faculty of medicine international programme the skeleton- bones, joint, and muscle the skeleton-...
TRANSCRIPT
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
The Skeleton-The Skeleton-Bones, Joint, and Bones, Joint, and
musclemuscle
dr. Edr. E.. Suryadi, S.U. Suryadi, S.U.
Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Anthropology Embryology and Anthropology
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Selected Key TermsSelected Key Terms
AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosis BursaBursa CircumductionCircumduction DiaphysisDiaphysis DiarthrosisDiarthrosis EndosteumEndosteum EpiphysisEpiphysis FontanelFontanel OrigoOrigo
JointJoint OsteoblastOsteoblast OsteoclastOsteoclast OsteocyteOsteocyte PeriosteumPeriosteum ResorptionResorption SynarthrosisSynarthrosis SynovialSynovial InsertioInsertio
The following terms are defined in the The following terms are defined in the glossary:glossary:
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Role osteology in the medical Role osteology in the medical science learningscience learning
OsteologyOsteology !!
Anatomy (included Human biology)Anatomy (included Human biology) !!
PhysiologyPhysiology !!
PathologyPathology !!
Clinical sciencesClinical sciences
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
For exampleFor example
Low back pain that be caused nucleus Low back pain that be caused nucleus pulposus herniapulposus hernia Pain spreading from Pain spreading from lumbar region until in leg or foot lumbar region until in leg or foot
Fracture middle clavicle, surgical neck Fracture middle clavicle, surgical neck humerihumeri
To lie stetoscope when Aucultation of To lie stetoscope when Aucultation of heartheart
Palpation of the lever and the appendix Palpation of the lever and the appendix
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Bone structureBone structure CellsCells
1.1. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts
Bone forming cellsBone forming cells
2.2. OsteocytesOsteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain mature bone cells that maintain bonebone
3.3. OsteoclastsOsteoclasts
cells that break down (resorp) bonecells that break down (resorp) bone
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
TissueTissue
1.1. CompactCompact
shaft (diaphysis) of long bones; shaft (diaphysis) of long bones; outside of other bonesoutside of other bones
2.2. SpongySpongy
end (epiphysis) of long bones; end (epiphysis) of long bones; center of other bonescenter of other bones
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
MarrowMarrow– RedRed
ends of long bones, center of ends of long bones, center of other bonesother bones
– YellowYellow
center of long bonescenter of long bones
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
MembranesMembranes
contain bone-forming cellscontain bone-forming cells
1.1. PeriosteumPeriosteum
covers bonescovers bones
2.2. EndosteumEndosteum
lines marrow cavitieslines marrow cavities
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
begins in center of shaft and continues at begins in center of shaft and continues at ends of bone; growing area forms line ends of bone; growing area forms line across epiphysis (epiphysios disc)across epiphysis (epiphysios disc)
LONG BONE GROWTH
BONE FUNCTIONS
serve as body framework; protect organs; serve as body framework; protect organs; serve as levers; store calcium; form blood serve as levers; store calcium; form blood cellscells
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Divisions of the skeletonDivisions of the skeleton
1.1. HeadHeada.a. Cranial (neurocranium)Cranial (neurocranium)
frontal, parietals, temporal bones, frontal, parietals, temporal bones, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipitalethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
b. Facial (viscerocranium)b. Facial (viscerocranium)mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones, mandible, maxillae, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae.palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae.
