fair use in the u.s. economy · 2016. 10. 10. · fair use industries also grew at a faster pace...
TRANSCRIPT
Economic Contribution of Industries Relying on Fair Use2
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7
PREPARED BY
Thomas RogersAndrew SzamosszegiCapital Trade, Incorporated
PREPARED FOR
Computer & CommunicationsIndustry Association
FAIR USE IN THE U.S. ECONOMY
Prepared for the Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA) by Thomas Rogers and Andrew Szamosszegi, economic consultants with Capital Trade, Incorporated. Capital Trade is a Washington, D.C.-based economic consulting firm that specializes in international trade, economic studies, and statistical analysis of large-scale databases.
Part III of the report was prepared with the assistance of Professor Peter Jaszi of American University Washington College of Law.
© 2007 Computer & Communications Industry Association
Just Rights™ Statement
We recognize that copyright law guarantees that you, as a member of the public, have certain legal rights. You may copy, distribute, prepare derivative works, reproduce, introduce into an electronic retrieval system, perform, and transmit portions of this publication provided that such use constitutes “fair use” under copyright law, or is otherwise permitted by applicable law.
Permission to use our copyrighted works in a manner that exceeds fair use or other uses permitted by law may be obtained or licensed from the Com-puter & Communications Industry Association, 900 Seventeenth Street NW, Suite 1100, Washington DC, 20006.
No copyright is claimed as to any part of any original work of the United States Government or its employees.
Cite as: Thomas Rogers & Andrew Szamosszegi, Fair Use in the U. S. Economy: Economic Contribution of Industries Relying on Fair Use, (CCIA: September 2007) available online at ccianet.org.
Layout and design by Erica A. de Flamand, Charlotte, North Carolina.
ISBN 987-0-9799443-0-7
Printed in the United States of America
TABLE OF CONTENTS
04
06
10
53
54
57
82
Preface
Executive Summary
Economic Contribution of Fair Use and Information
Technology Dependent Industries to the U.S. Economy
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
PREFACE
CCIA is an association of information and communications technol-ogy firms dedicated to the belief that full, fair and open competition and innovation are the foundation upon which our dynamic technology economy has been built. In our highly competitive markets, technol-ogy innovators depend both upon copyright protection and its limits. The “limited monopoly” created by federal copyright law can encour-age expression and provide crucial protection for products such as software and firmware. At the same time, CCIA and its members also depend on the ability to make fair use of protected works. While CCIA holds copyrights like the copyright protecting this study, for example, we also benefit – along with the rest of the public – from limitations on the reach of copyright, such as the fact that copyright does not extend to the raw data that forms the basis of this study.
Numerous studies have promoted the first half of the copyright equa-tion – the value of copyrighted works, sometimes referred to as the “Copyright Economy” – but have overlooked the second part: the value that the U.S. economy derives from the limits that the Constitution, Congress, and the courts have placed on the rights of copyright hold-ers like ourselves. This study seeks to ascertain the extent of this “Fair Use Economy.”
Following the methodological guidelines set down by the World Intel-lectual Property Organization (WIPO), this study is first economic analysis of that crucial component of the economy.
Fair use protects competition by guaranteeing that companies can reverse engineer software so that their products will work and ‘inter-operate’ with the products of their competitors. Fair use guarantees
journalists, scholars and ordinary citizens the right to quote and abstract from others’ writings, and so buttresses basic rights of free expression. And fair use guarantees that technological inno-vations such as the Internet itself, whose very function is to copy information from one place to another, can operate normally with-out running afoul of copyright law. Fair use thus helps to ensure that the benefits of copyright accrue to the public. It produces a multiplier effect without which we would all be poorer.
The study inside these covers lays out in explicit detail the econom-ics of fair use industries. It is an extensive look at the value repre-sented by balanced copyright. Balanced copyright law – the sort envisioned by the Framers of the Constitution – was once the law of the land. Unfortunately, the past decade has seen a slow ero-sion of this balance. This study illustrates that this erosion is not merely a philosophical issue; it endangers our economic growth and threatens millions of jobs. Our information policy must rec-ognize the importance of the fair use economy and safeguard it from the unintended consequences of perhaps well meaning but overbroad copyright regulation.
Ed BlackPresident & CEOComputer & Communications Industry Association
As summarized in the enclosed report, the courts have held that fair use is integral to many industries. The courts have established, for example, that fair use permits the main service provided by search engines, that software development depends on making temporary copies to facilitate the programming of interoperability, and that consumers can make copies of television and radio programming for personal use. Industries benefiting from fair use have grown dramatically within the past 20 years, and their growth has had a profound impact on the U.S. economy. The report contains detailed data by industry and summarizes activity and growth in five areas:
REVENUE In 2006, fair use industries generated revenue of $4.5 trillion, a 31 percent increase over 2002 revenue of $3.5 trillion. In percentage terms, the most significant growth occurred in electronic shopping, audio and video equipment manufacturing, Internet publishing and broadcasting, Internet service providers and web search portals, and other information services.
VALUE ADDED Value added equals a firm’s total output minus its purchases of intermediate inputs and is the best measurement of an industry’s economic contribution to national GDP. In 2006, fair use-related industry value added was $2.2 trillion, 16.6 percent of total U.S. current dollar GDP.
Fair use industries also grew at a faster pace than the overall economy. From 2002 to 2006, the fair use industries contributed $507 billion to U.S. GDP growth, accounting for 18.3 percent of U.S. current dollar economic growth.
While policymakers pay much attention to copyrights, exceptions to copyright protection also promote innovation and are a major catalyst of U.S. economic growth. Specific exceptions to copyright protection under U.S. and international law, generally classified under the broad heading of Fair Use, are vital to many industries and stimulate growth across the economy. Companies benefiting from fair use generate substantial revenue, employ millions of workers, and, in 2006, represented one-sixth of total U.S. GDP.
Under guidelines published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), economic activity associated with copyrights has been studied extensively. To date, however, the economic contribution of industries dependent on fair use has not been quantified. Thus, a primary objective of this study is to fill the gap and provide an initial assessment of the economic contribution generated by companies benefiting from fair use. Fair use is an important restriction to the rights conferred on original works by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976: “The fair use of a copyrighted work … is not an infringement of copyright.”1 The fair use doctrine, and other limitations and exceptions, have grown in importance with the rise of the digital economy, as fair use permits a range of activities that are critical to many high technology businesses and are an important foundation of the Internet economy.
The beneficiaries of fair use encompass a broad range of companies, particularly those whose business activities involve the Internet, as well as consumers. The ubiquity of the Internet means that its benefits are widespread as well.
� 17 U.S.C. § 107.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Industries that depend on or benefit from fair use include:
• manufacturers of consumer devices that allow individual copying of copyrighted programming;• educational institutions;• software developers; and• internet search and web hosting providers.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY [CONTINUED]
EMPLOYMENT
Employment in industries benefiting from fair use increased from 10.5 million in 2002 to 10.8 million in 2006. Thus, about one out of every eight workers in the United States is employed in an industry that benefits from the protection afforded by fair use.
Further illustrating the rapid growth of fair use industries, total payrolls expanded rapidly, rising from $908 billion in 2002 to $1.2 trillion in 2006.
PRODUCTIVITY
Productivity, the amount of goods and services that can be produced with a given number of inputs, is the foundation for rising living standards. From 2002 to 2006, the productivity of U.S. fair use industries increased to over $128,000 per employee in 2006, far exceeding economy-wide productivity of $90,000 per employee. Numerous researchers have determined that information technology companies, including those depending on fair use, have fueled U.S. productivity growth.
EXPORTS
Exports related to fair use industries increased by nearly 50 percent from $131 billion in 2002 to an estimated $194 billion in 2006. Exports of trade-related services, including Internet or online services, rose from $578 million in 2002 to an estimated $2.6 billion in 2005, representing an annual growth rate of 65 percent, the most rapid growth among all the industries represented.
By any measure, the growth rate of fair use industries has outpaced overall economic growth in recent years, fueled productivity gains, and helped the overall economy sustain continued strong growth rates.
The U.S. economy is an increasingly knowledge-based economy that benefits from the dynamic diversity of industries that depend on fair use exceptions to copyright protection. Through the growth of the Internet and related information technology revolution, the U.S. economy has benefited from the creation and rapid expansion of new industries, and a revival of productivity growth that supports higher living standards.
The research indicates that the industries benefiting from fair use and other limitations and exceptions make a large and growing contribution to the U.S. economy. The fair use economy in 2006 accounted for $4.5 trillion in revenues and $2.2 trillion in value added, roughly one-sixth of total U.S. GDP. It employed more than 17 million people and supported a payroll of $1.2 trillion. It generated $194 billion in exports and rapid productivity growth.
The protection afforded by fair use has been a major contributing factor to these economic gains, and will continue to support growth as the U.S. economy becomes even more dependent on information industries.
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF FAIR USE INDUSTRIES TO THE U.S. ECONOMY
I. INTRODUCTION
In 2003, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) produced a guide on surveying the economic contribution of copyright-based industries.2 Even before the guide was completed, several countries had produced reports assessing and promoting the role of copyright-based industries.3 In contrast, the large and growing economic contribution of industries that depend on and/or benefit from limitations and exceptions such as the fair use of copyrighted materials has not been studied extensively. This report’s objective is to fill this gap and, based on a comprehensive review of available data, estimate the economic activity and scope of industries benefiting from fair use.
Fair use is an important restriction to the rights conferred on original works by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976:4 “The fair use of a copyrighted work for … purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom
� Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copy-right-Based Industries, WIPO, Geneva 2003 (“WIPO Guide”). � Id. Table 1.1 in the WIPO Guide lists 13 separate national studies of copyright industries. See also Stephen E. Siwek, Copy-right Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2006 Report, prepared for the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), Novem-ber 2006, available at www.iipa.com.
� Michael A. Einhorn, Media, Technology and Copyright: Integrating law and Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004) at 1.
use), scholarship, or research is not an infringement of copyright.”5 The fair use doctrine, and other limitations and exceptions to copyright,6 have grown in importance with the rise of the digital economy, as fair use permits a range of activities that are critical to many high technology businesses, including search portals and web hosting.7
Industries benefiting from fair use have grown dramatically within the past 20 years, and their growth has had a profound impact on the U.S. economy.8 The development and spread of the Internet as a medium for both business and personal use has been creative and transformative. The creation of new businesses (e.g., Google and Amazon) and business activities has in turn fueled demand from other sectors of the U.S. economy (e.g., fiber optics, routers, and consumer electronics) and transformed a host of business processes (e.g., communications and procurement).
The advent of the Internet and networking technology also has been widely credited with reviving U.S. productivity growth after two-decades of below-trend productivity.9 As higher productivity is an important source of income to labor and capital resources, the “new economy” has helped spur overall economic growth and offset structural declines in other sectors of the economy.
Fair use of copyrighted material and other limitations and exceptions (L&E) are an important foundation of the Internet economy. For example, one force driving the expansion of the Internet as a tool for commerce and education is the user’s ability to locate useful information with widely available search engines.10 The courts have held that the main
� 17 U.S.C. § 107. See Einhorn at 1 and 8, fn. 5.
� The use of “fair use” in this report is a shorthand reference intend-ed to include fair use as well as certain related copyright limitations and exceptions. The complete set of limitations and exceptions stud-ied herein are listed in Part III and described further in Appendix III.
� See, for example, Jonathan Band, “Fair Use: Its Effects on Con-sumers and Industry,” Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection (November 16, 2005).
� For a literature review and discussion of the impact of the “new economy” on official U.S. economic statistics, see, J. Stephen Lande-feld and Barbara M. Fraumeni, “Measuring the New Economy,” Survey of Current Business (March 2001).
� For a survey of the productivity-related literature, see Landefeld and Fraumeni at 27-8.
service provided by search engines is fair use.11 Absent the exceptions to copyright law provided by the fair use doctrine, search engine firms and others would face greater liability for infringement, a significant deterrent to providing this valuable service. Such an outcome would thwart the educational purposes and growing commerce facilitated by Internet search engines, thereby reducing the value of the Internet to the economy.
Other important activities made possible by fair use include software development, which in many cases requires the making of temporary copies of existing programs to facilitate the programming of interoperability,12 and web hosting, which could be liable for any infringement by users but for limitations and exceptions.13 The fair use doctrine also permits end users of copyrighted material to make digital copies of programming for personal use. Thus, because of fair use, consumers can enjoy copyrighted programming at a later time (“time-shifting”),14 transfer the material from one device to another (“space shifting”),15 and make temporary cache copies of websites on
�0 Search engine software copies vast quantities of information from publicly accessible websites onto the search engine’s database. Users then access the search engine’s database for relevant informa-tion, retrieving links to the original site as well as to the “cache” copy of the website stored in the database.
�� The Ninth Circuit in Kelly v. Arriba Soft, 336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 2003) found that the caching of reduce-sized images copied from websites, and the display of these images in response to search queries, constituted a fair use. It recently reaffirmed that proposition in Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 487 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2007). The district court in Field v. Google, 412 F. Supp. 2d 1106 (D. Nev. 2006) excused Google’s display of text cached in its search database as a fair use.
�� See Sega v. Accolade, 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992); Atari v. Nintendo, 975 F.2d 832 (Fed. Cir. 1992); Sony v. Connectix, 203 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2000). (Fair use permits the copying that occurs during the course of software reverse engineering.)
�� Section 512(c) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) provides safe harbors for the entities hosting user content.
�� Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 423-24 (1984).
�� Recording Industry Ass’n of America v. Diamond Multimedia Sys., Inc., 180 F.3d 1072, 1079 (9th Cir. 1999).
the random access memory of their computers.16 The utility derived from these activities has spawned consumer purchases of a broad range of products such as digital video recorders and MP3 players, stimulating additional economic activity in the United States and in all of the countries where the machines used for these activities are manufactured.
Certainly, copyright protection provides an incentive for the production of creative works and these works have a positive impact on the U.S. economy. The positive aspects of copyright protection should not, however, obscure that fair use is also an important economic driver in the digital age. The recognition of the economic benefits of the digital economy made possible by fair use specifically, and the limitations and exceptions to copyright law in general, have led to a spirited debate on the role of copyright law in the digital age.17
To contribute to the debate, this report presents a comprehensive quantification of the growing economic significance of industries benefiting from fair use. The methodology used in the report defines a set of “core industries” that either would not exist, or be much smaller, but for the limitations and exceptions to copyright law. In turn, similar to the WIPO guidelines, we also evaluate the secondary sectors or non-core industries that benefit from fair use.18 The present endeavor is by no means the final word on the subject, but we hope that it will serve as a stimulus to further refinement and better understanding of the digital economy and the important role and economic contribution made by fair use in the digital age.
�� Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 487 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2007).
�� For an explanation of both views, see Joseph Ferrell and Carl Sha-piro, “Intellectual Property, Competition, and Information Technol-ogy,” in Hal Varian, Joseph Ferrell, and Carl Shapiro, ed., The Eco-nomics of Information Technology (Cambridge University Press, Banca Intessa, 2004) at 58-61.
�� The WIPO framework for evaluating copyright-based industries suggests 4 categories: core, interdependent, partial, and non-dedi-cated support industries. WIPO Guide at 27-35. As discussed in Section II, this report adopts a similar but more streamlined defini-tion of core and non-core industries.
INTRODUCTION [CONTINUED]
II. DESCRIPTION OF FAIR-USE INDUSTRIES
Economic activity occurs when the desire to consume goods or services is met by efforts to supply those goods and services. Suppliers purchase inputs to production, such as land, labor, capital, natural resources, and intermediate inputs, and then add value to those inputs. The good or service that results from these economic activities is then sold to an end user, or to another business which uses the product or service as an input to its production process.
As a general framework for the analysis, we have adopted the guidelines suggested by WIPO, and used in other studies, to evaluate the economic contribution of fair use.19 However, instead of defining four distinct groups of industries as suggested in the WIPO guidelines, we adopted a simpler definition of core and non-core industries that depend on or benefit from fair use. Core industries are defined as industries that produce goods and services whose activities depend in large measure on the existence of limitations and exceptions provided in U.S. copyright law. The heart of the core group includes companies whose operations hinge on the Internet. Due to the nature of the Internet – in particular the intensive use of temporary copies – all of the Internet-based industry groups and industries are included in the fair-use core.20 The tabulation in Part III identifies key core sectors and the corresponding NAICS codes.
As shown in Part III, the core covers a broad range of industries whose output is driven increasingly by activities made possible by fair use and the Internet.21
�� See WIPO at 32. As noted by the WIPO, the “definition and iden-tification of ‘non-core’ industries has been characterized by blur [sic] borders and frequent changes across borders.”
�0 This report uses the 2002 version of the North American Indus-trial Classification System (NAICS). The 1997 NAICS replaced the old SIC standard. In the NAICS convention, a two-digit number refers to an industry sector. For example, the code 51 refers to the Infor-mation sector. Three, four and five-digit codes refer to an industry subsector, a industry group, and industry, respectively. Codes of six or more digits are also considered industries in their own right even though they are part of a larger industry. This study incorporates data mostly at the three and four-digit industry group level, and, as appropriate, at the five-or-more-digit industry level, without double counting. For ease of reference, the Technical Appendix attached to this report lists all of the NAICS codes and official descriptions of the industries and industry groups considered.
�� For example, recent advances in processing speed and software functionality are being used to take advantage of the richer multi-me-dia experience now available from the web. Thus, purchases of new computers and software increasingly are driven by the desire to maxi-
Other information industries depend on fair use exceptions for their ability to engage in basic activities. Additional sectors, such as the education industry, benefit from the non-copyrightability of facts and other fair use freedoms.22
In addition to these core industries, non-core sectors also benefit significantly from fair use. Non-core industries included in this study consist of industries whose activities or output facilitate the output of the fair use core. Companies in these sectors derive a significant amount of their current business from the demand generated by fair use and the Internet, and are interdependent with the core industries.23
As the Internet economy is dynamic, and continues to expand and influence a range of sectors, the core/non-core classification scheme used for this study may undercount the scope of industries benefiting from fair use. It is likely, for example, that many non-core industries benefit from services provided by Internet-based companies that depend on fair use. For purposes of this study, we have adopted a conservative approach and limited the core and non-core industries to the sectors listed above and detailed in Part III. Subsequent studies, benefiting from additional data sources and available information, may show a far greater scope of activity derived from fair use.24
mize the Internet experience, rather than to increase word processing and spreadsheet performance.
�� See, for example, Kurt Larsen and Stéphan Vincent-Larsen, “The Impact of ITC on Terciary Education,” in Brian Kahin and Dominique Foray, ed., Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy (MIT Press, 2006) at 151-168.
