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HIGHEST PRIORITIES: HIGHEST PRIORITIES: No More Taste & Odor Complaints No More Taste & Odor Complaints No More Taste & Odor Complaints No More Taste & Odor Complaints

Implementing Strategies to Address Implementing Strategies to Address Algal Toxins for the City of Fairmont, MNAlgal Toxins for the City of Fairmont, MN

PRESENTATION BY:Troy Nemmers, PEDirector of Public Works/City Engineer

Jason Kosmatka, PEAE2S Project Manager

CONFERENCE:2014 Surface Water Treatment 

WorkshopFargo, ND

Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics• Planning

– How did we get to where we are now?

T&O Pil t St d• T&O Pilot Study

• Construction

• Start‐up

• Results

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FAIRMONT WTPFAIRMONT WTP

Connections• 4,079 Residential• 500 Commercial• 16 IndustrialPopulation• 10,500 residents Capacity• Built in 19261961 E i 4 5 MGD• 1961 Expansion  ‐ 4.5 MGD 

• New WTP ‐ 5.4 MGDTreatment• Class A Lime Softening 

with Filtration

Source Water Evaluation

Existing Water Source  Budd LakeSufficient Quantity Taste and Odor Mitigation

FACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING

Q y gAdequate Quality

Alternative Water Source  GroundwaterSufficient Quantity Hardness Removal 

Requirements (804 mg/l)TDS (1080 mg/l)Sulfate (573 mg/l)Sulfate (573 mg/l)Gross Alpha (25.1 pCi/l)Cost to Develop

Budd Lake selected…

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Treatment Target GoalsFACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING

Budd Lake Surface Water Treatment– Algae Removal

– Softening 

– Turbidity Control

– Pathogen Removal and/or Inactivation

– TOC Removal

– Disinfection

– Emerging Contaminants (ECDs, PCPs, PhACs)

– Multi‐Barrier Treatment Approach

– Taste and Odor Control

Taste and Odor ControlFACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING

Blue‐green algae blooms = cyanobacteria

/Cyanobacteria cells die/burst and release…

Taste and odor constituents• Geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB)

• Aesthetic quality issue

• Not regulated

CyanotoxinsMi i d li d i

MIBgeosmin

microcystin

other cyanotoxins

Cellular Constituents

Extra Cellular • Microcystin and cylindrospermopsin

• Health hazard  studies link to illness,

cancer

• Currently unregulated

• On EPA Contaminant Candidate List

MIBgeosmin

microcystin

other cyanotoxin

released

Extra-Cellular Constituents

celllysis

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Budd Lake blue‐green algae blooms

June T&O event on Budd Lake…

Taste and Odor ControlFACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING

g Geosmin

• Earthy odor

• Early spring

MIB

• Musty odor

• 10 ng/l threshold

• Late summer to early fall

Geosmin nanograms/liter (ng/l)

Recommended Threshold 30 ng/l

Lake Surface ~16,000 ng/l

Intake Level (16-20 ft deep) ~70-80 ng/l

Microcystin micrograms/liter (µg/l)

P t ti l R l t d Th h ld L l 0 1 1 /l• Late summer to early fall

• Less prevalent than geosmin

Cyanotoxin

• Most prevalent species –

Microcystin

Potential Regulated Threshold Level 0.1 – 1 µg/l

Lake Surface ~160 µg/l

Intake Level (16-20 ft deep) ~0.5 µg/l

Budd Lake

Dissolved Air Flotation??

Algae Removal

Conventional 

New Conventional Softening & Filtration

Softening Softening and 

Recarbonation

FiltrationConventionalFiltration

Taste & OdorControl ???

Onsite verification of T&O control technologies required prior to finalization of preferred WTP concept

Softening & Filtration Water Treatment Plant…

Clearwell

High Service Pumps

ResidualDisinfection Chlorine

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TASTE AND ODOR PILOT STUDYTASTE AND ODOR PILOT STUDYTreatment Technologies

Treatment Technology T&O Removal Efficiency

Cyanotoxin Removal Efficiency

Piloted?

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) (cellular)

Yes

Membranes (extra‐cellular)

No, membranes eliminated from consideration

Ozone (extra‐cellular)

Yes

UV with Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H2O2)

(extra‐cellular)

Yes

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Adsorption

(extra‐cellular)

Yes

APPLICATION OF STUDY RESULTSAPPLICATION OF STUDY RESULTS

Best performing technology = GAC with KMnO4

MIB/geosmin removal

Cyanotoxin (microcystin) removal

Multi‐barrier treatment for cyanotoxin removal

Supported by Odor Panel preference

Results indicate presence of cell bound T&OResults indicate presence of cell‐bound T&O Future WTP should focus on removal of cells 

in‐tact where possible.  Technologies include:

• Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), or

• Co‐precipitate with lime solids

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FUTURE WTP FUTURE WTP Budd Lake

Softening &Algae Removal

Conventional Softening 

and Recarbonation

Treatment Train Selection

Chemical Feedsl l

NaMnO4Cyanotoxin

Oxidation

FiltrationConventionalFiltration

GAC/BAC

Residual

Taste & OdorControl

Flocculant

Coagulant

Lime

Soda Ash

Phosphate

Filter aid

Clearwell

High Service Pumps

ResidualDisinfection Chlorine Sodium Permanganate

Chlorine

Ammonia

SCIENCE BEHIND SCIENCE BEHIND TREATMENT DESIGNTREATMENT DESIGN

STEP 3STEP 2STEP 1Settle out asSettle out as Filter out algaeFilter out algaeSettle out as Settle out as much algae as much algae as 

possiblepossible

Polymer is our friend (when required)!!!!