c. Otherc. Otherossicles (of ear), hyoid boneossicles (of ear), hyoid bone
AXIAL
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
2. Trunk2. Trunka.a. Vertebral columnVertebral column
cervical (VC), thoracic (VTh) , lumbar (VL), cervical (VC), thoracic (VTh) , lumbar (VL), sacral (VS), coccygeal (V Co)sacral (VS), coccygeal (V Co)
b. thoraxb. thorax
(1) Sternum(1) Sternum(2) Ribs =costae(2) Ribs =costae
– True = costa veraTrue = costa verafirst seven pairsfirst seven pairs
– False = costa spuria and fluctuantesFalse = costa spuria and fluctuantesremaining five pairs, including two remaining five pairs, including two floating ribsfloating ribs
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
1.1. shoulder girdle (cingulum superius)shoulder girdle (cingulum superius)
clavicle, scapulaclavicle, scapula
2.2. upper extremity (arm) upper extremity (arm)
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalangesmetacarpals, phalanges
3.3. pelvic girdle (cingulum inferius)pelvic girdle (cingulum inferius)
ilium, ischium, pubisilium, ischium, pubis
4.4. lower extremity (leg) lower extremity (leg)
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalangesmetatarsal bones, phalanges
B. APPENDICULARB. APPENDICULAR
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
The carpal bones = ossa carpaliaThe carpal bones = ossa carpalia
Scapoid = navicularScapoid = navicular LunatumLunatum TriquetrumTriquetrum PisiformPisiform
Trapezium = multanguli majorTrapezium = multanguli major Trapezoid = multanguli minorTrapezoid = multanguli minor CapitatumCapitatum hamatum hamatum
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
The tarsal bones = ossa tarsaliaThe tarsal bones = ossa tarsalia
Os TalusOs Talus Os CalcaneumOs Calcaneum Os NaviculareOs Naviculare Os cuboideumOs cuboideum Os medial cuneiforme (primus]Os medial cuneiforme (primus] Os intermediate Os intermediate
cuneiforme( secundus)cuneiforme( secundus) Os lateral cuneiforme (tertius) Os lateral cuneiforme (tertius)
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Joint classificationJoint classification
SynarthrosisSynarthrosisimmovableimmovable
AmphiarthrosisAmphiarthrosisslightly moveableslightly moveable
diarthrosis (synovial joints) diarthrosis (synovial joints) freely movablefreely movable
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Structure Structure of synovial jointsof synovial joints
Joint capsule (ligaments) Joint capsule (ligaments) holds joint togetherholds joint together
CartilageCartilagecover ends of bonescover ends of bones
Joint cavityJoint cavityfilled with synovial fluidfilled with synovial fluid
BursaeBursaefluid-filled sacs nearer joints; cushion and protect fluid-filled sacs nearer joints; cushion and protect joints and surrounding tissuejoints and surrounding tissue
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socketball-and-socket
Types Types of synovial jointsof synovial joints
Movement at synovial jointsMovement at synovial joints
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, supination, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion.pronation, inversion, eversion.
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Landmark of bonesLandmark of bones ProcessesProcesses
mastoid process, acromion process, olecranon mastoid process, acromion process, olecranon process, iliac crest, iliac spines, ishical spine process, iliac crest, iliac spines, ishical spine and tuberosity, trochanters, malleoliand tuberosity, trochanters, malleoli
ForaminaForaminaforamen magnum, intervertebral foramina, foramen magnum, intervertebral foramina, obturator foraminaobturator foramina
Fossae and groovesFossae and grooves
FontanelsFontanelsanterior and others in infant skullanterior and others in infant skull
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
TERM of MORPHOLOGI at TERM of MORPHOLOGI at BONE/SKELETONBONE/SKELETON
Foramen =holeForamen =hole Foramina = many holeForamina = many hole Fissura = FissureFissura = Fissure Aditus = Hole Into = To Come ToAditus = Hole Into = To Come To Exitus = Hole Out OfExitus = Hole Out Of Fenestra = WindowFenestra = Window Apertura = Hole intoApertura = Hole into Hiatus = An OpeningHiatus = An Opening Rima = A CleftRima = A Cleft Ostium = A door = An EntranceOstium = A door = An Entrance OrificiumOrificium Porus =poros =pori = a narrow passasePorus =poros =pori = a narrow passase
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
ROOM / SPACEROOM / SPACE
Cavum = CavityCavum = Cavity Sinus = HollowSinus = Hollow Recessus = Recess = Hiding PlaceRecessus = Recess = Hiding Place Meatus = PassageMeatus = Passage Vestibulum = The Entrance Region of Vestibulum = The Entrance Region of
TubeTube Cellulae = Small CompartmentCellulae = Small Compartment Saccus = SACSaccus = SAC Atrium = An Entrance RoomAtrium = An Entrance Room
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
PROTRUSIONPROTRUSION
Processus = ProcessProcessus = Process Condylus = knob Condylus = knob Spina = thornSpina = thorn Tuber = a humpTuber = a hump Tuberculum = TubercleTuberculum = Tubercle