�� WIPO advocates the inclusion of such “interdependent copyright industries” as part of copyright-based industries. WIPO defines interdependent industries as “industries that are engaged in produc-tion, manufacture, and sale of equipment whose function is wholly or primarily to facilitate the creation, production, or use of works and other protected subject matter. See World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries (Geneva, 2003) at 33 (available athttp://www.wipo.org/copyright/en/publications/pdf/copyright_pub_893.pdf).
�� As the Internet economy grows, it is likely that the Commerce Department and other agencies will expand and refine their data col-lection efforts to track this growth.
III. SPECIFIC INDUSTRY BENEFITS FROM FAIR USE AND OTHER LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS TO COPYRIGHT LAW
Part III of the report was prepared with the assistance of Professor Peter Jaszi of American University Washington College of Law.
Numerous provisions of U.S. copyright law fall under the broad heading of fair use as the term is used in this study. In this Part, we review the individual provisions and illustrate how they apply to and benefit core and non-core industries. A tabular format provides the most effective presentation of each industry and the specific fair use provision that benefits it. Table 1 aptly summarizes the extended impact of fair use across numerous sectors. The table represents, by NAICS category and description, those industries that depend on fair use in U.S. copyright law. Each NAICS code is followed by citations to statutory provisions and principles of law embodying the limitations and exceptions upon which the described industry depends. Cross-references to other NAICS codes identify interdependent industries. The accompanying glossary in Appendix III supplements the discussion of each fair use provision and identifies relevant court decisions.
For example, the Internet publishing and broadcasting industry, NAICS code 516, appears in the first row of Table 1. The third column of the table indicates that NAICS 516 relies on the following fair use provisions:
• 102(b)—idea/expression dichotomy; • 107—fair use: criticism, comment, news reporting, browser, cache copies; • 512—ISP safe harbors; • 102(a)—noncopyrightability of facts; • 302-304—copyright term; and • 105—no copyright in U.S. government works.
The third column also includes the NAICS codes of six interdependent industries: NAICS 5181 (Internet service providers and web search portals); 3341 (computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing); 5112 (software publishers); 5415 (computer system design and related services); 334413 (semiconductors and related device manufacturing); and 3346 (manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media).
[Text continues on page 40]
TABLE 1
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Oth
er
info
rmat
ion
serv
ices
519
Indu
strie
s in
the
Oth
er In
form
atio
n S
ervi
ces
subs
ecto
r gr
oup
esta
blis
hmen
ts s
uppl
ying
info
rmat
ion,
sto
ring
info
rmat
ion,
pro
vidi
ng a
cces
s to
info
rmat
ion,
and
se
arch
ing
and
retr
ievi
ng in
form
atio
n. T
he m
ain
com
pone
nts
of th
e su
bsec
tor
are
new
s sy
ndic
ates
, lib
rarie
s, a
nd a
rchi
ves.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy,
no
n-co
pyrig
htab
ility
of i
nter
face
sp
ecifi
catio
ns);
107
(fa
ir us
e: c
ritic
ism
; te
achi
ng; s
chol
arsh
ip; r
esea
rch)
; 108
(li
brar
y us
es);
109
(fir
st s
ale
doct
rine)
; 51
2 (I
SP
saf
e ha
rbor
s); 3
02-3
04
(cop
yrig
ht te
rm);
105
(no
cop
yrig
ht
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t wor
ks);
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
334
1,
5112
, 541
5, 3
3441
3, 3
346
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, ho
stin
g,
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
5182
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
rovi
ding
infr
astr
uctu
re fo
r ho
stin
g or
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g se
rvic
es. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts m
ay
prov
ide
spec
ializ
ed h
ostin
g ac
tiviti
es, s
uch
as w
eb
host
ing,
str
eam
ing
serv
ices
or
appl
icat
ion
host
ing,
pr
ovid
e ap
plic
atio
n se
rvic
e pr
ovis
ioni
ng, o
r m
ay p
rovi
de
gene
ral t
ime-
shar
e m
ainf
ram
e fa
cilit
ies
to c
lient
s. D
ata
proc
essi
ng e
stab
lishm
ents
pro
vide
com
plet
e pr
oces
sing
an
d sp
ecia
lized
rep
orts
from
dat
a su
pplie
d by
clie
nts
or p
rovi
de a
utom
ated
dat
a pr
oces
sing
and
dat
a en
try
serv
ices
.
107
(fai
r us
e: b
row
ser
copi
es);
512
(IS
P
safe
har
bors
); S
ony
prin
cipl
e; s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
341,
51
12, 5
415,
334
413,
518
1, 3
346
Tab
le 1
: F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ry D
efin
itio
ns
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Inte
rnet
pu
blis
hing
an
d br
oadc
astin
g
516
Indu
strie
s in
the
Inte
rnet
Pub
lishi
ng a
nd B
road
cast
ing
subs
ecto
r gr
oup
esta
blis
hmen
ts th
at p
ublis
h an
d/or
br
oadc
ast c
onte
nt e
xclu
sive
ly fo
r th
e In
tern
et. T
he u
niqu
e co
mbi
natio
n of
text
, aud
io, v
ideo
, and
inte
ract
ive
feat
ures
pr
esen
t in
info
rmat
iona
l or
cultu
ral p
rodu
cts
on th
e In
tern
et ju
stifi
es th
e se
para
tion
of In
tern
et p
ublis
hers
and
br
oadc
aste
rs fr
om m
ore
trad
ition
al p
ublis
hers
incl
uded
in
subs
ecto
r 51
1, P
ublis
hing
Indu
strie
s (e
xcep
t Int
erne
t) a
nd
subs
ecto
r 51
5, B
road
cast
ing
(exc
ept I
nter
net)
.
102(
b) (
idea
/exp
ress
ion
dich
otom
y);
107
(fai
r us
e: c
ritic
ism
; com
men
t; ne
ws
repo
rtin
g; b
row
ser,
cach
e co
pies
);
512
(IS
P s
afe
harb
ors)
; 102
(a)
(non
-co
pyrig
htab
ility
of f
acts
); 3
02-3
04
(cop
yrig
ht te
rm);
105
(no
cop
yrig
ht
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t wor
ks);
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
518
1,
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
334
413,
334
6
Inte
rnet
se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers
and
web
se
arch
po
rtal
s
5181
Indu
strie
s in
the
Inte
rnet
Pub
lishi
ng a
nd B
road
cast
ing
subs
ecto
r gr
oup
esta
blis
hmen
ts th
at p
ublis
h an
d/or
br
oadc
ast c
onte
nt e
xclu
sive
ly fo
r th
e In
tern
et. T
he u
niqu
e co
mbi
natio
n of
text
, aud
io, v
ideo
, and
inte
ract
ive
feat
ures
pr
esen
t in
info
rmat
iona
l or
cultu
ral p
rodu
cts
on th
e In
tern
et ju
stifi
es th
e se
para
tion
of In
tern
et p
ublis
hers
and
br
oadc
aste
rs fr
om m
ore
trad
ition
al p
ublis
hers
incl
uded
in
subs
ecto
r 51
1, P
ublis
hing
Indu
strie
s (e
xcep
t Int
erne
t) a
nd
subs
ecto
r 51
5, B
road
cast
ing
(exc
ept I
nter
net)
.
102(
b) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f int
erfa
ce
spec
ifica
tions
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
sea
rch;
br
owse
r, ca
che
copi
es);
512
(IS
P s
afe
harb
ors)
; Son
y pr
inci
ple;
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
334
1,
5112
, 541
5, 3
3441
3, 3
346
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
5112
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in c
ompu
ter
softw
are
publ
ishi
ng o
r pu
blis
hing
an
d re
prod
uctio
n. E
stab
lishm
ents
in th
is in
dust
ry c
arry
ou
t ope
ratio
ns n
eces
sary
for
prod
ucin
g an
d di
strib
utin
g co
mpu
ter
softw
are,
suc
h as
des
igni
ng, p
rovi
ding
do
cum
enta
tion,
ass
istin
g in
inst
alla
tion,
and
pro
vidi
ng
supp
ort s
ervi
ces
to s
oftw
are
purc
hase
rs. T
hese
es
tabl
ishm
ents
may
des
ign,
dev
elop
, and
pub
lish,
or
publ
ish
only
.
102(
b) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f int
erfa
ce
spec
ifica
tions
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
rev
erse
en
gine
erin
g); 1
17(a
) (b
ack
up, e
ssen
tial
step
cop
ies)
; Son
y pr
inci
ple;
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
516
, 51
81, 5
182,
334
1, 5
415,
334
413,
334
6
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Aud
io &
vid
eo
equi
pmen
t m
anuf
actu
ring
3343
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in m
anuf
actu
ring
elec
tron
ic a
udio
and
vid
eo
equi
pmen
t for
hom
e en
tert
ainm
ent,
mot
or v
ehic
le,
publ
ic a
ddre
ss a
nd m
usic
al in
stru
men
t am
plifi
catio
ns.
Exa
mpl
es o
f pro
duct
s m
ade
by th
ese
esta
blis
hmen
ts
are
vide
o ca
sset
te r
ecor
ders
, tel
evis
ions
, ste
reo
equi
pmen
t, sp
eake
r sy
stem
s, h
ouse
hold
-typ
e vi
deo
cam
eras
, juk
ebox
es, a
nd a
mpl
ifier
s fo
r m
usic
al
inst
rum
ents
and
pub
lic a
ddre
ss s
yste
ms.
107
(fai
r us
e: b
uffe
r co
pies
, tim
e an
d sp
ace
shift
ing)
; Son
y pr
inci
ple;
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
334
6,
3344
13
Vid
eo ta
pe a
nd
disc
ren
tal
5322
3T
his
indu
stry
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
ren
ting
prer
ecor
ded
vide
o ta
pes
and
disc
s fo
r ho
me
elec
tron
ic e
quip
men
t.
109(
a) (
first
sal
e); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns
liste
d un
der
NA
ICS
334
3, 3
346
Bus
ines
s to
bus
ines
s el
ectr
onic
m
arke
ts
4251
1
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
bus
ines
s-to
-bus
ines
s el
ectr
onic
m
arke
ts b
ringi
ng to
geth
er b
uyer
s an
d se
llers
of g
oods
us
ing
the
Inte
rnet
or
othe
r el
ectr
onic
mea
ns a
nd
gene
rally
rec
eivi
ng a
com
mis
sion
or
fee
for
the
serv
ice.
B
usin
ess-
to-b
usin
ess
elec
tron
ic m
arke
ts fo
r du
rabl
e an
d no
ndur
able
goo
ds a
re in
clud
ed in
this
indu
stry
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5181
, 518
2, 3
341,
511
2, 5
415,
334
413,
33
46
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
ral
equi
pmen
t m
anuf
actu
r-in
g
3341
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily e
ngag
ed
in m
anuf
actu
ring
and/
or a
ssem
blin
g el
ectr
onic
com
pute
rs,
such
as
mai
nfra
mes
, per
sona
l com
pute
rs, w
orks
tatio
ns,
lapt
ops,
and
com
pute
r se
rver
s; a
nd c
ompu
ter
perip
hera
l eq
uipm
ent,
such
as
stor
age
devi
ces,
prin
ters
, mon
itors
, in
put/o
utpu
t dev
ices
and
term
inal
s. C
ompu
ters
can
be
anal
og, d
igita
l, or
hyb
rid. D
igita
l com
pute
rs, t
he m
ost
com
mon
type
, are
dev
ices
that
do
all o
f the
follo
win
g:
(1)
stor
e th
e pr
oces
sing
pro
gram
or
prog
ram
s an
d th
e da
ta im
med
iate
ly n
eces
sary
for
the
exec
utio
n of
the
prog
ram
; (2)
can
be
free
ly p
rogr
amm
ed in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
requ
irem
ents
of t
he u
ser;
(3)
per
form
arit
hmet
ical
co
mpu
tatio
ns s
peci
fied
by th
e us
er; a
nd (
4) e
xecu
te,
with
out h
uman
inte
rven
tion,
a p
roce
ssin
g pr
ogra
m th
at
requ
ires
the
com
pute
r to
mod
ify it
s ex
ecut
ion
by lo
gica
l de
cisi
on d
urin
g th
e pr
oces
sing
run
. Ana
log
com
pute
rs a
re
capa
ble
of s
imul
atin
g m
athe
mat
ical
mod
els
and
com
pris
e at
leas
t ana
log,
con
trol
, and
pro
gram
min
g el
emen
ts.
102(
b) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f int
erfa
ce
spec
ifica
tions
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
bro
wse
r co
pies
; buf
fer
copi
es; t
ime
and
spac
e sh
iftin
g; r
ever
se e
ngin
eerin
g); 1
17(a
) (b
acku
p, e
ssen
tial s
tep
copi
es);
Son
y pr
inci
ple;
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed
unde
r N
AIC
S 5
112,
518
1, 5
182,
334
1,
3344
13
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
5112
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in c
ompu
ter
softw
are
publ
ishi
ng o
r pu
blis
hing
an
d re
prod
uctio
n. E
stab
lishm
ents
in th
is in
dust
ry c
arry
ou
t ope
ratio
ns n
eces
sary
for
prod
ucin
g an
d di
strib
utin
g co
mpu
ter
softw
are,
suc
h as
des
igni
ng, p
rovi
ding
do
cum
enta
tion,
ass
istin
g in
inst
alla
tion,
and
pro
vidi
ng
supp
ort s
ervi
ces
to s
oftw
are
purc
hase
rs. T
hese
es
tabl
ishm
ents
may
des
ign,
dev
elop
, and
pub
lish,
or
publ
ish
only
.
102(
b) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f int
erfa
ce
spec
ifica
tions
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
rev
erse
en
gine
erin
g); 1
17(a
) (b
ack
up, e
ssen
tial
step
cop
ies)
; Son
y pr
inci
ple;
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
516
, 51
81, 5
182,
334
1, 5
415,
334
413,
334
6
Ele
ctro
nic
shop
ping
4541
11T
his
U.S
. Ind
ustr
y co
mpr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts e
ngag
ed
in r
etai
ling
all t
ypes
of m
erch
andi
se u
sing
the
Inte
rnet
.
107
(fai
r us
e: b
row
ser
copi
es; s
earc
h);
109(
a) (
first
sal
e); 5
12 (
ISP
saf
e ha
rbor
s); S
ony
prin
cipl
e; s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 5
181,
51
82, 3
341,
511
2, 5
415,
334
13, 3
346
Com
pute
r sy
stem
des
ign
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
5415
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
rovi
ding
exp
ertis
e in
the
field
of i
nfor
mat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
thro
ugh
one
or m
ore
of th
e fo
llow
ing
activ
ities
: (1)
writ
ing,
mod
ifyin
g, te
stin
g, a
nd s
uppo
rtin
g so
ftwar
e to
mee
t the
nee
ds o
f a p
artic
ular
cus
tom
er; (
2)
plan
ning
and
des
igni
ng c
ompu
ter
syst
ems
that
inte
grat
e co
mpu
ter
hard
war
e, s
oftw
are,
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
; (3)
on-
site
man
agem
ent a
nd o
pera
tion
of c
lient
s’ c
ompu
ter
syst
ems
and/
or d
ata
proc
essi
ng
faci
litie
s; a
nd (
4) o
ther
pro
fess
iona
l and
tech
nica
l co
mpu
ter-
rela
ted
advi
ce a
nd s
ervi
ces.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
516,
518
1, 5
182,
334
1, 5
112,
454
111,
45
4112
, 425
11, 3
3441
3, 3
346
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Wire
d te
leco
mm
uni-
catio
ns c
arrie
rs51
71
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
ope
ratin
g, m
aint
aini
ng o
r pr
ovid
ing
acce
ss
to fa
cilit
ies
for
the
tran
smis
sion
of v
oice
, dat
a, te
xt,
soun
d, a
nd v
ideo
usi
ng w
ired
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
ne
twor
ks. T
rans
mis
sion
faci
litie
s m
ay b
e ba
sed
on a
si
ngle
tech
nolo
gy o
r a
com
bina
tion
of te
chno
logi
es.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
518
2, 3
3441
3, 3
346,
33
42
Wire
less
te
leco
mm
uni-
catio
ns c
arrie
rs
(exc
ept
sate
llite
)
5172
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
ope
ratin
g, m
aint
aini
ng o
r pr
ovid
ing
acce
ss
to fa
cilit
ies
for
the
tran
smis
sion
of v
oice
, dat
a, te
xt,
soun
d, a
nd v
ideo
usi
ng w
irele
ss te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
netw
orks
. Tra
nsm
issi
on fa
cilit
ies
may
be
base
d on
a
sing
le te
chno
logy
or
a co
mbi
natio
n of
tech
nolo
gies
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
518
2, 3
3441
3, 3
346,
33
42
Ele
ctro
nic
shop
ping
4541
11T
his
U.S
. Ind
ustr
y co
mpr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts e
ngag
ed
in r
etai
ling
all t
ypes
of m
erch
andi
se u
sing
the
Inte
rnet
.
107
(fai
r us
e: b
row
ser
copi
es; s
earc
h);
109(
a) (
first
sal
e); 5
12 (
ISP
saf
e ha
rbor
s); S
ony
prin
cipl
e; s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 5
181,
51
82, 3
341,
511
2, 5
415,
334
13, 3
346
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Ele
ctro
nic
auct
ions
4541
12
Thi
s U
.S. I
ndus
try
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
eng
aged
in
pro
vidi
ng s
ites
for
and
faci
litat
ing
cons
umer
-to-
cons
umer
or
busi
ness
-to-
cons
umer
trad
e in
new
and
us
ed g
oods
, on
an a
uctio
n ba
sis,
usi
ng th
e In
tern
et.
Est
ablis
hmen
ts in
this
indu
stry
pro
vide
the
elec
tron
ic
loca
tion
for
reta
il au
ctio
ns, b
ut d
o no
t tak
e tit
le to
the
good
s be
ing
sold
.
107
(fai
r us
e: b
row
ser
copi
es; s
earc
h);
109(
a) (
first
sal
e); 5
12 (
ISP
saf
e ha
rbor
s); S
ony
prin
cipl
e; s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 5
181,
51
82, 3
341,
511
2, 5
415,
334
13, 3
346
Com
pute
r &
of
fice
mac
hine
re
pair
&
mai
nten
ance
8112
12
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in r
epai
ring
and
mai
ntai
ning
com
pute
rs a
nd
offic
e m
achi
nes
with
out r
etai
ling
new
com
pute
rs a
nd
offic
e m
achi
nes,
suc
h as
pho
toco
pyin
g m
achi
nes;
and
co
mpu
ter
term
inal
s, s
tora
ge d
evic
es, p
rinte
rs; a
nd C
D-
RO
M d
rives
.