Found Polyacrylamide

Filter out algae Filter out algae carried over carried over from SCBfrom SCB

Algae is very difficult to filter (~5um)

CHOP!CHOP!

Lyse any algae that went through filters

Use an oxidant to b t ll ll Found Polyacrylamide

worked best w/ algae burst cell wall

Cyanotoxins are now more readily assimible as AOC for biological growth

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FAIRMONT WTPFAIRMONT WTP

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEExcavation

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASESubgrade Level

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASESubgrade Level

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEGallery Level

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEGallery Level

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEOperations Level

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEOperations Level

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEIntake Pipe Screen

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEIntake Pipe Screen

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEIntake Pipe Screen

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEFilters

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEFilters

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEEquipment

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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEEquipment

CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEEquipment

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MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEOUS

STATISTICS

• Started in August 2011, gSubstantially complete in Sept. 2013

• Demo of old WTP ongoing

• Final Completion July 2014

• 8,500 c.y. of cast‐in‐place concreteconcrete

• 800 tons of rebar

• Motion sensing lights

• Solar tubes

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STARTUPSTARTUPLessons LearnedLessons Learned

• No need for seeding

• Be mindful of water quality in Reclaim Basin– Dead algae

• Conversion of GAC to BAC is Synergistic

• Avg. 20‐30 complaints per year with old WTP– One complaint so far

STARTUPSTARTUPAlgae Bloom

St t b i id A t– Startup began in mid‐August 2013

– Severe Algae bloom in early September

– Overwhelmed Clarifier

– Jar Tested Polymers• AF 4355 EHW (polyacrylamide)

Alge counters available!!– Alge counters available!!

Raw Water Ammonia Spike!– Large rain event

– 0.2 mg NH3/l to 0.7 mg/l

– Had to totally adjust disinfection strategy

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PERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MEASURES

80

90

Fairmont Surface Water Plant TOC Removal Results

% TOC removed after biological filters went online% TOC removed before biological filters went online

30

40

50

60

70

80

% TOC Removed

% TOC removal required

0

10

20

Month‐Year

PERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MEASURES

Trihalomethane (THM) Results

60

80

100

120

140

centration µg/L

Cedar Park Rd ‐ Cedar Park  Hwy 15 & I90 ‐ Holiday Inn  2555 Lake Avenue ‐ Kenway Engineering

Food & Fuel 1025 Bixby Rd ‐Tank Farm 1400 E. 8th St ‐ Cloverleaf Refrigeratio

MCL

0

20

40

1/17/2012 4/25/2012 7/12/2012 10/30/2012 3/11/2013 6/10/2013 9/10/2013 12/10/2013 3/5/2014

Conc

Time

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PERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MEASURESHaloacetic (HAA5) Results

Cedar Park Rd ‐ Cedar Park  Hwy 15 & I90 ‐ Holiday Inn  2555 Lake Avenue ‐ Kenway Engineering

Food & Fuel 1025 Bixby Rd ‐Tank Farm 1400 E. 8th St ‐ Cloverleaf Refrigeratio

30

40

50

60

70

ncentration µg/L

Food & Fuel 1025 Bixby Rd  Tank Farm 1400 E. 8th St  Cloverleaf Refrigeratio

MCL

0

10

20

1/17/2012 4/25/2012 7/12/2012 10/30/2012 3/11/2013 6/10/2013 9/10/2013 12/10/2013 3/5/2014

Co

Time

Epiphany in Water Treatment Don’t Kill It! Feed them,

Treatment Candidates:

THE FUTURE THE FUTURE OF BIOFILTRATIONOF BIOFILTRATION

Don t Kill It!  Feed them, and they will grow!! If the food is there, the biology 

will grow

May have to augment food: Phosphate, ethanol, DO

Europe has decades of experience

Raw Water Ammonia ~ 2.0 mg/l with Aeration

•Takes 4.57 mg O2 for each mg of NH4

+

• Max DO is about 10.5 mg/l ~ 4.0 mg/l with continuous aeration

• Ammonia contactor• Study done by Dr. Darren Lytle, EPA

Treatment Candidates: Algal Toxins (MIB, Geosmin, 

Microcystin)

Iron

Manganese

BromatePerchlorateOzone quenching VOCs Pesticides, MTBE Hexavalent Chromium

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THE FUTURE THE FUTURE OF BIOFILTRATIONOF BIOFILTRATION

Considerations: DO

EBCT

Food (100C : 10N : 1P)

Biofilm (EPS) control

Disinfection Strategy 

Ammonia Analyzer

Algae Probes (ATP)

Regional Utility

Raw Ammonia: 1.6 mg/l

Feed 3.8 mg Cl2/l

2.4 : 1 ratio

It’s Happening More than We Know!

Filters in Series

Benefits: Chemical Savings $$

Biologically Neutral Water

Green/Sustainable

2.4 : 1 ratio

Free Chlorine: 1.35 mg/l

Tot. Chlorine: 1.80 mg/l

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

Q ti ?Questions?

Jason Kosmatka, Project Manager

Jason.Kosmatka@ae2s.com