocation: Machynlleth (Wales)Architects: Pat Borer and David LeaClient: Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT)Date: Under construction

WISE has been included because the building's use is very

similar to that of this project, as are its values and aspirations. WISE has

been at the core of this project's design ethos, by demonstrating how

working examples of environmental technologies can enable students to

engage with and understand their subject more readily. It has also

helped to inform the schedule of accommodation.

Environmental ethos

“When students come to WISE to learn about green building

techniques and other environmental principles, we will be able to use

the building as an example of the best practice possible”94. WISE uses a

range of environmental technologies and building techniques and

displays them as working examples for the students to observe. The

most striking is the semi-transparent photovoltaic glazing. Other

methods include 500mm thick cellulose (Recycled paper) insulation,

passive solar design, high thermal mass natural lighting and ventilation,

where appropriate, rammed earth, a timber frame and limecrete as

opposed to concrete where structurally viable95.

Schedule of Accommodation

WISE is a mini-university where environmental principles are taught,

therefore its accommodation needs are very similar to those of this

project. Spaces that WISE shares with this project are: a lecture theatre

(200seats), roof terraces, a laboratory, a library, seminar rooms,

workshops, offices, a bar and breakout/relaxation areas for teaching

and study96. WISE also caters for student accommodation on site, due to

its remote location. This is not necessary for Barrow.

113

Major precedents:Walney lighthouse

Location: Walney Island (Barrow-in-Furness)Date: 1790

The phenomenal views obtainable from the site at a high level

demand a tower so that they may be enjoyed. Initial designs of said

tower evoked images of lighthouses, therefore the decision was taken to

analyse lighthouses to see how they may influence the design of the

tower. Walney lighthouse has been chosen as it is a beautiful example

of a lighthouse, would be visible from the tower, is one of Barrow's

oldest buildings and was the last manned lighthouse in Britain (it was

automated in 2003)97.

The prime aesthetic values that were taken was the evolution of

a monolithic tower, topped with a 360 degree glazed element at the

viewing level. Later in the design, as the submarine conning tower

played a major part in the redesign of the tower, the visual relationship

to the lighthouse became diluted. However, as the new tower became

accommodation heavy and began to lose its aesthetic appeal, the

lessons of the lighthouse re-informed the design resulting, in a tower

which is somewhere between a conning tower and a lighthouse.

114

Major precedents:Nottingham Old Market Square

Location: Nottingham

As the project evolved it became apparent that providing all of

the project's requirements, within a single building was impractical and

so the project was broken down into four separate buildings. Eventually

the spacial and social advantages of organising the four buildings

around a square became apparent. It also became apparent that the

newly created square was rather bland and required work to enrich it

and make it the social focus of the project. The decision was made to

look at public squares. The most influential to the project has been

Nottingham Old Market Square.

Nottingham Old Market Square is Britain's largest square at 5.5

acres98, so any ideas that have been informed by the square have

been scaled down considerably. The square highlighted:

– the need for squares to be flexible spaces, where various events

can take place.

– That symbology can be used to provide a sense of civic identity

and pride.

– That bodies of water, particularly fountains are a useful tool for

breaking up space and often act as a social focus.

– That shops, cafes and galleries should be encouraged to spill out

into the space in order to create a hive of activity.

– That public transport should be organised to allow quick access

to the site.

–

115

Major precedents:Nuclear Submarines

The decision was taken to draw inspiration for the project from

nuclear submarines. Barrow's history being intrinsically linked with the

shipyard and since the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1960, nuclear

submarines. An other reason for the decision, along with submarines

possessing beautiful and dynamic lines, is that a Barrow built nuclear

submarine floats with little more than its conning tower poking out of

the water, on the opposite bank of Buccleuch dock from the site.

When the decision was made to use nuclear submarines to

inform the design, the building's tower went under a radical change,

becoming almost a giant replica of a submarine conning tower. This was

later fragmented and distorted; however the basic outline still remains. In

addition to the tower, the submarines sinuous lines informed the

dynamism of the lower portion of the design.

For a short period, the construction method of a submarine was

informing a potential construction method for the building; however,

design alterations resulted in this method not making sense.

116

Major precedents:University of the West of England

The University of the West of England (UWE), is in Bristol. The

decision was taken to analyse the university as it is based around

reasonably small cluster campuses. These have been used to inform

this project's campus layout. It became clear very quickly that all four of

the campuses shown here are organised around squares and

courtyards. This helps to maximise usable floor space, whilst not

compromising the admission of light; however, they also provide

sociable breakout spaces, where students can get out of the classroom

and get some fresh air.