117(
c) (
mac
hine
mai
nten
ance
or
repa
ir);
see
also
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
Com
pute
r sy
stem
des
ign
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
5415
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
rovi
ding
exp
ertis
e in
the
field
of i
nfor
mat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
thro
ugh
one
or m
ore
of th
e fo
llow
ing
activ
ities
: (1)
writ
ing,
mod
ifyin
g, te
stin
g, a
nd s
uppo
rtin
g so
ftwar
e to
mee
t the
nee
ds o
f a p
artic
ular
cus
tom
er; (
2)
plan
ning
and
des
igni
ng c
ompu
ter
syst
ems
that
inte
grat
e co
mpu
ter
hard
war
e, s
oftw
are,
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
; (3)
on-
site
man
agem
ent a
nd o
pera
tion
of c
lient
s’ c
ompu
ter
syst
ems
and/
or d
ata
proc
essi
ng
faci
litie
s; a
nd (
4) o
ther
pro
fess
iona
l and
tech
nica
l co
mpu
ter-
rela
ted
advi
ce a
nd s
ervi
ces.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
516,
518
1, 5
182,
334
1, 5
112,
454
111,
45
4112
, 425
11, 3
3441
3, 3
346
Tele
com
mun
i-ca
tions
R
esel
lers
5173
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
urch
asin
g ac
cess
and
net
wor
k ca
paci
ty
from
ow
ners
and
ope
rato
rs o
f the
net
wor
ks a
nd
rese
lling
wire
d an
d w
irele
ss te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
serv
ices
(ex
cept
sat
ellit
e) to
bus
ines
ses
and
hous
ehol
ds. E
stab
lishm
ents
in th
is in
dust
ry r
esel
l te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns; t
hey
do n
ot o
pera
te a
nd m
aint
ain
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
sw
itchi
ng a
nd tr
ansm
issi
on
faci
litie
s.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
518
2, 3
3441
3, 3
346,
33
42
Tele
com
mun
i-ca
tions
R
esel
lers
5173
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
urch
asin
g ac
cess
and
net
wor
k ca
paci
ty
from
ow
ners
and
ope
rato
rs o
f the
net
wor
ks a
nd
rese
lling
wire
d an
d w
irele
ss te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
serv
ices
(ex
cept
sat
ellit
e) to
bus
ines
ses
and
hous
ehol
ds. E
stab
lishm
ents
in th
is in
dust
ry r
esel
l te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns; t
hey
do n
ot o
pera
te a
nd m
aint
ain
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
sw
itchi
ng a
nd tr
ansm
issi
on
faci
litie
s.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
518
2, 3
3441
3, 3
346,
33
42
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Sat
ellit
e Te
leco
mm
uni-
catio
ns51
74
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
rovi
ding
poi
nt-t
o-po
int t
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns
serv
ices
to o
ther
est
ablis
hmen
ts in
the
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
and
bro
adca
stin
g in
dust
ries
by
forw
ardi
ng a
nd r
ecei
ving
com
mun
icat
ions
sig
nals
vi
a a
syst
em o
f sat
ellit
es o
r re
selli
ng s
atel
lite
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
518
2, 3
3441
3, 3
346,
33
42
Cab
le a
nd
othe
r pr
ogra
m
dist
ribut
ion
5175
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
as th
ird-p
arty
dis
trib
utio
n sy
stem
s fo
r br
oadc
ast p
rogr
amm
ing.
The
est
ablis
hmen
ts o
f thi
s in
dust
ry d
eliv
er v
isua
l, au
ral,
or te
xtua
l pro
gram
min
g re
ceiv
ed fr
om c
able
net
wor
ks, l
ocal
tele
visi
on s
tatio
ns,
or r
adio
net
wor
ks to
con
sum
ers
via
cabl
e or
dire
ct-
to-h
ome
sate
llite
sys
tem
s on
a s
ubsc
riptio
n or
fee
basi
s. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts d
o no
t gen
eral
ly o
rigin
ate
prog
ram
min
g m
ater
ial.
112
(eph
emer
al r
ecor
ding
s); 1
14(a
) (e
xcep
tion
to s
ound
rec
ordi
ng
perf
orm
ance
rig
ht);
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
lis
ted
unde
r N
AIC
S 3
341,
334
3, 5
112,
51
5120
, 515
2, 3
342
Oth
er
Tele
com
mun
i-ca
tions
5179
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts
prim
arily
eng
aged
in (
1) p
rovi
ding
spe
cial
ized
te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns a
pplic
atio
ns, s
uch
as s
atel
lite
trac
king
, com
mun
icat
ions
tele
met
ry, a
nd r
adar
sta
tion
oper
atio
ns; o
r (2
) pr
ovid
ing
sate
llite
term
inal
sta
tions
an
d as
soci
ated
faci
litie
s op
erat
iona
lly c
onne
cted
with
on
e or
mor
e te
rres
tria
l com
mun
icat
ions
sys
tem
s an
d ca
pabl
e of
tran
smitt
ing
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
to o
r re
ceiv
ing
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
from
sat
ellit
e sy
stem
s.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 5
415,
518
2, 3
342
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Rad
io &
te
levi
sion
br
oadc
astin
g51
51
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in b
road
cast
ing
imag
es to
geth
er w
ith
soun
d. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts o
pera
te te
levi
sion
br
oadc
astin
g st
udio
s an
d fa
cilit
ies
for
the
prog
ram
min
g an
d tr
ansm
issi
on o
f pro
gram
s to
the
publ
ic. T
hese
es
tabl
ishm
ents
als
o pr
oduc
e or
tran
smit
visu
al
prog
ram
min
g to
affi
liate
d br
oadc
ast t
elev
isio
n st
atio
ns,
whi
ch in
turn
bro
adca
st th
e pr
ogra
ms
to th
e pu
blic
on
a pr
edet
erm
ined
sch
edul
e. P
rogr
amm
ing
may
orig
inat
e in
thei
r ow
n st
udio
, fro
m a
n af
filia
ted
netw
ork,
or
from
ex
tern
al s
ourc
es.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
new
s re
port
ing,
par
ody)
; 112
(ep
hem
eral
re
cord
ings
); 1
14(a
) (e
xcep
tion
to s
ound
re
cord
ing
perf
orm
ance
rig
ht);
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
334
3,
3342
Cab
le n
etw
orks
5152
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
ope
ratin
g br
oadc
ast s
tudi
os a
nd fa
cilit
ies
for
over
-the
-air
or s
atel
lite
deliv
ery
of r
adio
and
tele
visi
on
prog
ram
s. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts a
re o
ften
enga
ged
in
the
prod
uctio
n or
pur
chas
e of
pro
gram
s or
gen
erat
e re
venu
es fr
om th
e sa
le o
f air
time
to a
dver
tiser
s, fr
om
dona
tions
and
sub
sidi
es, o
r fr
om th
e sa
le o
f pro
gram
s.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
new
s re
port
ing,
par
ody)
; 114
(a)
(exc
eptio
n to
sou
nd r
ecor
ding
per
form
ance
rig
ht);
se
e al
so e
xcep
tions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
33
43, 3
342
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Rad
io &
te
levi
sion
br
oadc
astin
g51
51
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in b
road
cast
ing
imag
es to
geth
er w
ith
soun
d. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts o
pera
te te
levi
sion
br
oadc
astin
g st
udio
s an
d fa
cilit
ies
for
the
prog
ram
min
g an
d tr
ansm
issi
on o
f pro
gram
s to
the
publ
ic. T
hese
es
tabl
ishm
ents
als
o pr
oduc
e or
tran
smit
visu
al
prog
ram
min
g to
affi
liate
d br
oadc
ast t
elev
isio
n st
atio
ns,
whi
ch in
turn
bro
adca
st th
e pr
ogra
ms
to th
e pu
blic
on
a pr
edet
erm
ined
sch
edul
e. P
rogr
amm
ing
may
orig
inat
e in
thei
r ow
n st
udio
, fro
m a
n af
filia
ted
netw
ork,
or
from
ex
tern
al s
ourc
es.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
new
s re
port
ing,
par
ody)
; 112
(ep
hem
eral
re
cord
ings
); 1
14(a
) (e
xcep
tion
to s
ound
re
cord
ing
perf
orm
ance
rig
ht);
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
334
3,
3342
Cab
le n
etw
orks
5152
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
ope
ratin
g br
oadc
ast s
tudi
os a
nd fa
cilit
ies
for
over
-the
-air
or s
atel
lite
deliv
ery
of r
adio
and
tele
visi
on
prog
ram
s. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts a
re o
ften
enga
ged
in
the
prod
uctio
n or
pur
chas
e of
pro
gram
s or
gen
erat
e re
venu
es fr
om th
e sa
le o
f air
time
to a
dver
tiser
s, fr
om
dona
tions
and
sub
sidi
es, o
r fr
om th
e sa
le o
f pro
gram
s.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
new
s re
port
ing,
par
ody)
; 114
(a)
(exc
eptio
n to
sou
nd r
ecor
ding
per
form
ance
rig
ht);
se
e al
so e
xcep
tions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
33
43, 3
342
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Prin
ting
and
rela
ted
supp
ort
activ
ities
3230
Indu
strie
s in
the
Prin
ting
and
Rel
ated
Sup
port
Act
iviti
es
subs
ecto
r pr
int p
rodu
cts,
suc
h as
new
spap
ers,
boo
ks,
labe
ls, b
usin
ess
card
s, s
tatio
nery
, bus
ines
s fo
rms,
and
ot
her
mat
eria
ls, a
nd p
erfo
rm s
uppo
rt a
ctiv
ities
, suc
h as
da
ta im
agin
g, p
late
mak
ing
serv
ices
, and
boo
kbin
ding
. T
he s
uppo
rt a
ctiv
ities
incl
uded
her
e ar
e an
inte
gral
pa
rt o
f the
prin
ting
indu
stry
, and
a p
rodu
ct (
a pr
intin
g pl
ate,
a b
ound
boo
k, o
r a
com
pute
r di
sk o
r fil
e) th
at is
an
inte
gral
par
t of t
he p
rintin
g in
dust
ry is
alm
ost a
lway
s pr
ovid
ed b
y th
ese
oper
atio
ns.
Pro
cess
es u
sed
in
prin
ting
incl
ude
a va
riety
of m
etho
ds u
sed
to tr
ansf
er
an im
age
from
a p
late
, scr
een,
film
, or
com
pute
r fil
e to
so
me
med
ium
, suc
h as
pap
er, p
last
ics,
met
al, t
extil
e ar
ticle
s, o
r w
ood.
The
mos
t pro
min
ent o
f the
se m
etho
ds
is to
tran
sfer
the
imag
e fr
om a
pla
te o
r sc
reen
to th
e m
ediu
m (
litho
grap
hic,
gra
vure
, scr
een,
and
flex
ogra
phic
pr
intin
g). A
rap
idly
gro
win
g ne
w te
chno
logy
use
s a
com
pute
r fil
e to
dire
ctly
“dr
ive”
the
prin
ting
mec
hani
sm
to c
reat
e th
e im
age
and
new
ele
ctro
stat
ic a
nd o
ther
ty
pes
of e
quip
men
t (di
gita
l or
noni
mpa
ct p
rintin
g)...
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5111
1, 5
1114
, 511
19
Pho
togr
aphi
c &
ph
otoc
opyi
ng
equi
pmen
t mfg
33
3315
Thi
s U
.S. i
ndus
try
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
pr
imar
ily e
ngag
ed in
man
ufac
turin
g ph
otog
raph
ic a
nd
phot
ocop
ying
equ
ipm
ent,
such
as
cam
eras
(ex
cept
te
levi
sion
, vid
eo a
nd d
igita
l) pr
ojec
tors
, film
dev
elop
ing
equi
pmen
t, ph
otoc
opyi
ng e
quip
men
t, an
d m
icro
film
eq
uipm
ent.
107
(fai
r us
e co
pyin
g); S
ony
prin
cipl
e
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Sem
icon
duc-
tors
and
re
late
d de
vice
m
anuf
actu
ring
3344
13
Thi
s U
.S. i
ndus
try
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
man
ufac
turin
g se
mic
ondu
ctor
s an
d re
late
d so
lid s
tate
dev
ices
. Exa
mpl
es o
f pro
duct
s m
ade
by
thes
e es
tabl
ishm
ents
are
inte
grat
ed c
ircui
ts, m
emor
y ch
ips,
mic
ropr
oces
sors
, dio
des,
tran
sist
ors,
sol
ar c
ells
an
d ot
her
opto
elec
tron
ic d
evic
es.
107
(fai
r us
e: r
ever
se e
ngin
eerin
g); S
ony
prin
cipl
e; s
ee N
AIC
S 3
341
Com
mun
ica-
tions
eq
uipm
ent
man
ufac
turin
g
3342
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
one
or
mor
e of
the
follo
win
g m
anuf
actu
ring
activ
ities
:
102(
b) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f int
erfa
ce
spec
ifica
tions
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
bro
wse
r co
pies
, rev
erse
eng
inee
ring)
; Son
y pr
inci
ple;
see
NA
ICS
334
1, 3
346,
511
2,
5415
, 517
1, 5
172,
517
4, 5
175,
517
9,
5152
, 515
120
tele
phon
e eq
uipm
ent;
radi
o an
d te
levi
sion
bro
adca
stin
g an
d w
irele
ss c
omm
unic
atio
ns e
quip
men
t; an
d ot
her
com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent.
Man
ufac
turin
g an
d re
prod
ucin
g m
agne
tic a
nd
optic
al m
edia
3346
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in (
1) m
anuf
actu
ring
optic
al a
nd m
agne
tic
med
ia, s
uch
as b
lank
aud
io ta
pe, b
lank
vid
eo ta
pe,
and
blan
k di
sket
tes
and/
or (
2) m
ass
dupl
icat
ing
(i.e.
, m
akin
g co
pies
) au
dio,
vid
eo, s
oftw
are,
and
oth
er d
ata
on m
agne
tic, o
ptic
al, a
nd s
imila
r m
edia
.
107
(fai
r us
e: ti
me
and
spac
e sh
iftin
g;
brow
ser,
cach
e co
pies
); S
ony
prin
cipl
e;
see
also
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 334
3; 3
342
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Com
mun
ica-
tion
and
ener
gy
wire
and
cab
le
man
ufac
turin
g
3359
20
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts in
sula
ting
fiber
-opt
ic c
able
, and
man
ufac
turin
g in
sula
ted
nonf
erro
us w
ire a
nd c
able
from
non
ferr
ous
wire
dr
awn
in o
ther
est
ablis
hmen
ts.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
342
Com
pute
r &
pe
riphe
ral
equi
p m
erch
ant
who
lesa
lers
4234
301
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in th
e m
erch
ant w
hole
sale
dis
trib
utio
n of
ne
w a
nd u
sed
com
pute
r ha
rdw
are
and
com
pute
r pe
riphe
ral e
quip
men
t.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
341
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e (p
acka
ged)
m
erch
ant
who
lesa
lers
4234
302
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in th
e m
erch
ant w
hole
sale
dis
trib
utio
n of
pa
ckag
ed c
ompu
ter
softw
are
prim
arily
for
end
use.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 5
112
Ele
ctric
ap
plia
nce,
T
V &
rad
io
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
4236
2
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in th
e m
erch
ant w
hole
sale
dis
trib
utio
n of
hou
seho
ld-t
ype
elec
tric
al a
pplia
nces
, roo
m a
ir-co
nditi
oner
s, g
as a
nd e
lect
ric c
loth
es d
ryer
s, a
nd/o
r ho
useh
old-
type
aud
io o
r vi
deo
equi
pmen
t.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
343
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Com
mun
ica-
tions
eq
uipm
ent &
su
pp m
erch
ant
who
lesa
lers
4236
901
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in th
e m
erch
ant w
hole
sale
dis
trib
utio
n of
hou
seho
ld-t
ype
elec
tric
al a
pplia
nces
, roo
m a
ir-co
nditi
oner
s, g
as a
nd e
lect
ric c
loth
es d
ryer
s, a
nd/o
r ho
useh
old-
type
aud
io o
r vi
deo
equi
pmen
t.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
342
Ele
ctric
al &
el
ectr
onic
go
ods
agen
ts
& b
roke
rs
4251
2036
Thi
s in
dust
ry (
4251
20)
com
pris
es w
hole
sale
trad
e ag
ents
and
bro
kers
act
ing
on b
ehal
f of b
uyer
s or
sel
lers
in th
e w
hole
sale
dis
trib
utio
n of
goo
ds.
Age
nts
and
brok
ers
do n
ot ta
ke ti
tle to
the
good
s be
ing
sold
but
rat
her
rece
ive
a co
mm
issi
on o
r fe
e fo
r th
eir
serv
ice.
Age
nts
and
brok
ers
for
all d
urab
le
and
nond
urab
le g
oods
are
incl
uded
in th
is in
dust
ry.
Ele
ctric
al &
ele
ctro
nic
good
s ag
ents
& b
roke
rs a
re
a su
bset
of t
his
indu
stry
and
are
cla
ssifi
ed u
nder
N
AIC
S 4
2512
036.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 3
343
Rad
io,
tele
visi
on
& o
ther
el
ectr
onic
s st
ores
4431
12
Thi
s U
.S. i
ndus
try
com
pris
es: (
1) e
stab
lishm
ents
kn
own
as c
onsu
mer
ele
ctro
nics
sto
res
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
ret
ailin
g a
gene
ral l
ine
of n
ew c
onsu
mer
-ty
pe e
lect
roni
c pr
oduc
ts; (
2) e
stab
lishm
ents
sp
ecia
lizin
g in
ret
ailin
g a
sing
le li
ne o
f con
sum
er-
type
ele
ctro
nic
prod
ucts
(ex
cept
com
pute
rs);
or
(3)
esta
blis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily e
ngag
ed in
ret
ailin
g th
ese
new
ele
ctro
nic
prod
ucts
in c
ombi
natio
n w
ith r
epai
r se
rvic
es.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
343
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Com
pute
r &
so
ftwar
e st
ores
4431
2
Thi
s U
.S. i
ndus
try
com
pris
es: (
1) e
stab
lishm
ents
kno
wn
as c
onsu
mer
ele
ctro
nics
sto
res
prim
arily
eng
aged
in
reta
iling
a g
ener
al li
ne o
f new
con
sum
er-t
ype
elec
tron
ic
prod
ucts
; (2)
est
ablis
hmen
ts s
peci
aliz
ing
in r
etai
ling
a si
ngle
line
of c
onsu
mer
-typ
e el
ectr
onic
pro
duct
s (e
xcep
t co
mpu
ters
); o
r (3
) es
tabl
ishm
ents
prim
arily
eng
aged
in
reta
iling
thes
e ne
w e
lect
roni
c pr
oduc
ts in
com
bina
tion
with
rep
air
serv
ices
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3341
, 511
2, 3
3441
3
New
spap
er
publ
ishe
rs51
111
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts k
now
n as
ne
wsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs. E
stab
lishm
ents
in th
is in
dust
ry
carr
y ou
t ope
ratio
ns n
eces
sary
for
prod
ucin
g an
d di
strib
utin
g ne
wsp
aper
s, in
clud
ing
gath
erin
g ne
ws;
w
ritin
g ne
ws
colu
mns
, fea
ture
sto
ries,
and
edi
toria
ls;
and
selli
ng a
nd p
repa
ring
adve
rtis
emen
ts. T
hese
es
tabl
ishm
ents
may
pub
lish
new
spap
ers
in p
rint o
r el
ectr
onic
form
.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
new
s re
port
ing)
; 105
(no
cop
yrig
ht in
U.S
. go
vern
men
t wor
ks)
Dire
ctor
y,
mai
ling
list,
and
othe
r pu
blis
hers
5111
4
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts k
now
n as
ne
wsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs. E
stab
lishm
ents
in th
is in
dust
ry
carr
y ou
t ope
ratio
ns n
eces
sary
for
prod
ucin
g an
d di
strib
utin
g ne
wsp
aper
s, in
clud
ing
gath
erin
g ne
ws;
w
ritin
g ne
ws
colu
mns
, fea
ture
sto
ries,
and
edi
toria
ls;
and
selli
ng a
nd p
repa
ring
adve
rtis
emen
ts. T
hese
es
tabl
ishm
ents
may
pub
lish
new
spap
ers
in p
rint o
r el
ectr
onic
form
.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
105
(n
o co
pyrig
ht in
U.S
. gov
ernm
ent w
orks
)
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Oth
er
publ
ishe
rs51
119
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts k
now
n as
pu
blis
hers
(ex
cept
new
spap
er, m
agaz
ine,
boo
k,
dire
ctor
y, m
ailin
g lis
t, an
d m
usic
pub
lishe
rs).