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Crista = CrestCrista = Crest Linea = LineLinea = Line Eminentia = Eminence = HillEminentia = Eminence = Hill Protuberantia = ProtuberanceProtuberantia = Protuberance Tuberosity : Rough TuberTuberosity : Rough Tuber Hamulus = A hookHamulus = A hook Trochanter = a great protrusionTrochanter = a great protrusion
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
CANALCANAL
Canalis = CanalCanalis = Canal Canaliculi = a small canalCanaliculi = a small canal Ductus = a canal which be Ductus = a canal which be
through something through something Ductuli = a small ductDuctuli = a small duct Tubus = a pipe shape duct Tubus = a pipe shape duct Tubuli = a small tube Tubuli = a small tube
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
VALLEY/PLANEVALLEY/PLANE
Fossa = A Slope ValleyFossa = A Slope Valley Fovea = A Steep ValleyFovea = A Steep Valley Foveola = A small foveaFoveola = A small fovea Facies = Facet = faceFacies = Facet = face Planum = SurfacePlanum = Surface Sulcus = GrooveSulcus = Groove Incisura = NotchIncisura = Notch Impressio = a hollow because be Impressio = a hollow because be
crushed somethingcrushed something
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
OTHERSOTHERS
Caput = Cephale = headCaput = Cephale = head Capitulum = a small headCapitulum = a small head Angulus = AngleAngulus = Angle Arcus = Arch = Curve = BendArcus = Arch = Curve = Bend Collum = Cervix = NeckCollum = Cervix = Neck Spatium = SpaceSpatium = Space Corpus = Truncus = Body = trunkCorpus = Truncus = Body = trunk Radix = root Radix = root Apex = topApex = top Basis = base Basis = base
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Ramus = BranchRamus = Branch Clivus = Steep = A slopeClivus = Steep = A slope Discus = Quoit = DiscDiscus = Quoit = Disc Stylo = PencilStylo = Pencil Mast = BreastMast = Breast Ala = WingAla = Wing Saeptum = A Barrier = EnclosureSaeptum = A Barrier = Enclosure Margo = BorderMargo = Border Cornu = Horn ShapedCornu = Horn Shaped
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Atrium = a small chamberAtrium = a small chamber Cingulum = a girdleCingulum = a girdle Cornu = horn shapeCornu = horn shape Malleus = a hammerMalleus = a hammer Olecranon = the point of the elbowOlecranon = the point of the elbow Acromion = the point of the shoulderAcromion = the point of the shoulder Diastema = an interval; distance Diastema = an interval; distance
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Direction Direction Superior = aboveSuperior = above Supra = overSupra = over Inferior = below Inferior = below Infra = underInfra = under Anterior = before = to front Anterior = before = to front Posterior = after = to back Posterior = after = to back Lateral = to sideLateral = to side Medial = to middleMedial = to middle Cranial = to headCranial = to head Caudal = to tail Caudal = to tail
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Proximal = base =upper courseProximal = base =upper course Distal = tip =lower courseDistal = tip =lower course Profundal = to deeper Profundal = to deeper Superficial = to outer (to surface)Superficial = to outer (to surface) Major = bigger = greaterMajor = bigger = greater Minor = lesser Minor = lesser Dorsal = to backDorsal = to back Ventral = to frontVentral = to front Transversal = transverse Transversal = transverse Longitudinal = longLongitudinal = long
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
The samples of term in the part of The samples of term in the part of bonebone
Foramen occipitale magnumForamen occipitale magnum Processus styloideus radiiProcessus styloideus radii Tuber ischiadicumTuber ischiadicum Canalis mandibularisCanalis mandibularis Crista tuberculi majoris humeriCrista tuberculi majoris humeri Sulcus nervi ulnalisSulcus nervi ulnalis Incisura scapulaeIncisura scapulae Caput femorisCaput femoris Collum costaeCollum costae Protuberantia occipitalis externa Protuberantia occipitalis externa Spina iliaca anterior superiorSpina iliaca anterior superior
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Processus mastoideusProcessus mastoideus Impressio trigemini Impressio trigemini Fossa supra spinosus scapulaeFossa supra spinosus scapulae Foramen infra orbitaleForamen infra orbitale Porus acusticus externusPorus acusticus externus Crista iliaca externaCrista iliaca externa Linea intertrochanterica Linea intertrochanterica Apertura canaliculi tympanici superior Apertura canaliculi tympanici superior Angulus sterniAngulus sterni Fovea petrosaFovea petrosa
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
NAMES OF JOINTNAMES OF JOINT
Articulatio Articulatio Temporo MandibularisTemporo Mandibularis Articulatio Articulatio Atlanto OccipitalisAtlanto Occipitalis Articulatio Articulatio IntervertebralisIntervertebralis Articulatio Articulatio Sterno ClavicularisSterno Clavicularis Articulatio Articulatio Acromio ClavicularisAcromio Clavicularis Articulatio Articulatio HumeriHumeri Articulatio Articulatio CubitiCubiti Articulatio Articulatio Radio CarpaeRadio Carpae Articulatio Articulatio CoxaeCoxae Articulatio Articulatio GenuGenu Articulatio Articulatio Talo CruralisTalo Cruralis