It also became apparent that building uses are also clustered

together, i.e sociable buildings are clustered together, as are educational

spaces. The advantage of organising a campus in this manner is that

the square around which the social buildings are arranged becomes a

hive of activity and the square around which the educational buildings

are arranged becomes a place of peace, quiet and reflection.

Whilst campuses are arranged into sub clusters, it is worth noting

that the sociable and educational spaces remain very close, often back

to back, thus creating short transition spaces.

117

Minor precedents:

119

Minor precedents:

121

124

Endnotes, Bibliography and Appendix

Endnotes

1 BAE Systems, Astute Class Submarines, 2005[Internet] 2 Poston, Tony, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August

2006[Internet]3 Waiting, Terry, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August

2006[Internet]4 Waiting, Terry, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August

2006[Internet]5 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

20006 Poston, Tony, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August

2006[Internet]7 West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria–

executive summary[Internet]8 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness[Internet]9 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet]10 University of Cumbria, Vision and Mission[Internet]11 Chapples, Natalie, £40m revamp for Furness College, Evening Mail, August 29,

200912 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet13 North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet14 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature

Reserve[Internet]

15 Irish Sea Study Group Report, Part 1,1990 16 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

page 76, 200017 English Heritage, Furness Abbey[Internet]18 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

200019 Submarine Heritage Foundation, History- Barrow Shipyard and Submarines

[Internet]20 Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet]21 Davies, Caroline, The Observer, Barrow, capital of blue-collar Britain, page 19, 5

October 200822 Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet]23 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011, page 224 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-201125 Walney windfarm plans to go on show, Evening Mail, February 04, 201026 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011, page 427 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-201128 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011, page 329 Poston, Tony, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August

2006[Internet]30 Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet]31 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet]32 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet]33 West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria–

executive summary[Internet]34 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet35 North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet36 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 199437 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

200038 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 185139 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

200040 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196841 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196842 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 187343 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 199444 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

200045 Barrow-in-Furness, reference library, listed buildings booklet.46 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution, 1958

47 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 187348 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution, 1958 49 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 187350 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

200051 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 189152 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature

Reserve[Internet]53 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 189154 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 199455 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 189156 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 193357 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 195658 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

200059 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196860 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]61 BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open, 25th September 2006 [Internet]62 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196863 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196864 Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmotic power plant, 24

November 2009 [Internet]65 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196866 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]67 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]68 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]69 West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria–

executive summary[Internet]70 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness[Internet]71 University of Cumbria, Visiting Us [Internet]72 Chapples, Natalie, £40m revamp for Furness College, Evening Mail, August 29,

200973 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet]74 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet75 North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet76 hefce, Universities and Colleges > HE institutions funded by the council [Internet]77 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness[Internet]78 Barrow-in-Furness, reference library, listed buildings booklet.79 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 199480 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution, 1958 81 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature

Reserve[Internet]82 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968

83 Irish Sea Study Group Report, Part 1,1990 84 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet85 North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet86 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature

Reserve[Internet]87 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet]88 West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria–

executive summary[Internet]89 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]90 BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open, 25th September 2006 [Internet]91 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 196892 BAE Systems, Astute Class Submarines, 2005[Internet] 93 Welcome to Piel island, Piel island & Castle [Internet]94 Borer, Pat, Centre for Alternative Technology, Building on 30 Years Of Experience, 22

June 2006 [Internet] 95 CAT Media Department: Press Release, Centre for Alternative Technology, Building

on 30 Years Of Experience, 22 June 2006 [Internet] 96 CAT Media Department: Press Release, Centre for Alternative Technology, Building

on 30 Years Of Experience, 22 June 2006 [Internet] 97 Striding Edge, 30 March 2008 [Internet]98 BBC, Where I Live Nottingham, Nottinghamshire record breakers, December 2003

[Internet]

99 English Heritage, Furness Abbey[Internet]100Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

page 36, 2000101 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

page 64, 2000102Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town,

2000103Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet]

125

Bibliography

Books

Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyardtown, Barrow Borough Council's Arts and Museum Service, Barrow-in-Furness, 2000

Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT, AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, 2ndEdition, Barrow-in-Furness Corporation,1968

Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, SilverLink, 1994

Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution: aneconomic history of Furness (1711-1900) and the town of Barrow(1757-1897) with an epilogue, Printed by J. Milner for the Barrow-in-Furness Library and Museum Committee, 1958

Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets

Chapples, Natalie, £40m revamp for Furness College, Evening Mail,August 29, 2009

South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet, Available from Barrow-in-Furness tourist information

North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet, Available from Barrow-in-Furness tourist information

Irish Sea Study Group Report, Part 1, NATURE CONSERVATION, LiverpoolUniversity Press, 1990

Davies, Caroline, The Observer, Barrow, capital of blue-collar Britain,page 19, 5 October 2008

Barrow-in-Furness, reference library, listed buildings booklet.

Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1851





Furness West Cumbria New Vision Urban Regeneration Co Limited,Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010/2011

Walney windfarm plans to go on show, Evening Mail, February 04, 2010

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Appendix Brief dated overview of Barrow's history

1123 Furness Abbey founded by Stephen, Count of Blois, later King of

England

1147 Furness Abbey passed to the Cistercians, it was to become

England's second most prosperous Cistercian abbey99. The

Monks are said to have discovered and mined, on a very small

scale, the local iron ore, known as haematite, it contains a high

iron content and is free of phosphoric impurities.

1190 Barrai which later became Barrow Village/Barrowhead and

eventually Barrow, was listed in 1190 as a hamlet of Furness

Abbey.

1750 By the mid eighteenth century the population of Barrow village

stood at about 50, it was a farming village with barns built of

sandstone and sea cobbles, with thatch roofs.

1770 Commercial scale mining of haematite begins.

1800 11,000 tons of haematite raised.

1840 Between 1770 and 1840 Barrow Village grew slowly the

population was now 150 and there were 24 buildings. 75,000

tons of haematite was being raised.

1851 Barrow's population stands at 700.

1854 360,000 tons of haematite raised.

1857 Furness railway made a permanent link with the outside world.

1859 The ironworks is opened, previously all iron ore had been

shipped away. The population is now 800.

1865 A Bessemer steel plant was started. The population has risen to

10,000.

1866 The ironworks and Bessemer steel plant merge to form the

Barrow Haematite Steel Company.

1867 Barrow freed to form its own municipality, the first town council

nominated.

1870 A small shipyard is established on Barrow island. 900,000 tons of

haematite being devoured each year.

1876 The Barrow Haematite Steel Company becomes the largest steel

works in the world, It also left behind the world's largest slag

bank.

1879 Population stands at 45,000.

1880's It all started to go wrong, the iron reserves were becoming

depleted and had become prone to flooding at the same time

advancements in the Bessemer process opened the steel works

up to competition. The towns founding fathers were ageing and

there were no replacements. Families began to migrate away

from the town.

1886 The first of two experimental submarines built for a Swedish

inventor.

1887 Barrow town hall opened.

1895 The Naval Construction and Armaments Company, launched the

cruise liner Powerful, this attracted the attention of the Vickers

Brothers, who established Vickers shipyard.

1896 The Shipyard employs 5,500 workers.

1899 HMS Vengeance is launched, it was the first warship to be built,

armed and engineered in one yard.

1901 Holland no1 was launched, it was the Royal Navies first

submarine. For the next twenty nearly all royal Navy submarines

were built in Barrow. The towns population stood at 57,800.

1908 Jubilee Bridge opened, linking Walney Island to the mainland.

1910 The Shipyard employs 10,500 workers.

1911 Barrow's Population rises to 63,700.

1913 Shipyard employs 15,600 workers.

1914 The First World War causes boom years for Barrow, The

Population rises to 68,000 and the shipyard employed 17,000

workers.

1917 The Population peaked at 90,000 as did the shipyard employing

31,000 workers, Newspaper reports claimed that “Barrow has

never been so prosperous”100.

1919 The time immediately after the war was the worst in Barrow's

history from 1919-1927 the town was almost bankrupt, the

shipyard employed 22,300.

1921 Population drops to 74,200.

1922 The shipyard now employs just 3,150.

1923 Over 10,500 unemployed.

1929 The Great stock market crash/depression was to test Barrow.

1930 The Shipyard had gradually recovered and now employs 11,300,

Unemployment has dropped to 3,600.

1931 population has dropped to 66,300.

1933 Shipyard employment drops to 8,000, unemployment rises to

9,450.

1935 The depression eased, Employment at the shipyard rose to

12,700, unemployment fell to 2700.

1937 Shipyard employment grew to 16,000.

1939 Breakout of World war two. The war provided a similar boom

time as the first world war, if not quite as major. However there

was no major decline preceding the war.

1941 The town was described as “A private city of noise and steel......

a deafening cacophony …... the booming sigh of furnaces …... the

insane, vibrating chatter of rivets. There would be no battle

honours or naval victories without the workers toiling in blitz-

threatened Barrow”101.

1960 Dreadnought launched, Barrow's first nuclear submarine.

1963 The ironworks closed, it was no longer a major player in the

Barrovian economy.

1984 The steelworks finally stopped production.

1991 The end of the cold war, at this time the shipyard employed

15,000 workers.

1995 Employment at the shipyard drops to 5,000 workers102.

2001 Employment at the shipyard has continued to drop it now stands

at 3,500, Population stands at 71,980, there are 2,168

Unemployed103.

127

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