The
se
esta
blis
hmen
ts m
ay p
ublis
h w
orks
in p
rint o
r el
ectr
onic
fo
rm.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
sch
olar
ship
, res
earc
h,
teac
hing
); 3
02-3
04 (
copy
right
term
); 1
05
(no
copy
right
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t wor
ks).
Sec
uriti
es,
com
mod
ity
cont
ract
s, a
nd
inve
stm
ents
5231
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
put
ting
capi
tal a
t ris
k in
the
proc
ess
of
unde
rwrit
ing
secu
ritie
s is
sues
or
in m
akin
g m
arke
ts fo
r se
curit
ies
and
com
mod
ities
; and
thos
e ac
ting
as a
gent
s an
d/or
bro
kers
bet
wee
n bu
yers
and
sel
lers
of s
ecur
ities
an
d co
mm
oditi
es, u
sual
ly c
harg
ing
a co
mm
issi
on.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
107
(f
air
use:
res
earc
h); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns
liste
d un
der
NA
ICS
334
1, 5
182,
541
5,
5171
Mot
ion
Pic
ture
an
d V
ideo
In
dust
ries
5121
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
the
prod
uctio
n an
d/or
dis
trib
utio
n of
mot
ion
pict
ures
, vid
eos,
tele
visi
on p
rogr
ams,
or
com
mer
cial
s;
in th
e ex
hibi
tion
of m
otio
n pi
ctur
es; o
r in
the
prov
isio
n of
po
stpr
oduc
tion
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 107
(f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
paro
dy,
rese
arch
); 3
02-3
04 (
copy
right
term
); 1
05
(no
copy
right
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t wor
ks)
see
also
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
3342
Sou
nd
Rec
ordi
ng
Indu
strie
s51
22
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
pro
duci
ng a
nd d
istr
ibut
ing
mus
ical
re
cord
ings
, in
publ
ishi
ng m
usic
, or
in p
rovi
ding
sou
nd
reco
rdin
g an
d re
late
d se
rvic
es.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 107
(f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
paro
dy,
rese
arch
); 3
02-3
04 (
copy
right
term
) se
e al
so e
xcep
tions
list
ed u
nder
334
3
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Boo
k,
Per
iodi
cal,
and
Mus
ic S
tore
s45
12T
his
indu
stry
gro
up c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts
prim
arily
eng
aged
in r
etai
ling
new
boo
ks, n
ewsp
aper
s,
mag
azin
es, a
nd p
rere
cord
ed a
udio
and
vid
eo m
edia
.
109(
a) (
first
sal
e); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns
liste
d un
der
NA
ICS
511
1, 5
121,
512
2
Arc
hite
ctur
al,
Eng
inee
ring,
an
d R
elat
ed
Ser
vice
s
5413
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
lann
ing
and
desi
gnin
g re
side
ntia
l, in
stitu
tiona
l, le
isur
e, c
omm
erci
al, a
nd in
dust
rial
build
ings
and
str
uctu
res
by a
pply
ing
know
ledg
e of
de
sign
, con
stru
ctio
n pr
oced
ures
, zon
ing
regu
latio
ns,
build
ing
code
s, a
nd b
uild
ing
mat
eria
ls.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 107
(f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
paro
dy,
rese
arch
); 3
02-3
04 (
copy
right
term
); 1
05
(no
copy
right
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t wor
ks)
Gra
phic
Des
ign
Ser
vice
s54
143
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in p
lann
ing,
des
igni
ng, a
nd m
anag
ing
the
prod
uctio
n of
vis
ual c
omm
unic
atio
n in
ord
er
to c
onve
y sp
ecifi
c m
essa
ges
or c
once
pts,
cla
rify
com
plex
info
rmat
ion,
or
proj
ect v
isua
l ide
ntiti
es. T
hese
se
rvic
es c
an in
clud
e th
e de
sign
of p
rinte
d m
ater
ials
, pa
ckag
ing,
adv
ertis
ing,
sig
nage
sys
tem
s, a
nd c
orpo
rate
id
entifi
catio
n (lo
gos)
. Thi
s in
dust
ry a
lso
incl
udes
co
mm
erci
al a
rtis
ts e
ngag
ed e
xclu
sive
ly in
gen
erat
ing
draw
ings
and
illu
stra
tions
req
uirin
g te
chni
cal a
ccur
acy
or in
terp
reta
tive
skill
s.
102(
b) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f int
erfa
ce
spec
ifica
tions
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
com
men
t, pa
rody
, res
earc
h, s
earc
h; b
row
ser,
cach
e co
pies
); 3
02-3
04 (
copy
right
term
); 1
05
(no
copy
right
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t wor
ks);
11
7(a)
(ba
ckup
, ess
entia
l ste
p co
pies
)
Per
form
ing
Art
s C
ompa
nies
7111
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
pro
duci
ng li
ve p
rese
ntat
ions
invo
lvin
g th
e pe
rfor
man
ces
of a
ctor
s an
d ac
tres
ses,
sin
gers
, da
ncer
s, m
usic
al g
roup
s an
d ar
tists
, and
oth
er
perf
orm
ing
artis
ts.
102(
b) (
idea
/exp
ress
ion
dich
otom
y); 1
07
(fai
r us
e: c
ritic
ism
, com
men
t, pa
rody
, re
sear
ch);
302
-304
(co
pyrig
ht te
rm);
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Pro
mot
ers
of
Per
form
ing
Art
s, S
port
s,
and
Sim
ilar
Eve
nts
7113
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in (
1) o
rgan
izin
g, p
rom
otin
g, a
nd/o
r m
anag
ing
live
perf
orm
ing
arts
pro
duct
ions
, spo
rts
even
ts,
and
sim
ilar
even
ts, s
uch
as s
tate
fairs
, cou
nty
fairs
, ag
ricul
tura
l fai
rs, c
once
rts,
and
fest
ival
s, h
eld
in
faci
litie
s th
at th
ey m
anag
e an
d op
erat
e an
d/or
(2)
m
anag
ing
and
prov
idin
g th
e st
aff t
o op
erat
e ar
enas
, st
adiu
ms,
thea
ters
, or
othe
r re
late
d fa
cilit
ies
for
rent
to
othe
r pr
omot
ers.
It a
lso
com
pris
es p
rom
oter
s pr
imar
ily
enga
ged
in o
rgan
izin
g, p
rom
otin
g, a
nd/o
r m
anag
ing
live
perf
orm
ing
arts
pro
duct
ions
, spo
rts
even
ts, a
nd s
imila
r ev
ents
, suc
h as
sta
te fa
irs, c
ount
y fa
irs, a
gric
ultu
ral
fairs
, con
cert
s, a
nd fe
stiv
als,
in fa
cilit
ies
that
are
m
anag
ed a
nd o
pera
ted
by o
ther
s. T
heat
rical
(ex
cept
m
otio
n pi
ctur
e) b
ooki
ng a
genc
ies
are
incl
uded
in th
is
indu
stry
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5121
, 711
1, 7
115
Age
nts
and
Man
ager
s fo
r Art
ists
, A
thle
tes,
E
nter
tain
ers,
an
d O
ther
P
ublic
Fig
ures
7114
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts o
f age
nts
and
man
ager
s pr
imar
ily e
ngag
ed in
rep
rese
ntin
g an
d/or
m
anag
ing
crea
tive
and
perf
orm
ing
artis
ts, s
port
s fig
ures
, ent
erta
iner
s, a
nd o
ther
pub
lic fi
gure
s. T
he
repr
esen
tatio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t inc
lude
s ac
tiviti
es,
such
as
repr
esen
ting
clie
nts
in c
ontr
act n
egot
iatio
ns;
man
agin
g or
org
aniz
ing
clie
nt’s
fina
ncia
l affa
irs; a
nd
gene
rally
pro
mot
ing
the
care
ers
of th
eir
clie
nts.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5121
, 711
1, 7
115
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Inde
pend
ent
Art
ists
, Writ
ers,
an
d P
erfo
rmer
s71
15
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
inde
pend
ent (
i.e.,
free
lanc
e)
indi
vidu
als
prim
arily
eng
aged
in p
erfo
rmin
g in
art
istic
pr
oduc
tions
, in
crea
ting
artis
tic a
nd c
ultu
ral w
orks
or
pro
duct
ions
, or
in p
rovi
ding
tech
nica
l exp
ertis
e ne
cess
ary
for
thes
e pr
oduc
tions
. Thi
s in
dust
ry a
lso
incl
udes
ath
lete
s an
d ot
her
cele
briti
es e
xclu
sive
ly
enga
ged
in e
ndor
sing
pro
duct
s an
d m
akin
g sp
eech
es
or p
ublic
app
eara
nces
for
whi
ch th
ey r
ecei
ve a
fee.
102(
b) (
idea
/exp
ress
ion
dich
otom
y); 1
07
(fai
r us
e: c
ritic
ism
, com
men
t, pa
rody
, re
sear
ch);
302
-304
(co
pyrig
ht te
rm);
Sec
uriti
es a
nd
Com
mod
ity
Exc
hang
es52
32
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in fu
rnis
hing
phy
sica
l or
elec
tron
ic
mar
ketp
lace
s fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
faci
litat
ing
the
buyi
ng a
nd s
ellin
g of
sto
cks,
sto
ck o
ptio
ns, b
onds
, or
com
mod
ity c
ontr
acts
.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5231
, 518
2, 5
415,
517
1, 5
411
Oth
er F
inan
cial
In
vest
men
t A
ctiv
ities
5239
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
pr
imar
ily e
ngag
ed in
one
of t
he fo
llow
ing:
(1)
act
ing
as
prin
cipa
ls in
buy
ing
or s
ellin
g fin
anci
al c
ontr
acts
(ex
cept
in
vest
men
t ban
kers
, sec
uriti
es d
eale
rs, a
nd c
omm
odity
co
ntra
cts
deal
ers)
; (2)
act
ing
as a
gent
s (i.
e., b
roke
rs)
(exc
ept s
ecur
ities
bro
kera
ges
and
com
mod
ity c
ontr
acts
br
oker
ages
) in
buy
ing
or s
ellin
g fin
anci
al c
ontr
acts
; or
(3)
pro
vidi
ng o
ther
inve
stm
ent s
ervi
ces
(exc
ept
secu
ritie
s an
d co
mm
odity
exc
hang
es),
suc
h as
por
tfolio
m
anag
emen
t; in
vest
men
t adv
ice;
and
trus
t, fid
ucia
ry,
and
cust
ody
serv
ices
.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
107
(f
air
use:
res
earc
h); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns
liste
d un
der
NA
ICS
334
1, 5
171,
518
2,
5415
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Insu
ranc
e C
arrie
rs52
41
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
und
erw
ritin
g (a
ssum
ing
the
risk,
ass
igni
ng
prem
ium
s, a
nd s
o fo
rth)
ann
uitie
s an
d in
sura
nce
polic
ies
and
inve
stin
g pr
emiu
ms
to b
uild
up
a po
rtfo
lio o
f fin
anci
al a
sset
s to
be
used
aga
inst
futu
re c
laim
s. D
irect
in
sura
nce
carr
iers
are
est
ablis
hmen
ts th
at a
re p
rimar
ily
enga
ged
in in
itial
ly u
nder
writ
ing
and
assu
min
g th
e ris
k of
ann
uitie
s an
d in
sura
nce
polic
ies.
Rei
nsur
ance
ca
rrie
rs a
re e
stab
lishm
ents
that
are
prim
arily
eng
aged
in
ass
umin
g al
l or
part
of t
he r
isk
asso
ciat
ed w
ith a
n ex
istin
g in
sura
nce
polic
y (o
r se
t of p
olic
ies)
orig
inal
ly
unde
rwrit
ten
by a
noth
er in
sura
nce
carr
ier.
Indu
strie
s ar
e de
fined
in te
rms
of th
e ty
pe o
f ris
k be
ing
insu
red
agai
nst,
such
as
deat
h, lo
ss o
f em
ploy
men
t bec
ause
of
age
or d
isab
ility
, and
/or
prop
erty
dam
age.
Con
trib
utio
ns
and
prem
ium
s ar
e se
t on
the
basi
s of
act
uaria
l ca
lcul
atio
ns o
f pro
babl
e pa
yout
s ba
sed
on r
isk
fact
ors
from
exp
erie
nce
tabl
es a
nd e
xpec
ted
inve
stm
ent
retu
rns
on r
eser
ves.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
107
(f
air
use:
res
earc
h); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns
liste
d un
der
NA
ICS
334
1, 5
171,
518
2,
5415
Age
ncie
s,
Bro
kera
ges,
an
d O
ther
In
sura
nce
Rel
ated
A
ctiv
ities
5242
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
prim
arily
en
gage
d in
(1)
act
ing
as a
gent
s (i.
e., b
roke
rs)
in s
ellin
g an
nuiti
es a
nd in
sura
nce
polic
ies
or (
2) p
rovi
ding
oth
er
empl
oyee
ben
efits
and
insu
ranc
e re
late
d se
rvic
es, s
uch
as c
laim
s ad
just
men
t and
third
par
ty a
dmin
istr
atio
n.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5231
, 523
9, 5
241,
541
5
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Insu
ranc
e an
d E
mpl
oyee
B
enefi
t Fun
ds52
51
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es le
gal e
ntiti
es (
i.e.,
fund
s,
plan
s, a
nd/o
r pr
ogra
ms)
org
aniz
ed to
pro
vide
insu
ranc
e an
d em
ploy
ee b
enefi
ts e
xclu
sive
ly fo
r th
e sp
onso
r, fir
m,
or it
s em
ploy
ees
or m
embe
rs.
See
exc
eptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S
5231
, 523
9, 5
241
Oth
er
Inve
stm
ent
Poo
ls a
nd
Fun
ds
5259
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es le
gal e
ntiti
es (
i.e.,
inve
stm
ent p
ools
and
/or
fund
s) o
rgan
ized
to p
ool
secu
ritie
s or
oth
er a
sset
s (e
xcep
t ins
uran
ce a
nd
empl
oyee
-ben
efit f
unds
) on
beh
alf o
f sha
reho
lder
s,
unith
olde
rs, o
r be
nefic
iarie
s.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
107
(f
air
use:
res
earc
h); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns
liste
d un
der
NA
ICS
334
1, 5
171,
518
1,
5415
Lega
l ser
vice
s54
11
Thi
s in
dust
ry c
ompr
ises
offi
ces
of le
gal p
ract
ition
ers
know
n as
law
yers
or
atto
rney
s (i.
e., c
ouns
elor
s-at
-law
) pr
imar
ily e
ngag
ed in
the
prac
tice
of la
w. E
stab
lishm
ents
in
this
indu
stry
may
pro
vide
exp
ertis
e in
a r
ange
or
in
spec
ific
area
s of
law
, suc
h as
crim
inal
law
, cor
pora
te
law
, fam
ily a
nd e
stat
e la
w, p
aten
t law
, rea
l est
ate
law
, or
tax
law
.
102(
b) (
idea
/exp
ress
ion
dich
otom
y);
105
(no
copy
right
in U
.S. g
over
nmen
t w
orks
); 1
07 (
fair
use:
res
earc
h); s
ee a
lso
exce
ptio
ns li
sted
und
er N
AIC
S 3
341,
51
81, 5
415,
517
1, 5
172,
517
4
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Man
agem
ent,
scie
ntifi
c,
& te
chni
cal
cons
ultin
g se
rvic
es
5416
The
indu
stry
NA
ICS
541
61 c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts
prim
arily
eng
aged
in p
rovi
ding
adv
ice
and
assi
stan
ce
to b
usin
esse
s an
d ot
her
orga
niza
tions
on
man
agem
ent
issu
es, s
uch
as s
trat
egic
and
org
aniz
atio
nal p
lann
ing;
fin
anci
al p
lann
ing
and
budg
etin
g; m
arke
ting
obje
ctiv
es
and
polic
ies;
hum
an r
esou
rce
polic
ies,
pra
ctic
es, a
nd
plan
ning
; pro
duct
ion
sche
dulin
g; a
nd c
ontr
ol p
lann
ing.
E
stab
lishm
ents
pro
vidi
ng s
anita
tion
or s
ite r
emed
iatio
n co
nsul
ting
serv
ices
are
incl
uded
in th
is in
dust
ry.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
sch
olar
ship
, res
earc
h,
com
men
t, cr
itici
sm);
see
als
o ex
cept
ions
lis
ted
unde
r N
AIC
S 3
341,
518
1, 5
112,
54
15, 5
171,
517
2, 5
19, 3
3331
5, 3
3441
3
See
abo
ve.
See
ab
ove.