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
NAMES OF LIGAMENTUMNAMES OF LIGAMENTUM
BASED ON BASED ON ATTACHED: LIG. CORACO ACROMIALEATTACHED: LIG. CORACO ACROMIALE POSITION : LIG. COLATERALE MEDIALEPOSITION : LIG. COLATERALE MEDIALE SHAPE : LIG. ANNULARESHAPE : LIG. ANNULARE LIE : LIG. SUPRA SPINALELIE : LIG. SUPRA SPINALE DIRECTION : LIG. TRANSVERSUM DIRECTION : LIG. TRANSVERSUM
CARPICARPI
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
ARTHROSESARTICULATIONESJUNCTURAE
DIARTHOSES(SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
SYNARTHROSES
ARTICULATIONESFIBROSAE
ARTICULATIONESCARTILAGINEAESYNOSTOSES
AMPHIARTHOSES
UNIAXIAL
BIAXIAL
MULTIAXIAL(TRI/POLY)
-SUTURES-SYNDESMOSE-GOMPHOSES
SYNCHONOROSES
SYMPHYSES
PLANEGINGLYMUS/HINGEBICONDYLARTROCOID/PIVOT
ELLIPSOID
SELLAR/SADOLEL
SPHEROIDENARTHOSIS = BALL & SOCKET
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Penamaan (terminologi) otot didasarkan pada Penamaan (terminologi) otot didasarkan pada karakteristik tertentu misalnya : karakteristik tertentu misalnya :
Bentuk (quadratus femoris), Bentuk (quadratus femoris), Fungsi (levator scapulae), Fungsi (levator scapulae), Posisi (latisimus dorsi), Posisi (latisimus dorsi), perlekatan (coracobrachialis), perlekatan (coracobrachialis), Panjang dan pendeknya (peroneus longus Panjang dan pendeknya (peroneus longus
and peroneus brevis) , and peroneus brevis) , Besar dan kecilnya (gluteus maximus) , and Besar dan kecilnya (gluteus maximus) , and Jumlah origo (biceps brachii) dan jumlah Jumlah origo (biceps brachii) dan jumlah
perut (digastricus venter anterior)perut (digastricus venter anterior)
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Bagian ujung ototBagian ujung otot They are properly called voluntary, They are properly called voluntary,
skeletal, or striated muscles. skeletal, or striated muscles. Setiap otot(musculus) mempunyai dua Setiap otot(musculus) mempunyai dua
ujung, keduanya mereka melekat pada ujung, keduanya mereka melekat pada bagian tulang atau jaringan yang satu bagian tulang atau jaringan yang satu ujung disebut origo dan yang lain ujung disebut origo dan yang lain disebut insertio.disebut insertio.
Origo adalah berposisi tetap dan ujung Origo adalah berposisi tetap dan ujung proximal atau punctum fixum, proximal atau punctum fixum,
Insertio berposisi bergerak dan bagian Insertio berposisi bergerak dan bagian ujung atau punctum mobile. ujung atau punctum mobile.
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Nama gerak tubuhNama gerak tubuh
Flexi : anteflexi, retroflexi/dorsoflexiFlexi : anteflexi, retroflexi/dorsoflexi ExtensiExtensi AbduksiAbduksi AdduksiAdduksi Rotasi: pronasi- supinasi; endorotasi –Rotasi: pronasi- supinasi; endorotasi –
exorotasi, inversi -eversiexorotasi, inversi -eversi Elevasi, Elevasi, DepressiDepressi Aposisi, reposisiAposisi, reposisi
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Bagian-bagian ototBagian-bagian otot Bagian origo otot dinamakan kepala Bagian origo otot dinamakan kepala
(cephal) dan di bagian insertio (cephal) dan di bagian insertio dinamakan ekor (caudal), dan bagian dinamakan ekor (caudal), dan bagian tengah otot dinamakan venter.tengah otot dinamakan venter.
Tendo dan aponeurosis adalah bagian Tendo dan aponeurosis adalah bagian otot yang tidak mengandung serabut otot yang tidak mengandung serabut otot dan sebagian besar mengandung otot dan sebagian besar mengandung jaringan colagen. jaringan colagen.
Mereka merupakan perpanjangan otot Mereka merupakan perpanjangan otot untuk melekat pada tulang dan tidak untuk melekat pada tulang dan tidak mengandung serabut kontraktil mengandung serabut kontraktil
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
Behavioral ObjectiveBehavioral Objective Name the three different types of bone cells Name the three different types of bone cells
and describe the function of each.and describe the function of each.
Differentiate between compact bone and Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect structure and spongy bone with respect structure and location.location.
Describe the structure of a long boneDescribe the structure of a long bone
Explain how a long bone growsExplain how a long bone grows
Differentiate between red and yellow Differentiate between red and yellow marrow with respect to function and marrow with respect to function and location.location.
\\
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
International Programme
List the bones in the axial skeletonList the bones in the axial skeleton
List the bones in the appendicular List the bones in the appendicular skeletonskeleton
Define the three types of joints based Define the three types of joints based on type of movementon type of movement
Describe the structure of a synovial Describe the structure of a synovial joint and give six examples of joint and give six examples of synovial jointssynovial joints
Define six types of movement that Define six types of movement that occur at synovial joints.occur at synovial joints.