fall14language+and+cognitionpost-2

8/10/2019 Fall14Language+and+Cognitionpost-2

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Language:

System of symbols that ____________________

Rules of combination that allow for communication


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Structure of Language

Phonemes: smallest units of sounds which can bedistinguished; change in _____________________

cat or

bat. _________ phonemes

b it or b at _________ phonemes

Morphemes: smallest units of meaning in a language


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Grammar: rules that specify how units of languagecan be combined to __________________________

Syntactical Rules: the structure of a language,underlying rules of order/function for how wordscan be combined to form phrases and sentences

Gleason Study: language rules _________________


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Overregularizations: grammatical rules incorrectlygeneralized ___________________

Examples: _____________________________________________________________________________


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Linguistic relativity: (Benjamin Whorf)

Ones language ____________________

Data does provide support for this theory

Language Acquisition Device: (Chomsky)

Humans possess an inborn language mechanism.

Hard-wired to sort input from 20-80 phonemes.

Lose _________________


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Surface structure: particular words used

Deep structure: _______________________

Chomsky believes languages differ only in ______________________________


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Expressive (productive) Language: the ability to_______________________________

Receptive Language: the ability to comprehend,process and integrate the meaning of language

Children usually have a > capacity for _________

__________________


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Stages in Language Development

Crying Cooing: _________________

Babbling: _______________________

First Words

Holophrases: simple word conveys meaning Overextensions: ____________________________

Telegraphic Speech: contentword sentences

By age 6 learn average of 15 words per day, vocabulary

of ________________________


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Nonverbal communication:

Vocal intonation: ____________________ Body language: _____________________

Gestures

____________________

____________________

____________________


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Bi-lingualism:

Some question whether learning a second languageinterferes with acquisition, ______________________________________________________________

Most research does not show cognitive limitations

when learning two languages in the developmentalperiod________________________________________________________________________________

A second language is learned best when younger at a

___________________ for language development


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Learning Theory and Language

Language is based on modeling, imitation, exposureand reinforcement (behaviorist theory)

Flaws with this notion:


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Talking twins illustrate imitation, reinforcement and theintegration of non verbal gesture and intonation


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Nativist theory of language development: ______________________________________________

Interactionist theory of language development:__________________________________________

__________________________________________


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Deaf children and language acquisition___________________________

___________________________________________________________


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Critical Periods In Language Development: Casestudy of Genie viewed next lecture

There does appear to be some _____________periodfor language development

See the ethical challenges of dual roles in researchwith human subjects

Can apply other course concepts regarding learning,memory as well as language acquisition to this casestudy

Limitations based on this being a case study


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Thought: an extension of perception and memory.Mental representations are formed, recalled andmanipulated

Concepts: a mental representation of a category;we often recognize an object _______________________________________________________________________________________________


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Language and Its relationship to Thought

Animal Research

Speech production is limited

Challenges designing tests to assess comprehension Capacity for empathy/understanding others/altruism

Learning and imitation

Ability to form concepts and categories is investigated


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Language research began with ASL as a tool to see if

animals could communicate with humans


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Research shows that animals are capable of imitation


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Animal and human research explores the role of

cognition and empathy; altruism as a marker ofunderstanding anothers perspective


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Animal research also demonstrates the ability to apply

concepts and categories


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Concept Formation:

We categorize by looking at at ______________andcomparing the object to this main representation of

We compare and categorize based on similar basicfeatures. _______________________

We use _________________, basing decisions ofconcepts and categories using the examplesof similarclasses of the object


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Prototypes: we rate things based on their

__________________________________________________________________________

Rosch: concepts are defined by a prototype or the______________________________________


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Family Resemblance Theory: identifying members ofa category based on __________________________________________________________________

Examplar Theory: we categorize by comparing theimage to other _________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________


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Reasoning: the process by which we generate and

evaluate arguments, organizing information intoseries of steps to reach conclusions

Practical Reasoning: ________________________________________________________

Theoretical Reasoning: __________________________________________________________

Cultural differences exist with reasoning. Most findpractical reasoning ________________________________________________________________


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Deductive Reasoning: draw conclusions from a set

of assumptions; the conclusion is true if thepremise is true.

Syllogism: form of deductive reasoning, consists of 2premises and a conclusion

Premise: All A are B

Premise: C is an ATherefore: C is a B


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Research on syllogisms have noted that people aremore likely to accept conclusions if they are________________________________________

_________________________________________

This notion is called the : ___________


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Problems vary from well-defined to ill defined.

Framing: ___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


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Hypothesis Testing: make and test an educatedguess about a problem/solution

Mental Simulation: mental rehearsal of the stepsneeded to solve a problem


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Mental Set: tendency to stick to solutions which haveworked in the past

Functional fixedness: _____________________________________________________________________


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Confirmation bias: we seek to confirm what wealready believe

Distraction by irrelevant information: people oftenget sidetracked and it detracts from effectiveproblem solving


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Unnecessary Constraints: _____________________________________________________________


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Insight: the sudden discovery of the correctsolution following incorrect attempts basedprimarily on trial and error.


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Decision Making: evaluating alternatives and

making choices among them

Compensatory Decision Models: allows attractiveattributes to compensate for unattractive attributes

Noncompensatory Decision Models: do not allowsome attributes to compensate for others


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Conjunction Fallacy: Basic flawed assumption that______________________________________________________________________________________


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Additive Decision Model: rating the attributes of eachalternative and selecting the one which has the highestsum

Elimination by aspects: _______________________|________________________________________________________________________________________


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Heuristics: shortcuts that guide us in decisionmaking about probabilities

Availability Heuristic: ____________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Representative Heuristic: ________________

________________________________________________________________________________


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Decision making and the brain: significantinvolvement in the _____________________________________________________

____________________________________

fall14language+and+cognitionpost-2

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