The
indu
stry
NA
ICS
541
62 c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts
prim
arily
eng
aged
in p
rovi
ding
adv
ice
and
assi
stan
ce to
bu
sine
sses
and
oth
er o
rgan
izat
ions
on
envi
ronm
enta
l is
sues
, suc
h as
the
cont
rol o
f env
ironm
enta
l co
ntam
inat
ion
from
pol
luta
nts,
toxi
c su
bsta
nces
, and
ha
zard
ous
mat
eria
ls. T
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts id
entif
y pr
oble
ms
(e.g
., in
spec
t bui
ldin
gs fo
r ha
zard
ous
mat
eria
ls),
mea
sure
and
eva
luat
e ris
ks, a
nd
reco
mm
end
solu
tions
. The
y em
ploy
a m
ultid
isci
plin
ed
staf
f of s
cien
tists
, eng
inee
rs, a
nd o
ther
tech
nici
ans
with
exp
ertis
e in
are
as, s
uch
as a
ir an
d w
ater
qu
ality
, asb
esto
s co
ntam
inat
ion,
rem
edia
tion,
and
en
viro
nmen
tal l
aw.
See
abo
ve.
See
abo
ve.
See
ab
ove.
The
indu
stry
NA
ICS
541
69 c
ompr
ises
est
ablis
hmen
ts
prim
arily
eng
aged
in p
rovi
ding
adv
ice
and
assi
stan
ce
to b
usin
esse
s an
d ot
her
orga
niza
tions
on
scie
ntifi
c an
d te
chni
cal i
ssue
s (e
xcep
t env
ironm
enta
l).
See
abo
ve.
Tab
le 1
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Fai
r U
se In
du
stry
Defi
nit
ion
s
Ind
ust
ryN
AIC
S
Co
des
Det
aile
d N
AIC
S D
escr
ipti
on
Rel
ian
ce o
n F
air
Use
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch &
de
velo
pmen
t se
rvic
es
5417
Thi
s in
dust
ry g
roup
com
pris
es e
stab
lishm
ents
eng
aged
in
con
duct
ing
orig
inal
inve
stig
atio
n un
dert
aken
on
a sy
stem
atic
bas
is to
gai
n ne
w k
now
ledg
e (r
esea
rch)
and
/or
the
appl
icat
ion
of r
esea
rch
findi
ngs
or o
ther
sci
entifi
c kn
owle
dge
for
the
crea
tion
of n
ew o
r si
gnifi
cant
ly
impr
oved
pro
duct
s or
pro
cess
es (
expe
rimen
tal
deve
lopm
ent)
. The
indu
strie
s w
ithin
this
indu
stry
gro
up
are
defin
ed o
n th
e ba
sis
of th
e do
mai
n of
res
earc
h; th
at
is, o
n th
e sc
ient
ific
expe
rtis
e of
the
esta
blis
hmen
t.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
sch
olar
ship
, res
earc
h,
com
men
t, cr
itici
sm);
see
NA
ICS
334
1,
5181
, 511
2, 5
415,
517
1, 5
172,
519
, 33
3315
, 334
413
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es
611A
an
d 61
1B
Indu
strie
s in
the
Edu
catio
nal S
ervi
ces
subs
ecto
r pr
ovid
e in
stru
ctio
n an
d tr
aini
ng in
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f su
bjec
ts. T
he in
stru
ctio
n an
d tr
aini
ng is
pro
vide
d by
sp
ecia
lized
est
ablis
hmen
ts, s
uch
as s
choo
ls, c
olle
ges,
un
iver
sitie
s, a
nd tr
aini
ng c
ente
rs.
102(
a) (
non-
copy
right
abili
ty o
f fac
ts);
10
2(b)
(id
ea/e
xpre
ssio
n di
chot
omy)
; 10
7 (f
air
use:
crit
icis
m, c
omm
ent,
teac
hing
, sch
olar
ship
, res
earc
h); 1
10(1
),
110(
2) (
disp
lays
and
per
form
ance
s in
edu
catio
nal c
onte
xts)
; see
als
o ex
cept
ions
list
ed u
nder
NA
ICS
334
1,
5181
, 511
2, 5
415,
517
1, 5
172,
519
, 33
3315
, 334
413
See
abo
ve.
See
ab
ove.
The
sub
sect
or is
str
uctu
red
acco
rdin
g to
leve
l and
type
of
edu
catio
nal s
ervi
ces.
Ele
men
tary
and
sec
onda
ry
scho
ols,
juni
or c
olle
ges
and
colle
ges,
uni
vers
ities
, and
pr
ofes
sion
al s
choo
ls c
orre
spon
d to
a r
ecog
nize
d se
ries
of fo
rmal
leve
ls o
f edu
catio
n de
sign
ated
by
dipl
omas
, as
soci
ate
degr
ees
(incl
udin
g eq
uiva
lent
cer
tifica
tes)
, an
d de
gree
s. T
he r
emai
ning
indu
stry
gro
ups
are
base
d m
ore
on th
e ty
pe o
f ins
truc
tion
or tr
aini
ng o
ffere
d an
d
See
abo
ve.
IV. METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES
a. Methodology
Using primarily U.S. government data, the study quantifies the economic contribution of core and non-core industries based on five economic measures: revenue, value added, employment, payroll, and exports.25 For each item, we compiled data for 2002 and 2006. These two data points provide recent snapshots of economic activity and also serve to highlight the growth trend. As discussed below in each subpart, due to the newness of the Internet economy and lags in the publication of 2006 information, detailed data were, in some cases, limited. Where data were lacking, the discussion contained in Appendix I describes the methodology and alternative data sources relied on to fill in the gaps and/or report data on a common basis.
i. Revenue
The revenue data for the core and non-core industries was based on statistics issued by the Department of Commerce. The underlying revenue data for each industry appear in Table 1 of Appendix II. Although the Department’s Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) publishes data on gross output, defined as the market value of an industry’s production, the BEA data currently are presented according to the 1997 NAICS, which does not break out gross output separately for Internet industry sectors, such as Internet publishing and broadcasting, Internet service providers, and web search portals. More detailed Internet industry-specific data are not available until the 2002 revision of the NAICS codes. Thus, the 2002 Economic Census, which presents revenue data using both the 1997 and 2002 NAICS codes, is the best source of market value of output for the Internet-based, core industries.26, 27
�� This approach is consistent with the WIPO Guide which suggests measuring the size of the industries as a percentage of GDP, employ-ment, and foreign trade. WIPO Guide at 36.
�� The Economic Census presents data on sales, shipments, re-ceipts, revenue, or business done. The specific measure used is industry-dependent. For example, for manufacturing establishments, the Economic Census presents data on the net selling values, f.o.b. mine or plant after discounts and allowances (exclusive of freight and excise taxes), of all products shipped. For information industries, the Economic Census presents data on gross receipts from customers or clients for services provided, from the use of facilities, and from merchandise sold. In this report, we refer to sales data from the Eco-nomic Census as “revenue.” See Economic Census descriptions at http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/text/sector00/00rcptot.htm.
�� For some industries, such as insurance and legal services, gross output data are used because revenue data differs markedly from gross output data.
For core and non-core industries, we estimated 2006 revenue using official data releases, estimates from industry publications and the trade press, or by applying prior years’ growth rates in gross output to 2005 data.
After compiling the 2006 revenue data by industry, we summed the data to obtain the estimated revenue associated with core and non-core industries that benefit from fair use.
ii. Value Added
While revenue data are an important measurement of company growth, value added data are a better indicator of the contribution of an industry to overall economic growth. The reason is simple. Revenues include the values of intermediate inputs purchased from other industries and from within the same industry. As a result, neither revenue nor gross output can be compared to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is based on total value added and is the most commonly used measure of national economic output.
In contrast, value added excludes intermediate purchases, and thereby captures the value that is added by the labor and capital resources within each industry. Industry value added is analogous to GDP, and can be used to assess the contribution of an industry or industries to U.S. economic growth.
Because value added data are reported at a higher level of aggregation than most of the industries covered in this study, we estimated the 2002 and 2006 value added for fair use industries using the following three step process. First, gross output data was aggregated to the same level of detail as value added data. Second, we computed the ratio of value added to gross output for 2002 and 2005 for the industries offering the best match for each core or non-core industry. Third, we applied the 2002 and 2005 ratios to industry revenue or gross output data for 2002 and 2006 respectively. The resulting estimates for value added were summed to calculate the total value added for core and non-core industries.
iii. Payroll
Payroll data are available for 2002 on a detailed basis according to the 2002 NAICS. As 2006 data by industry were unavailable at the time this report was prepared, we estimated the 2006 payroll figures by applying the 2002 ratio of payroll to value added to the 2006 estimate for value added.28 For each year, the payroll estimates are summed together for core and non-core industries.
�� An alternative approach would be to apply the BEA’s 2005 data on value added to its payroll data. We used the 2002 data as a base because, due to the NAICS codes, it offers more detailed coverage of the core Internet industries.
iv. Employment
The government publishes annual estimates for employment levels by industry group and industry. The data are summed for 2002 and 2006 to derive values for core and non-core employment.
v. Trade
The government publishes detailed merchandise trade data on the basis of the Harmonized Tariff System. The government also converts these data to a NAICS basis. Data on services trade are reported at a relatively high level of aggregation. As a result, the export data shown in the tables do not distinguish between core and non-core exports. As an alternative, the export data are reported separately between exports of fair use goods and exports of fair use services.
b. Data sources
The main data sources used in this study are the 2002 Economic Census, which is carried out by the Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce; the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) reports on industry gross output and value added; and the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor, which publishes industry employment data on a monthly basis. All the publications and data are available on the web sites maintained by these agencies.29 Other agency databases and reports, described below, were used to complete the data series. The data summarized and presented in this report are provided in Appendix II.
The data tables provided in the 2002 Economic Census contain detailed information on industry revenue, number of establishments, number of employees, and industry payroll.30 The Economic Census is the source for the 2002 revenue and payroll figures in this report. The Census releases the data on a rolling basis, with the later publications containing the most revised data. The final publications of the 2002 Economic Census were released in July 2006. The document Bridge Between 2002 NAICS and 1997 NAICS: 2002 served as the source for new industries with new NAICS codes. The document Comparative Statistics: 2002 was the source for industries whose NAICS categories
�� The BEA publishes more highly aggregated industry data in its monthly journal, Survey of Current Business. The detailed data on the BEA’s web site (http://www.bea.gov) include data that are excluded from published industry estimates because the quality of the un-published estimates is significantly less than that of the higher level aggregates in which they are included. According to BEA, the more detailed industry estimates are more likely to be based on judg-ment trends, on trends in higher level aggregates, or on less reliable source data.
�0 Data are presented separately for employers and non-employers.
that did not change with the 2002 revision. In cases where neither the bridge document nor the comparison document contains estimates for industry revenue at the desired level of detail, the data maintained on the Census website are used.
For 2006, industry revenue is derived from a number of sources, including the Quarterly Services Survey; Monthly Wholesale Trade: Sales and Inventories; historical data from the Advance Monthly Sales for Retail and Food Services, Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders; and the Current Industrial Reports series, all published by Census. For industries where official 2006 revenue data were unavailable, estimates were derived from trends in the BEA’s gross output data, or by applying trends in output and producer prices from databases maintained by the Federal Reserve and the BLS, respectively. In a few instances, industry estimates were based on industry-published or trade press data.31
The value added ratios are sourced from the BEA website, which contains a number of tables detailing gross output, value added, and the components of value added for 1998 to 2005. The BEA data on value added are presented at a higher level of aggregation than the gross output data, but the BEA’s data files contain concordances between the two sets of data that facilitate the calculation of the appropriate ratios.
Data on employment levels in 2002 and 2006 are reported on the BLS website, which presents data on a highly detailed basis for both years using 2002 NAICS-based categories.
Data on fair use exports are sourced from the United States International Trade Commission (USITC), which maintains an online database of merchandise trade, and from the BEA, which maintains trade in services data.
�� Certain revenue estimates were drawn from the Semiconductor Industry Association, Rentrak’s Home Video Essentials, and Supplier Relations US.
VI. ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF FAIR USE INDUSTRIES
Using the data sources and methodologies described above, this Part presents estimates of the revenues, value added, payroll, employment levels, productivity, and trade of the industries benefiting from fair use and the Internet. Estimates are presented for both core and non-core industries.
a. Revenue
Chart 1 illustrates the estimated revenues for the fair use related core and non-core industries for 2002 and 2006. The data indicate that core and non-core industry revenues totaled $3.5 trillion dollars in 2002. The core group of fair use industries accounted for $1.8 trillion dollars in revenue, approximately 52 percent of the total. The non-core industries accounted for $1.7 trillion, 48 percent of the total.
By 2006, the revenue generated by fair use industries had increased by 31 percent over the 2002 level to $4.5 trillion. Over the four year period, the core industries had become a much larger component of the fair use economy. Core industry revenue in 2006 was $2.5 trillion, 56 percent of the fair use total. Non-core industry revenue in 2006 amounted to $2 trillion, 44 percent of the total, From 2002 to 2006, core fair use revenues expanded by 42 percent, while non-core revenues expanded by 20 percent.
The strong revenue growth by the core industries has been driven by growth in several industries. In percentage terms, the most significant growth occurred in electronic shopping; audio and video equipment manufacturing; and the industry comprised of Internet publishing and broadcasting, Internet service providers and web search portals, and other information services.
b. Value Added
Value added measures the contribution of each industry’s labor and capital to its gross output and to GDP. Industry value added equals an industry’s gross output minus its purchased intermediate inputs. As such, an industry’s value added does not include value added by another industry or double count own-industry value added.
Value added in 2002 for the fair use industries defined in this report are shown in Chart 2. Total value added was an estimated $1.7 trillion in 2002, with the core industries accounting for nearly $1 trillion, and non-core industries accounting for $707 billion. Although the industry value added is significantly less than core and non-core revenue, the value added data show that these industries represented nearly one-sixth of (16.2 percent) of current dollar U.S. GDP in 2002.32 The core share of GDP was 9.4 percent, while the non-core share of GDP was 6.8 percent. By 2006, fair use-related industry value added increased 30 percent to an estimated $2.2 trillion. The value added for the core group of fair use industries expanded to $1.4 trillion, an increase of 39 percent during the four-year period. The value added of the non-core industries was $832 billion, an 18 percent increase over non-core value added in 2002.
�� U.S. GDP in current dollars was $10.5 trillion in 2002 and $13.2 trillion in 2006. For a time series of U.S. current dollar and real GDP, see http://www.bea.gov/national/xls/gdplev.xls.
In total, fair use industries accounted for 16.6 percent of the U.S. current dollar GDP in 2006. The core industries’ share of GDP expanded from 9.4 percent in 2002 to 10.3 percent in 2006. The non-core industries’ share of GDP declined from 6.8 percent in 2002 to 6.3 percent in 2006. In all, the core and non-core fair use industries contributed $507 billion to U.S. GDP growth during the 2002 to 2006 period, accounting for 18 percent of U.S. current dollar economic growth.
In contrast to nominal GDP, real GDP controls for inflation, and is therefore a better indicator of a country’s true economic growth. In many of the fair use industries, prices declined during the 2002-to-2006 period, meaning that the real growth of value added was even larger than implied by the current dollar growth of value added. When inflation is taken into account, the growth contribution of the core industries to U.S. output growth during 2002 to 2006 was 24.8 percent.33
The growth trends for the fair use economy likely understate its impact. For example, the e-commerce wholesale revenues detailed under specific NAICS codes in the Economic Census only cover electronic trade by establishments engaged in wholesaling. Thus, the commercial activities of manufacturers and merchant wholesalers engaging in e-commerce are excluded from the above revenues and value added estimates.34
�� The estimation procedure for the core contribution to real GDP growth is shown in Appendix II, Table 6.
�� Based on Census Bureau surveys, it is believed that approxi-mately 15 percent of business-to-business e-commerce occurs over the Internet. Using this assumption and other data in the e-com-merce surveys, an estimated $150 billion in revenues and $20 billion in value added can be attributed to the Internet and the fair use economy in 2006. See, for example, U.S. Census Bureau, E-Stats (May 25, 2006), which estimates electronic commerce for wholesale trade and manufacturers.
c. Employment and Payroll
The fair use-related industries measured in this report are major employers in the U.S. economy. Chart 3 below shows the number of employees for 2002 and 2006. The exhibits indicate that employment related to fair use was 16.9 million in 2002 and increased to 17.3 million in 2006.
Employment in the core industries increased from 10.5 million employees in 2002 to 10.8 million employees in 2006. Employment in the non-core industries was virtually unchanged at 6.4 million employees in 2002 and 2006. In 2002, employment in fair use industries accounted for somewhat less than 13 percent of total non-farm employment in the United States.35 That is, about one out of every eight workers in the United States is employed in an industry that benefits from the protection afforded by fair use.
While employment levels have been relatively stable, the payrolls of fair use industries have been expanding. Chart 4 indicates that payroll of all fair use industries increased from $909 billion in 2002 to $1.2 trillion in 2006, an increase of 31 percent. In 2002, core industry payroll was $561 billion, accounting for 62 percent of total fair use payrolls. In 2006, core industry payroll was $781 billion, accounting for 66 percent of total fair use payroll. From 2002 to 2006, the payroll of core industries grew by 39 percent, while the payroll of non-core industries grew by 17 percent.
�� Data on employment by industry are available at http://www.bls.gov/ces/home.htm#data. See series CEU0000000001.
The combination of stable employment levels and increasing payrolls has produced a sizeable increase in payroll per employee at fair use related firms. Table 2 below indicates that payroll per employee expanded from approximately $54,000 per year in 2002 to $69,000 in 2006. For the core industries, payroll per employee expanded from approximately $54,000 to $72,000.36
�� Because there was no corresponding payroll data for NAICS 5251 (insurance and employee benefit funds), employees from this industry were excluded from the calculations.
d. Productivity
On the supply side, a country’s economic growth depends overwhelmingly on two factors: changes in the level of productive inputs such as labor and capital and the productivity with which those inputs are used. In other words, an economy experiences economic growth if it adds inputs (e.g., more workers and more machines), increases the output associated with a given level of inputs, or does both.
In order to improve the earnings for each productive unit, by increasing real hourly wages, for example, it is necessary to increase productivity.37 Rising productivity is therefore the key to long-term improvements in living standards.
A large body of work attributes the higher productivity growth during and after the late 1990s to IT-producing sectors serving the new economy, and recent work indicates that IT-using industries, not just IT-producing industries, are increasing productivity as well.38
One measure of productivity is value added per employee, which is an indicator of labor productivity. Table 3 contains estimates of labor productivity for the core and non-core fair use industries.
�� For example, if growth is achieved solely by adding workers with-out increasing productivity, then wages will not rise in the long term.
�� See, for example, Erik Brynjolfsson and Lorin M.Hitt, “Computing Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence” (June 2003); MIT Sloan Working Paper No. 4210-01. Dale W. Jorgenson and Kevin J. Stiroh, Raising the Speed Limit: U.S. Economic Growth in the Information Age (May 1, 2000); Tarek M. Harchaoui, Faouzi Tarkhani & Bilkis Khanam, “Information Technology and Economic Growth in the Canadian and U.S. Private Economies,” in Jorgenson, ed., Economic Growth in Canada and the United States in the Information Age (2004); Eco-nomic Report of the President: 2002 (GPO: February 2002) at 58-60; and J. Steven Landenfled and Barbara M. Fraumeni, “Measuring the New Economy,” Survey of Current Business (March 2001) at 23-39.
The data indicate that there has been strong productivity growth in both the core and non-core industries. Productivity in the fair use economy far exceeds economy-wide productivity, which was approximately $90,000 per employee in 2006.39
The fair use-related industries not only achieve higher than average productivity levels, but they have experienced strong productivity growth during the past four years.
e. Trade
The globalization of the U.S. economy has been one of the primary trends influencing the U.S. economy in recent decades. U.S. trade in goods and services now account for nearly 28 percent of U.S. GDP.40 While the United States runs a large deficit in merchandise trade, it traditionally has run a surplus in services trade, and is believed to hold a comparative advantage in many service sectors. In 2006, the United States surplus in services trade was $81.6 billion.41
Exports are an increasingly important source of sales for firms benefiting from fair use. U.S. manufacturers have a long history in foreign markets, but many Internet firms are relatively new exporters. Due to cross country differences in copyright law and the importance of the Internet to the U.S. economy, U.S. trade officials have been seeking to incorporate fair use limitations and exceptions into free trade agreements. Such provisions are necessary for U.S. Internet service exporters, such as ISPs and search engines, to fully exercise their comparative advantages in foreign markets.
Though the revenue from the goods and services exports of fair use industries are included in the revenues and value added already measured above, they are also reported separately in order to highlight the growing importance of trade to those industries.
�� Based on BEA data for all industries, labor productivity was $88,203 per employee in 2005, the latest year for which data were available at the time this report was written. According to BLS, out-put per hour increased by 1.6 percent in 2006.
�0 See Bureau of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product: First Quarter 2007 (Advance), (April 27, 2007). Exports of goods and services in 2006 were $1,466 billion, imports were $2,228 billion, and U.S. current dollar GDP was $13,247 billion.
�� Id. U.S. service exports in 2006 totaled $430.8 billion, while service imports totaled $349.2 billion.
Chart 5 shows estimated fair-use industry exports. From $131 billion in 2002, fair-use industry related exports increased by nearly 50 percent to an estimated $194 billion in 2006.42 Due to the high level of aggregation of services trade data, it is not practical to distinguish between core and non-core exports. Instead, Chart 5 breaks down exports into goods and services.
Unlike overall exports, which are dominated by merchandise, fair use industry exports are oriented toward services. Financial services constitute the largest portion of fair use service exports, while computers are the major product category of merchandise exports among the fair use industries. Exports of trade-related services, including Internet or online services, rose from $578 million in 2002 to an estimated $2.6 billion in 2005, representing an annual growth rate of 65 percent, the most rapid growth among all the industries represented.43
�� A detailed breakdown of other private service exports for 2006 was not available at the time this report was written. Thus, the ser-vice exports in Chart 5 for 2006 are estimated based on the growth rate for all exports of other private services in 2006.
�� The estimate for 2006 is $2.9 billion in exports. See Appendix II, Table 5.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The U.S. economy is an increasingly knowledge-based economy that benefits from the dynamic diversity of core and non-core fair use industries. These knowledge-based industries in turn spur production of additional goods and services that further fuel economic growth.
The Internet and information technology revolution have transformed how information is transmitted and used.44 As a result, the U.S. economy has benefited from the creation and rapid expansion of new industries, and a revival of productivity growth that supports higher living standards.
The growth of the Internet did not occur, of course, in a vacuum. In addition to technological advancements, enlightened limitations and exceptions to U.S. copyright law have nurtured Internet industries by providing space for them to develop and expand their service offerings to meet the needs of consumers and businesses. This transformation has led to a surge in Internet usage, and spurred purchases of Internet infrastructure and computers, the development of new Internet applications, and an explosion of Internet-based transactions that benefit consumers and a broad range of businesses.
This report has sought to measure the footprint of fair use on the U.S. economy. It has considered not only the core fair use industries, but also the suppliers of goods and services to the fair use core and major users.
The research indicates that the industries benefiting from fair use and other limitations and exceptions make a large and growing contribution to the U.S. economy. The fair use economy in 2006 accounted for $4.5 trillion in revenues and $2.2 billion in value added, roughly 16.2 percent of U.S. GDP. It employed more than 17 million people and supported a payroll of $1.2 trillion. It generated $194 billion in exports and rapid productivity growth.
The protection afforded by fair use has been a major contributing factor to these economic gains, and will continue to support growth as the U.S. economy becomes even more dependent on information industries.
�� Brian Kahin and Dominique Foray, eds., Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy (MIT Press, 2006) at ix.
REFERENCESEinhorn, Michael A. Media, Technology and Copyright: Integrating Law
and Economics. (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004)
Kahin, Brian and Foray, Dominique, eds. Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006).
Kahin, Brian and Varian, Hal R., eds. Internet Publishing and Beyond: The Economics of Digital Information and Intellectual Property. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
Landefeld, Steven J., and Barbara, Fraumeni. “Measuring the New Economy,” Survey of Current Business. March 2001.
Stanley-Allen, Karla L., Empey, Nicholas R., et al. “Preview of the Benchmark Input-Output Accounts for 2002: Preliminary Estimates of Gross Output; Proposed Classification Framework.” Survey of Current Business. September 2005.
Siwek, Stephen E. Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2006 Report, prepared for the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), November 2006, available at www.iipa.com.
Varian, Hal R. “Copying and Copyright.” April 2004 (Revised March 29, 2005).
Varian, Hal R., Farrell, Joseph, and Shapiro, Carl. The Economics of Information Technology. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce. E-Stats. May 25, 2006.
U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce. Monthly Retail Sales & Seasonal Factors, 1992 - 2007 (Adjusted), at http://www.census.gov/svsd/advretl/view/adv44300.txt
U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce. Monthly Wholesale Trade: Sales and Inventories, at http://www.census.gov/mwts/www/historic1.xls.
U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce. Quarterly Retail E-Commerce Sales. May 16, 2007.
World Intellectual Property Organization, Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries. Geneva: 2003.
Description of Methodology
This appendix describes the data sources and estimation methodologies used to derive the various measure of economic activity presented in this study.
There are six types of data used in this report: industry revenue, value added, payroll, employment, and exports. The sources and estimation techniques for each are discussed below.
a. Revenues
There are two sources of data on detailed industry output: the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and the Bureau of the Census (Census), both of which reside in the Department of Commerce. The Bureau of Economic Analysis maintains the official GDP-by-industry accounts. These accounts include annual data on gross ouput, value added, compensation, and employment at detailed levels. The Bureau of the Census conducts the Economic Census every five years and presents monthly and quarterly data on industry sales. The Economic Census, provides data on the number of establishments, revenues, payroll, and paid employees at an even greater level of detail than the BEA’s GDP-by-industry accounts.
This study employs both the GDP-by-industry accounts and the Economic Census. As noted in the text, at the time of this writing, the former was still being organized on the basis of the 1997 NAICS, which does not contain sufficient detail on the Internet-based industries of interest. Because the Economic Census contains data on the basis of both the 1997 NAICS and the 2002 NAICS, we used data from the 2002 Economic Census as the starting point for the detailed industry estimates. The Economic Census is released in stages, with the latter documents containing the most accurate data. For this report, the main sources of Census data were the 2002 Economic Census--Bridge Between 2002 NAICS and 1997 NAICS: 2002, and the 2002 Economic Census--Comparative Statistics: 2002
To make the study more relevant, we also decided to present data for 2006. At the time of this writing, the detailed GDP-by-industry accounts had not yet been updated to 2006. It was thus necessary to collect revenue data from a number of sources including monthly, quarterly, and annual releases by the Bureau of the Census and information provided by the trade press, industry associations, or for-profit industry studies. For some industries, data were not readily
APPENDIX I
available. In those cases, we estimated the 2006 figures by using BEA’s data on gross output through 2005.
The detailed 2002 and 2006 revenue data appear in Appendix II, Table 1. The right-hand column contains information on the particular data source used for the 2006 data. The 2002 data are in most cases sourced from the Economic Census. However, there were exceptions. For example, Census data on insurance carrier industry revenues were extremely large in relation to the BEA’s gross output data. Given that the methodology used to derive industry value added assumes a reasonable comparability between gross output and revenue, the Census’ value for the insurance industry would lead to a large overstatement of that industry’s value added. For the insurance industry, we used the BEA’s data on gross output instead of the Census data. Gross output data are also used for legal and consulting services because a significant share of sales in those industries is made by firms without employees. Data from non-employers are not covered in the two Census publications used for this report.
The creation of the 2006 dataset required several estimation techniques. The BEA’s data on gross output through 2005 were used as benchmarks for assessing the data from other official releases. In several industries, 2006 data were readily available and were consistent with data on gross output. In such cases, we simply used the official data. When the data from the official release was not consistent with data on gross output (i.e., the release data was significantly less than gross output, or covered a more highly aggregated sector) the growth rate implied by the official data was used to estimate 2006 revenue. In other cases, the data sample had changed during the year, and only partial year data were available. In those cases, growth rates from an earlier release were used to estimate full year 2006 data. In some instances, data from the producer price index and industrial production index were used to update the 2005 data to 2006. In other cases, the 2006 value was estimated by applying the 2002 to 2005 growth rate of industry gross output to 2005 data.
The estimated 2006 values are likely less accurate than the published 2002 Census data, but we believe they are reasonably accurate approximations.
b. Value Added
Value added is equal to an industry’s gross output minus its intermediate inputs. The value added for each industry was estimated by applying a value added factor to the revenue data. The BEA’s GDP-by-industry accounts contain data on both gross output and value added by industry. The BEA’s industry aggregations are at the two and three-digit NAICS level, while the industries in this study are almost always 4-or-more digit industries. In order to estimate industry value added, industry revenue was multiplied by the value-added-to-gross-output ratio of the appropriate three-digit industry. For example, the software industry (1997 NAICS 5112) accounted for an estimated $132 billion in revenue in 2006. The software industry is considered a publishing
industry (1997 NAICS 511). To calculate value added for the software industry, we compute the value-added-to-gross-output ratio for NAICS 511 (150,244 / 268,169 = 0.56) for 2005 and applied that factor to $132 billion for a value added in 2006 of $73.7 billion.
To assess the accuracy of this approach we summed the information industry categories used in this report and compared the growth of value added from 2002 to 2006 to the growth value added for the Information sector (NAICS 51) in the BEA’s GDP-by-industry accounts. The growth rates were extremely close (19.3 percent for the study sample versus 19.7 percent for the NAICS 51).
c. Payroll
Payroll includes all forms of compensation, such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation allowances, sick-leave pay, and employee contributions to qualified pension plans paid during the year to all employees and reported as taxable Medicare Wages and tips. The 2002 data on industry payroll are published in the 2002 Economic Census, the same source used for the revenue data. The 2006 payroll data were estimated based on industry value added estimates for 2006. Specifically, we assumed that in 2006, the ratio of value added to revenue was unchanged from the ratio that prevailed in 2002. To estimate payroll in 2006, 2006 value added was multiplied by the 2002 ratio of payroll to value added. For example, payroll of NAICS 334413, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, was $9.8 billion in 2002, while value added was an estimated $21.7 billion. To derive industry payroll in 2006, the ratio of payroll to value added in 2002, 0.452 was multiplied by estimated value added in 2006, $29.2 billion. Based on this methodology, the payroll of NAICS 334413 in 2006 was an estimated $13.2 billion.
d. Employment
Data on the number of employees by industry are available for both 2002 and 2006 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. No estimation was required.
e. Foreign Trade
Data on industry merchandise exports are available for both 2002 and 2006 from the USITC. The data for service exports by industry, published by the BEA, are available through 2005 at the time of this writing. To estimate 2006 data, we used Census estimates for “other private services”, which are published in the Census’ FT900, the monthly release of U.S. foreign trade data. This bucket category includes the fair use services industries, though at a higher level of aggregation than data on output and employment. The growth rate of “other private services” exports in 2006 was calculated from the FT900 and applied to the 2005 BEA data on exports by the individual fair use services industries. Ta
ble
1:
Ind
ust
ry R
even
ue
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
Co
re In
du
stri
es
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
3333
15P
hoto
grap
hic
& p
hoto
copy
ing
equi
pmen
t mfg
2,
139
2,39
4
3341
Com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
ral e
quip
men
t m
anuf
actu
ring
73,5
6260
,852
3343
Aud
io &
vid
eo e
quip
men
t man
ufac
turin
g8,
522
13,1
09
3344
13S
emic
ondu
ctor
s an
d re
late
d de
vice
m
anuf
actu
ring
61,4
7182
,307
3346
Man
ufac
turin
g an
d re
prod
ucin
g m
agne
tic a
nd
optic
al m
edia
7,55
07,
954
4541
11E
lect
roni
c sh
oppi
ng24
,057
110,
059
4541
12E
lect
roni
c au
ctio
ns90
44,
135
5111
1N
ewsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs46
,179
49,0
28
5111
4, 5
1119
Dire
ctor
y, m
ailin
g lis
t, an
d ot
her
publ
ishe
rs24
,422
25,1
02
5112
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
103,
597
131,
598
5161
Inte
rnet
pub
lishi
ng a
nd b
road
cast
ing
6,50
949
,707
5181
Inte
rnet
ser
vice
pro
vide
rs a
nd w
eb s
earc
h po
rtal
s21
,566
519
Oth
er in
form
atio
n se
rvic
es4,
908
5182
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, hos
ting,
and
rel
ated
ser
vice
s57
,706
70,2
20
5231
Sec
uriti
es, c
omm
odity
con
trac
ts, a
nd
inve
stm
ents
212,
236
354,
776
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I
AP
PE
ND
IX I
ITa
ble
1 (
con
tin
ued
) :
Ind
ust
ry R
even
ue
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
Co
re In
du
stri
es (
con
tin
ued
)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
5121
Mot
ion
pict
ure
and
vide
o in
dust
ries
62,9
5195
,726
5122
Sou
nd r
ecor
ding
indu
strie
s15
,338
5239
Oth
er fi
nanc
ial i
nves
tmen
t act
iviti
es10
2,80
915
3,99
0
5241
Insu
ranc
e ca
rrie
rs33
2,46
048
0,54
3
5259
Oth
er in
vest
men
t poo
ls a
nd fu
nds/
22,8
7432
,120
5322
3V
ideo
tape
and
dis
c re
ntal
9,36
410
,288
5411
Lega
l ser
vice
s18
2,09
826
1,47
2
5413
Arc
hite
ctur
al, e
ngin
eerin
g, a
nd r
elat
ed s
ervi
ces
158,
366
235,
812
5414
3G
raph
ic d
esig
n se
rvic
es8,
096
10,4
88
5417
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch &
dev
elop
men
t ser
vice
s 93
,082
115,
489
611a
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es12
1,30
015
6,06
6
7111
Per
form
ing
arts
com
pani
es10
,864
11,3
96
7115
Inde
pend
ent a
rtis
ts, w
riter
s, a
nd p
erfo
rmer
s9,
338
9,50
7
8112
12C
ompu
ter
and
offic
e m
achi
ne r
epai
r an
d m
aint
enan
ce6,
380
7,20
2
Cor
e In
dust
ries
Tota
l1,
790,
647
2,54
1,34
1
AP
PE
ND
IX I
ITa
ble
1 (
con
tin
ued
) :
Ind
ust
ry R
even
ue
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
0632
30P
rintin
g an
d re
late
d su
ppor
t act
iviti
es95
,592
91,3
93
3342
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent m
anuf
actu
ring
66,1
4371
,802
3359
20C
omm
unic
atio
n an
d en
ergy
wire
and
cab
le
man
ufac
turin
g11
,360
13,6
10
4234
301
Com
pute
r &
per
iphe
ral e
quip
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
217,
790
250,
630
4234
302
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e (p
acka
ged)
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
14,7
3016
,951
4251
1B
usin
ess
to b
usin
ess
elec
tron
ic m
arke
ts2,
765
12,1
90
4236
2E
lect
ric a
pplia
nce,
TV
& r
adio
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
59,8
3078
,696
4236
901
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent &
sup
p m
erch
ant w
hole
sale
rs
78,3
0910
3,00
0
4251
2036
Ele
ctric
al &
ele
ctro
nic
good
s ag
ents
&
brok
ers
50,6
1863
,223
4431
12R
adio
, tel
evis
ion
& o
ther
ele
ctro
nics
sto
res
48,4
5162
,820
4431
2C
ompu
ter
& s
oftw
are
stor
es16
,696
20,4
41
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
1 (
con
tin
ued
) :
Ind
ust
ry R
even
ue
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
(co
nti
nu
ed)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
0645
12B
ook,
per
iodi
cal,
and
mus
ic s
tore
s23
,096
24,7
98
5151
Rad
io &
tele
visi
on b
road
cast
ing
48,8
7357
,885
5152
Cab
le n
etw
orks
25,3
7539
,033
5171
Wire
d te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns c
arrie
rs24
1,94
819
9,34
4
5172
Wire
less
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
car
riers
(e
xcep
t sat
ellit
e)99
,158
160,
015
5175
Cab
le a
nd o
ther
pro
gram
dis
trib
utio
n 57
,706
91,8
65
5173
, 517
4, a
nd 5
179
Oth
er te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns17
,096
22,2
54
5232
Sec
uriti
es a
nd c
omm
odity
exc
hang
esN
ot
disc
lose
d N
ot
disc
lose
d 52
42A
genc
ies,
bro
kera
ges,
and
oth
er in
sura
nce
rela
ted
activ
ities
126,
406
165,
459
5251
Insu
ranc
e &
em
ploy
ee b
enefi
t fun
ds N
ot c
over
ed N
ot c
over
ed
5415
Com
pute
r sy
stem
des
ign
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
173,
480
198,
441
5416
Man
agem
ent,
scie
ntifi
c, &
tech
nica
l co
nsul
ting
serv
ices
14
0,63
619
6,48
0
611b
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es39
,312
47,7
94
7113
Pro
mot
ers
of p
erfo
rmin
g ar
ts, s
port
s, a
nd
sim
ilar
even
ts11
,698
13,7
66
7114
Age
nts
and
man
ager
s fo
r ar
tists
, writ
ers,
and
pe
rfor
mer
s4,
073
4,79
2
Non
-Cor
e In
dust
ries
Tota
l1,
671,
140
2,00
6,68
4
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
1 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Rev
enu
e D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
So
urc
es:
1)
2002
—B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
200
2 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus-
-Brid
ge B
etw
een
2002
NA
ICS
and
199
7 N
AIC
S: 2
002;
Bur
eau
of th
e C
ensu
s, 2
002
Eco
nom
ic C
ensu
s--C
ompa
rativ
e S
tatis
tics:
200
2; h
ttp://
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ec
on/c
ensu
s02/
data
/us/
US
000.
HT
M;
and
Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s at
http
://w
ww
.bea
.gov
/indu
stry
/gdp
byin
d_da
ta.h
tm
2)
2006
—D
ata
for
2006
are
eith
er a
ctua
l dat
a fr
om, o
r au
thor
s’ e
stim
ates
bas
ed o
n, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis
at h
ttp://
ww
w.b
ea.g
ov/in
dust
ry/g
dpby
ind_
data
.htm
; Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tistic
s (in
dust
ry p
rodu
cer
pric
es);
Fed
eral
Res
erve
Boa
rd o
f G
over
nors
(in
dust
rial p
rodu
ctio
n);
Sem
icon
duct
or I
ndus
try
Ass
ocia
tion
(Glo
bal B
illin
gs R
epor
t for
the
Am
eric
as);
Ren
trak
’s
Hom
e V
ideo
Ess
entia
ls ™
; Sup
plie
r U
S R
elat
ions
at w
ww
.min
dbra
nch.
com
; and
the
follo
win
g pu
blic
atio
ns fr
om th
e B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus:
Cur
rent
Indu
stria
l Rep
orts
, MQ
334R
(06)
and
MQ
334P
(06)
-4; Q
uart
erly
Ret
ail E
-Com
mer
ce S
ales
, Q1
2007
; Q
uart
erly
Ser
vice
s S
urve
y, v
ario
us is
sues
; Mon
thly
Who
lesa
le T
rade
: Sal
es a
nd In
vent
orie
s; M
onth
ly R
etai
l Sal
es a
nd
Sea
sona
l Fac
tors
; and
Ann
ual R
evis
ion
of M
onth
ly R
etai
l and
Foo
d S
ervi
ces:
Sal
es a
nd In
vent
orie
s Ja
nuar
y 19
92 th
roug
h F
ebru
ary
2007
.
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
2:
Ind
ust
ry V
alu
e A
dd
ed D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
Co
re In
du
stri
es
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
0633
3315
Pho
togr
aphi
c &
pho
toco
pyin
g eq
uipm
ent m
fg
861
925
3341
Com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
ral e
quip
men
t m
anuf
actu
ring
25,9
5521
,596
3343
Aud
io &
vid
eo e
quip
men
t man
ufac
turin
g3,
007
4,65
2
3344
13S
emic
ondu
ctor
s an
d re
late
d de
vice
m
anuf
actu
ring
21,6
9029
,209
3346
Man
ufac
turin
g an
d re
prod
ucin
g m
agne
tic a
nd
optic
al m
edia
2,66
42,
823
4541
11E
lect
roni
c sh
oppi
ng5,
353
24,3
7845
4112
Ele
ctro
nic
auct
ions
201
5111
1N
ewsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs22
,787
27,5
16
5111
4, 5
1119
Dire
ctor
y, m
ailin
g lis
t, an
d ot
her
publ
ishe
rs12
,051
14,0
64
5112
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
51,1
2073
,987
5161
Inte
rnet
pub
lishi
ng a
nd b
road
cast
ing
3,05
7
25,3
9351
81In
tern
et s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
and
web
sea
rch
port
als
10,1
28
519
Oth
er in
form
atio
n se
rvic
es2,
305
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
2 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Val
ue
Ad
ded
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
Co
re In
du
stri
es (
con
tin
ued
)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
5182
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, hos
ting,
and
rel
ated
ser
vice
s27
,100
35,8
73
5231
Sec
uriti
es, c
omm
odity
con
trac
ts, a
nd
inve
stm
ents
132,
963
185,
178
5121
Mot
ion
pict
ure
and
vide
o in
dust
ries
29,2
0044
,589
5122
Sou
nd r
ecor
ding
indu
strie
s7,
115
5239
Oth
er fi
nanc
ial i
nves
tmen
t act
iviti
es71
,142
98,5
19
5241
Insu
ranc
e ca
rrie
rs17
2,03
123
9,99
9
5259
Oth
er in
vest
men
t poo
ls a
nd fu
nds/
15,8
2820
,550
5322
3V
ideo
tape
and
dis
c re
ntal
4,87
94,
398
5411
Lega
l ser
vice
s13
0,99
219
2,76
6
5413
Arc
hite
ctur
al, e
ngin
eerin
g, a
nd r
elat
ed s
ervi
ces
89,6
9513
7,02
6
5414
3G
raph
ic d
esig
n se
rvic
es4,
585
6,09
4
5417
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch &
dev
elop
men
t ser
vice
s 52
,720
67,1
09
611a
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es70
,439
94,0
80
7111
Per
form
ing
arts
com
pani
es6,
814
7,11
4
7115
Inde
pend
ent a
rtis
ts, w
riter
s, a
nd p
erfo
rmer
s5,
858
5,93
5
8112
12C
ompu
ter
and
offic
e m
achi
ne r
epai
r an
d m
aint
enan
ce3,
500
3,90
0
Co
re In
du
stri
es T
ota
l98
6,03
91,
367,
671
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
2 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Val
ue
Ad
ded
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
0632
30P
rintin
g an
d re
late
d su
ppor
t act
iviti
es45
,865
47,8
8133
42C
omm
unic
atio
ns e
quip
men
t man
ufac
turin
g23
,338
25,4
82
3359
20C
omm
unic
atio
n an
d en
ergy
wire
and
cab
le
man
ufac
turin
g5,
505
5,95
7
4234
301
Com
pute
r &
per
iphe
ral e
quip
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
28,9
1632
,717
4234
302
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e (p
acka
ged)
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
1,95
62,
213
4251
1B
usin
ess
to b
usin
ess
elec
tron
ic m
arke
ts1,
947
8,43
8
4236
2E
lect
ric a
pplia
nce,
TV
& r
adio
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
7,94
48,
253
4236
901
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent &
sup
p m
erch
ant
who
lesa
lers
10
,397
13,4
46
4251
2036
Ele
ctric
al &
ele
ctro
nic
good
s ag
ents
& b
roke
rs
6,72
110
,040
4431
12R
adio
, tel
evis
ion
& o
ther
ele
ctro
nics
sto
res
10,7
8013
,411
4431
2C
ompu
ter
& s
oftw
are
stor
es3,
715
4,36
4
4512
Boo
k, p
erio
dica
l, an
d m
usic
sto
res
15,3
8315
,847
5151
Rad
io &
tele
visi
on b
road
cast
ing
23,1
6025
,591
5152
Cab
le n
etw
orks
12,0
2517
,257
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
2 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Val
ue
Ad
ded
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
(co
nti
nu
ed)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
5171
Wire
d te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns c
arrie
rs11
4,65
488
,131
5172
Wire
less
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
car
riers
(ex
cept
sa
telli
te)
46,9
8970
,743
5175
Cab
le a
nd o
ther
pro
gram
dis
trib
utio
n 27
,346
40,6
14
5173
, 517
4, a
nd 5
179
Oth
er te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns8,
101
9,83
9
5232
Sec
uriti
es a
nd c
omm
odity
exc
hang
esN
ot d
iscl
osed
Not
dis
clos
ed
5242
Age
ncie
s, b
roke
rage
s, a
nd o
ther
insu
ranc
e re
late
d ac
tiviti
es65
,408
82,6
36
5251
Insu
ranc
e &
em
ploy
ee b
enefi
t fun
ds N
ot c
over
ed N
ot c
over
ed
5415
Com
pute
r sy
stem
des
ign
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
134,
075
154,
826
5416
Man
agem
ent,
scie
ntifi
c, &
tech
nica
l con
sulti
ng
serv
ices
79
,653
114,
171
611b
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es22
,829
28,8
11
7113
Pro
mot
ers
of p
erfo
rmin
g ar
ts, s
port
s, a
nd s
imila
r ev
ents
7,33
88,
593
7114
Age
nts
and
man
ager
s fo
r ar
tists
, writ
ers,
and
pe
rfor
mer
s2,
555
2,99
2
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
To
tal
706,
600
832,
251
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
2 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Val
ue
Ad
ded
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
So
urc
es:
1)
2002
—B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
200
2 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus-
-Brid
ge B
etw
een
2002
NA
ICS
and
199
7 N
AIC
S: 2
002;
Bur
eau
of th
e C
ensu
s, 2
002
Eco
nom
ic C
ensu
s--C
ompa
rativ
e S
tatis
tics:
200
2; a
nd h
ttp://
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ec
on/c
ensu
s02/
data
/us/
US
000.
HT
M.
2)
2006
—A
utho
rs’ e
stim
ates
bas
ed o
n da
ta fr
om th
e ab
ove
sour
ces
and
from
dat
a m
aint
aine
d by
the
Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
A
naly
sis
at h
ttp://
ww
w.b
ea.g
ov/in
dust
ry/g
dpby
ind_
data
.htm
.
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
3:
Ind
ust
ry E
mp
loym
ent
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(T
ho
usa
nd
s o
f em
plo
yees
)
Co
re In
du
stri
es20
02 N
AIC
S C
od
esD
escr
ipti
on
2002
2006
3333
15P
hoto
grap
hic
& p
hoto
copy
ing
equi
pmen
t mfg
22
.013
.0
3341
Com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
ral e
quip
men
t m
anuf
actu
ring
250.
019
8.8
3343
Aud
io &
vid
eo e
quip
men
t man
ufac
turin
g42
.031
.7
3344
13S
emic
ondu
ctor
s an
d re
late
d de
vice
m
anuf
actu
ring
251.
523
3.4
3346
Man
ufac
turin
g an
d re
prod
ucin
g m
agne
tic a
nd
optic
al m
edia
54.9
41.1
4541
11E
lect
roni
c sh
oppi
ng53
.573
.945
4112
Ele
ctro
nic
auct
ions
5111
1N
ewsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs38
8.9
361.
0
5111
4, 5
1119
Dire
ctor
y, m
ailin
g lis
t, an
d ot
her
publ
ishe
rs83
.872
.7
5112
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
253.
324
3.4
5161
Inte
rnet
pub
lishi
ng a
nd b
road
cast
ing
33.7
34.5
5181
Inte
rnet
ser
vice
pro
vide
rs a
nd w
eb s
earc
h po
rtal
s13
7.0
121.
7
519
Oth
er in
form
atio
n se
rvic
es47
.351
.4
5182
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, hos
ting,
and
rel
ated
ser
vice
s30
3.9
261.
6
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
3 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Em
plo
ymen
t D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Th
ou
san
ds
of
emp
loye
es)
Co
re In
du
stri
es (
con
tin
ued
)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
5231
Sec
uriti
es, c
omm
odity
con
trac
ts, a
nd
inve
stm
ents
528.
350
9.7
5121
Mot
ion
pict
ure
and
vide
o in
dust
ries
360.
635
7.2
5122
Sou
nd r
ecor
ding
indu
strie
s27
.320
.3
5239
Oth
er fi
nanc
ial i
nves
tmen
t act
iviti
es26
1.2
306.
6
5241
Insu
ranc
e ca
rrie
rs1,
412.
81,
427.
7
5259
Oth
er in
vest
men
t poo
ls a
nd fu
nds/
38.2
45.0
5322
3V
ideo
tape
and
dis
c re
ntal
156.
912
9.0
5411
Lega
l ser
vice
s1,
115.
31,
173.
4
5413
Arc
hite
ctur
al, e
ngin
eerin
g, a
nd r
elat
ed s
ervi
ces
1,24
6.1
1,38
5.6
5414
3G
raph
ic d
esig
n se
rvic
es70
.969
.5
5417
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch &
dev
elop
men
t ser
vice
s 53
7.6
593.
4
611a
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es2,
593.
12,
833.
7
7111
Per
form
ing
arts
com
pani
es12
0.9
120.
7
7115
Inde
pend
ent a
rtis
ts, w
riter
s, a
nd p
erfo
rmer
s40
.046
.8
8112
12C
ompu
ter
and
offic
e m
achi
ne r
epai
r an
d m
aint
enan
ce48
.043
.9
Co
re In
du
stri
es T
ota
l10
,479
10,8
01
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
3 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Em
plo
ymen
t D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Th
ou
san
ds
of
emp
loye
es)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
0632
30P
rintin
g an
d re
late
d su
ppor
t act
iviti
es70
6.6
635.
933
42C
omm
unic
atio
ns e
quip
men
t man
ufac
turin
g18
5.8
144.
4
3359
20C
omm
unic
atio
n an
d en
ergy
wire
and
cab
le
man
ufac
turin
g25
.421
.1
4234
301
Com
pute
r &
per
iphe
ral e
quip
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
267.
724
7.6
4234
302
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e (p
acka
ged)
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
4251
1B
usin
ess
to b
usin
ess
elec
tron
ic m
arke
ts80
.956
.2
4236
2E
lect
ric a
pplia
nce,
TV
& r
adio
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
218.
019
6.9
4236
901
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent &
sup
p m
erch
ant
who
lesa
lers
4251
2036
Ele
ctric
al &
ele
ctro
nic
good
s ag
ents
& b
roke
rs
25.8
23.3
4431
12R
adio
, tel
evis
ion
& o
ther
ele
ctro
nics
sto
res
245.
230
4.2
4431
2C
ompu
ter
& s
oftw
are
stor
es15
5.4
126.
745
12B
ook,
per
iodi
cal,
and
mus
ic s
tore
s22
6.7
189.
751
51R
adio
& te
levi
sion
bro
adca
stin
g13
0.1
127.
751
52C
able
net
wor
ks92
.990
.251
71W
ired
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
car
riers
650.
747
7.9
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
3 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Em
plo
ymen
t D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Th
ou
san
ds
of
emp
loye
es)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
(co
nti
nu
ed)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
5172
Wire
less
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
car
riers
(ex
cept
sa
telli
te)
197.
320
0.1
5175
Cab
le a
nd o
ther
pro
gram
dis
trib
utio
n 13
0.3
144.
351
73, 5
174,
and
517
9O
ther
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
208.
215
0.6
5232
Sec
uriti
es a
nd c
omm
odity
exc
hang
esIn
clud
ed in
523
1
5242
Age
ncie
s, b
roke
rage
s, a
nd o
ther
insu
ranc
e re
late
d ac
tiviti
es82
0.4
888.
2
5251
Insu
ranc
e &
em
ploy
ee b
enefi
t fun
ds47
.248
.1
5415
Com
pute
r sy
stem
des
ign
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
1,15
2.8
1,27
8.2
5416
Man
agem
ent,
scie
ntifi
c, &
tech
nica
l con
sulti
ng
serv
ices
73
4.4
920.
9
611b
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es49
.784
.7
7113
Pro
mot
ers
of p
erfo
rmin
g ar
ts, s
port
s, a
nd
sim
ilar
even
ts82
.810
0.0
7114
Age
nts
and
man
ager
s fo
r ar
tists
, writ
ers,
and
pe
rfor
mer
s
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
To
tal
6,43
46,
457
Sou
rce:
Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tistic
s, E
mpl
oym
ent,
Hou
rs, a
nd E
arni
ngs,
at h
ttp://
data
.bls
.gov
/PD
Q/o
utsi
de.js
p?su
rvey
=ce
http
://da
ta.b
ls.
gov/
PD
Q/o
utsi
de.js
p?su
rvey
=ce
.
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
4:
Ind
ust
ry P
ayro
ll D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
Co
re In
du
stri
es
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
3333
15P
hoto
grap
hic
& p
hoto
copy
ing
equi
pmen
t mfg
40
143
1
3341
Com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
ral e
quip
men
t m
anuf
actu
ring
8,28
46,
893
3343
Aud
io &
vid
eo e
quip
men
t man
ufac
turin
g92
71,
434
3344
13S
emic
ondu
ctor
s an
d re
late
d de
vice
m
anuf
actu
ring
9,80
813
,209
3346
Man
ufac
turin
g an
d re
prod
ucin
g m
agne
tic a
nd
optic
al m
edia
1,36
71,
449
4541
11E
lect
roni
c sh
oppi
ng1,
673
9,39
945
4112
Ele
ctro
nic
auct
ions
469
5111
1N
ewsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs13
,752
16,6
06
5111
4, 5
1119
Dire
ctor
y, m
ailin
g lis
t, an
d ot
her
publ
ishe
rs3,
704
4,32
2
5112
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
34,9
6650
,607
5161
Inte
rnet
pub
lishi
ng a
nd b
road
cast
ing
2,38
3
14,3
6151
81In
tern
et s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
and
web
sea
rch
port
als
3,55
3
519
Oth
er in
form
atio
n se
rvic
es2,
824
5182
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, hos
ting,
and
rel
ated
ser
vice
s21
,398
28,3
25
5182
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, hos
ting,
and
rel
ated
ser
vice
s21
,398
28,3
25
Tab
le 4
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Ind
ust
ry P
ayro
ll D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
Co
re In
du
stri
es (
con
tin
ued
)20
02 N
AIC
S C
od
esD
escr
ipti
on
2002
2006
5231
Sec
uriti
es, c
omm
odity
con
trac
ts, a
nd
inve
stm
ents
69,0
4896
,163
5121
Mot
ion
pict
ure
and
vide
o in
dust
ries
10,4
0215
,885
5122
Sou
nd r
ecor
ding
indu
strie
s2,
251
5239
Oth
er fi
nanc
ial i
nves
tmen
t act
iviti
es30
,047
41,6
10
5241
Insu
ranc
e ca
rrie
rs83
,555
116,
567
5259
Oth
er in
vest
men
t poo
ls a
nd fu
nds/
1,28
31,
666
5322
3V
ideo
tape
and
dis
c re
ntal
1,66
61,
502
5411
Lega
l ser
vice
s69
,875
102,
827
5413
Arc
hite
ctur
al, e
ngin
eerin
g, a
nd r
elat
ed s
ervi
ces
66,7
0910
1,91
0
5414
3G
raph
ic d
esig
n se
rvic
es2,
769
3,68
0
5417
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch &
dev
elop
men
t ser
vice
s 43
,699
55,6
26
611a
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es64
,579
86,2
53
7111
Per
form
ing
arts
com
pani
es3,
267
3,41
0
7115
Inde
pend
ent a
rtis
ts, w
riter
s, a
nd p
erfo
rmer
s4,
324
4,38
1
8112
12C
ompu
ter
and
offic
e m
achi
ne r
epai
r an
d m
aint
enan
ce2,
252
2,50
9
Co
re In
du
stri
es T
ota
l56
1,23
478
1,02
4
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I
Tab
le 4
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Ind
ust
ry P
ayro
ll D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
0632
30P
rintin
g an
d re
late
d su
ppor
t act
iviti
es25
,626
26,7
52
3342
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent m
anuf
actu
ring
10,6
9311
,675
3359
20C
omm
unic
atio
n an
d en
ergy
wire
and
cab
le
man
ufac
turin
g1,
715
1,85
6
4234
301
Com
pute
r &
per
iphe
ral e
quip
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
19,6
4922
,232
4234
302
Com
pute
r so
ftwar
e (p
acka
ged)
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
2,52
82,
860
4251
1B
usin
ess
to b
usin
ess
elec
tron
ic m
arke
ts62
269
4236
2E
lect
ric a
pplia
nce,
TV
& r
adio
mer
chan
t w
hole
sale
rs
2,20
22,
288
4236
901
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent &
sup
p m
erch
ant
who
lesa
lers
9,
944
12,8
59
4251
2036
Ele
ctric
al &
ele
ctro
nic
good
s ag
ents
& b
roke
rs
1,46
42,
187
4431
12R
adio
, tel
evis
ion
& o
ther
ele
ctro
nics
sto
res
5,28
76,
577
4431
2C
ompu
ter
& s
oftw
are
stor
es1,
832
2,15
3
4512
Boo
k, p
erio
dica
l, an
d m
usic
sto
res
2,61
72,
696
5151
Rad
io &
tele
visi
on b
road
cast
ing
11,6
5512
,879
5152
Cab
le n
etw
orks
2,84
94,
088
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I
Tab
le 4
(co
nti
nu
ed):
Ind
ust
ry P
ayro
ll D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
(co
nti
nu
ed)
2002
NA
ICS
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n20
0220
06
5171
Wire
d te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns c
arrie
rs47
,805
36,7
46
5172
Wire
less
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
car
riers
(ex
cept
sa
telli
te)
13,1
1719
,748
5175
Cab
le a
nd o
ther
pro
gram
dis
trib
utio
n 8,
553
12,7
02
5173
, 517
4, a
nd 5
179
Oth
er te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns2,
932
3,56
1
5232
Sec
uriti
es a
nd c
omm
odity
exc
hang
es
5242
Age
ncie
s, b
roke
rage
s, a
nd o
ther
insu
ranc
e re
late
d ac
tiviti
es37
,076
46,8
41
5251
Insu
ranc
e &
em
ploy
ee b
enefi
t fun
ds
5415
Com
pute
r sy
stem
des
ign
and
rela
ted
serv
ices
72,3
9983
,604
5416
Man
agem
ent,
scie
ntifi
c, &
tech
nica
l con
sulti
ng
serv
ices
43
,089
61,7
62
611b
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es20
,930
26,4
14
7113
Pro
mot
ers
of p
erfo
rmin
g ar
ts, s
port
s, a
nd s
imila
r ev
ents
2,02
02,
366
7114
Age
nts
and
man
ager
s fo
r ar
tists
, writ
ers,
and
pe
rfor
mer
s1,
415
1,65
8
No
n-C
ore
Ind
ust
ries
To
tal
347,
459
406,
772
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
4 (
con
tin
ued
): In
du
stry
Pay
roll
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
So
urc
es:
1)
2002
—B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
200
2 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus-
-Brid
ge B
etw
een
2002
NA
ICS
and
199
7 N
AIC
S: 2
002;
Bur
eau
of th
e C
ensu
s, 2
002
Eco
nom
ic C
ensu
s--C
ompa
rativ
e S
tatis
tics:
200
2; a
nd h
ttp://
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ec
on/c
ensu
s02/
data
/us/
US
000.
HT
M.
2)
2006
—A
utho
rs’ e
stim
ates
bas
ed o
n da
ta fr
om th
e ab
ove
sour
ces
and
from
dat
a m
aint
aine
d by
the
Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
A
naly
sis
at h
ttp://
ww
w.b
ea.g
ov/in
dust
ry/g
dpby
ind_
data
.htm
.
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
5:
Exp
ort
Dat
a fo
r F
air
Use
Ind
ust
ries
(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
)
Go
od
s20
0220
06P
rinte
d m
atte
r an
d re
late
d pr
oduc
ts, N
ES
OI
924
1,86
7
Pho
togr
aphi
c an
d ph
otoc
opyi
ng e
quip
men
t74
040
7
Com
pute
r eq
uipm
ent
29,1
5029
,780
Com
mun
icat
ions
equ
ipm
ent
16,7
8433
,027
Aud
io a
nd v
ideo
equ
ipm
ent
3,98
64,
232
Sem
icon
duct
ors
and
rela
ted
devi
ces
709
2,14
2
Mag
netic
and
opt
ical
med
ia32
21,
126
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
ener
gy w
ires
and
cabl
es70
21,
709
Sof
twar
e, N
ES
OI
312
1,00
7 AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
5 (
con
tin
ued
): E
xpo
rt D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
Ser
vice
s 1/
2002
2006
Fin
anci
al s
ervi
ces
21,9
4638
,187
Insu
ranc
e se
rvic
es4,
415
7,65
4
Tele
com
mun
icat
ions
3,89
05,
293
Edu
catio
n S
ervi
ces
12,6
2615
,824
Com
pute
r an
d in
form
atio
n se
rvic
es7,
093
9,23
2
Man
agem
ent a
nd c
onsu
lting
ser
vice
s4,
439
7,19
2
Res
earc
h, d
evel
opm
ent,
and
test
ing
8,14
211
,311
Tape
ren
tals
9,35
011
,629
Arc
hite
ctur
al, e
ngin
eerin
g, a
nd o
ther
tech
nica
l ser
vice
s1,
679
4,09
8
Lega
l ser
vice
s3,
099
4,82
5
Spo
rts
and
perf
orm
ing
arts
170
220
Tra
de-r
elat
ed s
ervi
ces
578
2,92
9
1/ A
t the
tim
e of
this
writ
ing,
BE
A d
ata
on s
ervi
ces
expo
rts
by in
dust
ry w
ere
only
ava
ilabl
e th
roug
h 20
05.
Val
ues
for
2006
wer
e es
timat
ed b
y ap
plyi
ng th
e gr
owth
rat
e of
the
cate
gory
“ot
her
priv
ate
serv
ices
,” w
hich
is a
vaila
ble
from
the
Bur
eau
of C
ensu
s.
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I Ta
ble
5 (
con
tin
ued
): E
xpo
rt D
ata
for
Fai
r U
se In
du
stri
es (
Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs)
So
urc
es:
1)
Goo
ds: U
SIT
C T
rade
Dat
aweb
at h
ttp://
data
web
.usi
tc.g
ov.
2)
Ser
vice
s: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, B
alan
ce o
f Pay
men
ts D
ivis
ion
at h
ttp://
ww
w.b
ea.g
ov/
inte
rnat
iona
l/int
lser
v.ht
m, t
ab1b
; and
Bur
eau
of th
e C
ensu
s, F
T90
0: U
.S. I
nter
natio
nal T
rade
in G
oods
and
Ser
vice
s: F
ebru
ary
2007
(A
pril
13, 2
007)
at E
xhib
it 3.
AP
PE
ND
IX I
ITa
ble
6:
Est
imat
ed C
on
trib
uti
on
of
Co
re In
du
stry
Val
ue
add
ed t
o G
DP
(Mill
ion
s o
f d
olla
rs a
nd
Ind
ex v
alu
es, 2
000
= 1
00)
2002
N
AIC
S
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n
No
min
al V
alu
e A
dd
edV
alu
e A
dd
ed P
rice
Ind
ex20
06 R
eal
Val
ue
Ad
ded
2002
2006
2002
2005
est.
20
0633
3315
Pho
togr
aphi
c &
pho
toco
pyin
g eq
uipm
ent m
fg
861
925
103.
510
1.9
102.
493
5
3341
Com
pute
r an
d pe
riphe
ral e
quip
men
t m
anuf
actu
ring
25,9
5521
,596
66.8
43.7
43.9
32,9
03
3343
Aud
io &
vid
eo e
quip
men
t m
anuf
actu
ring
3,00
74,
652
66.8
43.7
43.9
7,08
8
3344
13S
emic
ondu
ctor
s an
d re
late
d de
vice
m
anuf
actu
ring
21,6
9029
,209
66.8
43.7
43.9
44,5
04
3346
Man
ufac
turin
g an
d re
prod
ucin
g m
agne
tic a
nd o
ptic
al m
edia
2,66
42,
823
66.8
43.7
43.9
4,30
1
4541
11E
lect
roni
c sh
oppi
ng5,
353
24,3
7899
.410
1.7
102.
323
,682
4541
12E
lect
roni
c au
ctio
ns20
199
.410
1.7
102.
3
5111
1N
ewsp
aper
pub
lishe
rs22
,787
27,5
1610
3.1
95.5
92.9
30,5
2451
114,
51
119
Dire
ctor
y, m
ailin
g lis
t, an
d ot
her
publ
ishe
rs12
,051
14,0
6410
5.6
99.6
97.0
15,3
24
5112
Sof
twar
e pu
blis
hers
51,1
2073
,987
103.
195
.592
.982
,074
5161
Inte
rnet
pub
lishi
ng a
nd b
road
cast
ing
3,05
7
25,3
93
103.
195
.592
.9
27,8
3451
81In
tern
et s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
and
web
se
arch
por
tals
10,1
2810
5.6
99.6
97.0
519
Oth
er in
form
atio
n se
rvic
es2,
305
105.
699
.697
.0
5182
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
, hos
ting,
and
re
late
d se
rvic
es27
,100
35,8
7310
5.6
99.6
97.0
39,0
87
AP
PE
ND
IX I
ITa
ble
6 (
con
tin
ued
): E
stim
ated
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f C
ore
Ind
ust
ry V
alu
e ad
ded
to
GD
P(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
an
d In
dex
val
ues
, 200
0 =
100
)
2002
N
AIC
S
Co
des
Des
crip
tio
n
No
min
al V
alu
e A
dd
edV
alu
e A
dd
ed P
rice
Ind
ex20
06 R
eal
Val
ue
Ad
ded
2002
2006
2002
2005
est.
20
0652
31S
ecur
ities
, com
mod
ity c
ontr
acts
, an
d in
vest
men
ts13
2,96
318
5,17
887
.481
.683
.919
2,96
0
5121
Mot
ion
pict
ure
and
vide
o in
dust
ries
29,2
0044
,589
108.
610
9.2
106.
245
,590
5122
Sou
nd r
ecor
ding
indu
strie
s7,
115
108.
610
9.2
106.
2
5239
Oth
er fi
nanc
ial i
nves
tmen
t act
iviti
es71
,142
98,5
1987
.481
.683
.910
2,65
9
5241
Insu
ranc
e ca
rrie
rs17
2,03
123
9,99
910
5.7
125.
212
8.7
197,
047
5259
Oth
er in
vest
men
t poo
ls a
nd fu
nds/
15,8
2820
,550
162.
511
2.2
115.
328
,952
5322
3V
ideo
tape
and
dis
c re
ntal
4,87
94,
398
99.0
111.
411
5.2
3,77
8
5411
Lega
l ser
vice
s13
0,99
219
2,76
610
9.9
128.
313
1.2
161,
516
5413
Arc
hite
ctur
al, e
ngin
eerin
g, a
nd
rela
ted
serv
ices
89,6
9513
7,02
610
5.7
105.
510
7.9
134,
287
5414
3G
raph
ic d
esig
n se
rvic
es4,
585
6,09
410
5.7
105.
510
7.9
5,97
2
5417
Sci
entifi
c re
sear
ch &
dev
elop
men
t se
rvic
es
52,7
2067
,109
105.
710
5.5
107.
965
,767
611a
Edu
catio
n se
rvic
es70
,439
94,0
8011
4.9
132.
113
7.9
78,3
66
7111
Per
form
ing
arts
com
pani
es6,
814
7,11
410
8.8
122.
812
7.0
6,09
5
7115
Inde
pend
ent a
rtis
ts, w
riter
s, a
nd
perf
orm
ers
5,85
85,
935
108.
812
2.8
127.
05,
084
8112
12C
ompu
ter
and
offic
e m
achi
ne r
epai
r an
d m
aint
enan
ce3,
500
3,90
011
1.7
124.
112
8.7
3,38
6
TO
TAL
CO
RE
986,
039
1,36
7,67
1
1,33
9,71
5
AP
PE
ND
IX I
ITa
ble
6 (
con
tin
ued
): E
stim
ated
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f C
ore
Ind
ust
ry V
alu
e ad
ded
to
GD
P(M
illio
ns
of
do
llars
an
d In
dex
val
ues
, 200
0 =
100
)
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n c
alcu
lati
on
:
20
0220
06%
Ch
.
Rea
l GD
P In
dex
102.
362
116.
281
13.6
%
Cor
e S
hare
9.4%
Cor
e R
eal V
alue
Add
ed (
2002
dol
lars
)98
6,03
91,
339,
715
35.9
%C
on
trib
uti
on
(co
re s
har
e *
% C
h. c
ore
rea
l val
ue
add
ed /
% C
h. r
eal G
DP
Ind
ex)
24.8
%
So
urc
es:
1)
2002
—B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
200
2 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus-
-Brid
ge B
etw
een
2002
NA
ICS
and
199
7 N
AIC
S: 2
002;
Bur
eau
of th
e C
ensu
s, 2
002
Eco
nom
ic C
ensu
s--C
ompa
rativ
e S
tatis
tics:
200
2; a
nd h
ttp://
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ec
on/c
ensu
s02/
data
/us/
US
000.
HT
M.
2)
2006
—A
utho
rs’ e
stim
ates
bas
ed o
n da
ta fr
om th
e ab
ove
sour
ces
and
from
dat
a m
aint
aine
d by
the
Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
A
naly
sis
at h
ttp://
ww
w.b
ea.g
ov/in
dust
ry/g
dpby
ind_
data
.htm
.
Glossary of Fair Use Provisions
17 U.S.C. § 102(a) (non-copyrightability of facts):The fact/expression dichotomy is a limitation on the scope of
copyright that renders facts non-copyrightable. This principle limits severely the scope of protection in fact-based works. The result of Section 102(a)’s requirement of originality is that raw facts may be copied at will. See Feist Pub’lns, Inc. v Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 350 (1991).
17 U.S.C. § 102(b) (idea/expression dichotomy): Articulated in Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 102-04 (1879) the idea/expression dichotomy represents the principle that copyright may extend to the expression of an idea, but not the idea itself. Section 102(b) explicitly withholds protection from “any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery….” This principle is the source of the merger doctrine, which limits copyright when the number of possible variations for expressing an idea are externally limited. In such case, the limited possibilities of expression merge with the ‘idea’ and become non-copyrightable.
17 U.S.C. § 102(b) (non-protectability of interface specifications): An application of the idea/expression dichotomy, the non-protectability of interface specifications has been established in a line of U.S. copyright cases, notably Lotus Dev. v. Borland Int’l, 49 F.3d 807 (1995) and Computer Assocs. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992). These courts ruled that interface specifications are not copyrightable, either because they are unprotectable “methods of operation” or because elements dictated by efficiency or necessity lose protection under the merger doctrine.
17 U.S.C. § 105 (no copyright in U.S. government works): The Copyright Act prohibits the Federal Government from
taking copyright in the works that it authors. As a result, all works authored by the Federal Government employees immediately enter the public domain and become freely available for public use.
17 U.S.C. § 107 (fair use: criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, research, etc.): Section 107 of the Copyright Act explicitly protects the fair use of a copyrighted work for purposes including but not limited to criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple
APPENDIX III
copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research. Such use is not an infringement of copyright.
17 U.S.C. § 107 (fair use: reverse engineering): Under the fair use doctrine, a person may disassemble a
computer program in order to gain an understanding of the unprotected functional elements of the program, where there is a legitimate reason for doing so and no other means of access to the unprotected elements exists. Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992); Atari v. Nintendo, 975 F.2d 832 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
17 U.S.C. § 107 (fair use: browser copies): Under the fair use doctrine, local cache reproductions of
copyrighted works by the web browsers of individual users are fair use, as they are noncommercial, transformative, necessary for essential Internet functions, and do not supersede copyright holders’ exploitation of their works. Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 487 F.3d 701, at 726 (9th Cir. 2007).
17 U.S.C. § 107 (fair use: search engine cache copies): Under the fair use doctrine, search engines’ reproduction in their search databases of images and text they crawled on the World Wide Web, and subsequent display of these materials in search results, are permitted because of their significant social utility. Kelly v. Arriba Soft, 336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 2003); Field v. Google, 412 F. Supp. 2d 1106 (D. Nev. 2006); Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 487 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2007).
17 U.S.C. § 107 (fair use: time and space shifting): Under the fair use doctrine, users may utilize technological devices to shift the context in which they view copyrighted works, i.e., to tape a program for later viewing on the same or different device. Such use has been held to be paradigmatic noncommercial personal use entirely consistent with the purposes of the Copyright Act. See Sony Corp. of Am v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984); Recording Indus. Ass’n of Am. v. Diamond Multimedia Sys., 180 F.3d 1072, 1079 (9th Cir. 1999).
17 U.S.C. § 108 (library uses): The Copyright Act permits libraries and archives to make
reproductions for purposes of preservation, replacement of damaged copies, and inter-library loans.
17 U.S.C. § 109(a) (first sale doctrine): The Copyright Act permits the owner of a lawfully made copy to sell or lend that copy to others.
17 U.S.C. §§ 110(1) - 110(2) (displays and performances in educational contexts): The Copyright Act permits the performance and display of copyrighted works in the course of face-to-face teaching activities as well as distance education.
17 U.S.C. § 112 (ephemeral recordings): Under the Copyright Act, a radio station may make ephemeral copies of sound recordings for use in its own transmissions in its local service area.
17 U.S.C. § 114(a) (exception to sound recording performance right): Under the Copyright Act, there is no performance right in sound recordings, except for performances by digital audio transmission, e.g., webcasting.
17 U.S.C. § 117(a) (backup, essential step copies): The Copyright Act permits the owner of a copy of a computer program to make a copy of that program: as an essential step in the utilization of the program in conjunction with a computer; or for archival purposes.
17 U.S.C. § 117(c) (machine maintenance or repair): The Copyright Act permits the owner or lessee of a computer, for purposes of maintaining or repairing that computer, to make or authorize the making of a copy of a computer program which is made solely by virtue of activating the computer.
17 U.S.C. §§ 302-304 (copyright term): Consistent with the Constitution’s mandate that Congress may
provide authors with exclusive rights for “limited times,” copyrights expire after a statutory period and enter the public domain. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003).
17 U.S.C. § 512 (service provider safe harbors): Section 512 of Title 17, which originated in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, limits the copyright remedies available against online service providers engaged in the following activities: transitory communications, system caching, storage of information on systems or networks at direction of users, and information location tools.
Sony principle: Under Sony Corp. of Am v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984), the sale of an article of commerce that may be used for both infringing and non-infringing uses will not lead to secondary infringement if the product is capable of substantial noninfringing use.
NOTES
NOTESNOTES
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